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Neuere Wagnerliteratur
(1905)
In the field of mycology at the present time, many of the fungi which are most frustrating to attempt to classify are the Ascomycetes of pyrenomycetous nature. While it is possible to identify many species from descriptions in the literature, the position of these species in respect to one another is difficult to assign. A major step toward a modern classification was provided by Luttrell (1951b, 1955), where he expanded Miller's (1928) and Nannfeldt's (1932) recognition of differences between the subclasses Loculoascomycetes and Euascomycetes and utilized the basic characteristics of the ascus and of centrum development to delimit major groups. Currently, studies of generic types by a number of investigators are providing a firm base for the assignment of taxa to the correct genus. Several systems of classification are available, but none of these is entirely satisfactory. The following synopsis is offered as an alternative arrangement of one order in the Loculoascomycetes. For the present, the system applies to fungi known from temperate North America. The classification probably will have to be expanded and emended as tropical and temperate fungi from other continents are studied. My intention is to continue with similar studies of taxa in the other orders of both Loculoascomycetes and Euascomycetes.
The avifauna of the island of Flores and its satellite islands from Komodo to Alor is reviewed, combining historical data with recent observations. Recent surveys have added substantially to the data base, especially of the resident forest species, and endangered and endemic taxa, as well as adding a number of migrant and maritime species to the island list. Of particular interest are the rare forest endemics Wallace's Hanging-parrot Loriculus flosculus, the almost unknown Flores Scopsowl Otus alfredi, Flores Monarch Monarcha sacerdotum and Flores Crow Corvus florensis. An appeal is made for further surveys over the eastern part of the island and the eastern island chain.
Zur Kenntniss der Hemikrania
(1860)
Finding the peripheries : sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law
(1999)
The special issue of The Linguistic Review on "The Role of Linguistics in Cognitive Science" presents a variety of viewpoints that complement or contrast with the perspective offered in Foundations of Language (Jackendoff 2002a). The present article is a response to the special issue. It discusses what it would mean to integrate linguistics into cognitive science, then shows how the parallel architecture proposed in Foundations seeks to accomplish this goal by altering certain fundamental assumptions of generative grammar. It defends this approach against criticisms both from mainstream generative grammar and from a variety of broader attacks on the generative enterprise, and it reflects on the nature of Universal Grammar. It then shows how the parallel architecture applies directly to processing and defends this construal against various critiques. Finally, it contrasts views in the special issue with that of Foundations with respect to what is unique about language among cognitive capacities, and it conjectures about the course of the evolution of the language faculty.
Ueber Bandwürmer aus Monotremen und Marsupialiern war bis heute nur wenig bekannt, und die wenigen Notizen und Abbildungen entsprechen nur in ungenügendem Maasse den Anforderungen einer wissenschaftlichen Beschreibung und der neueren, auf anatomische Merkmale sich gründenden Cestodensystematik. Im Jahre 1819 beschrieb RUDOLPHI (20) in seiner "Synopsis" unter dem Namen Taenia festiva einen Bandwurm aus den Lebergängen und der Gallenblase von Macropus giganteus, und BREMSER (3) lieferte in den "Icones Helminthum" treffliche Illustrationen dazu. Soweit Beschreibung und Abbildungen Schlüsse gestatten, dürfte der Parasit am ehesten in das von STILES (26) so eingehend beschriebene Genus Monie,da gehören, eine Ansicht, die auch von BLANCHARD (2) vertreten wird. Dafür spricht, ausser der Gestaltung von Scolex und Strobila, besonders die deutliche Trennung der in jeder Proglottide sich in Zweizahl ausbildenden Gruppen von Genitalorganen. Als zweifelhafte Art führt RUDOLPHI Taenia didelphidis aus Didelphys murina an, ohne eine Beschreibung beizufügen. Ueber ein reiches Material von Tänien aus australischen Vögeln und Säugethieren verfügte KREFFT (7). Doch muss ich mich der Ansicht v. LINSTOW'S (9) anschliessen, der bemerkt, dass die Schrift des genannten Autors den heutigen Bedürfnissen der Wissenschaft nicht entspreche. Die Schilderung der gesammelten Helminthen beschränkt sich auf die äussere Körpererscheinung und gestattet keine Schlüsse in Bezug auf die systematische Stellung. KREFFT'S Arbeit beansprucht unser Interesse nur insofern, als sie uns den Beweis liefert, dass Tänien in Marsupialia keine allzu seltene Erscheinung sind. Als sicher verbürgte Funde werden angeführt: Taenia mastersii aus einer Art von Halmaturus und T. phalangistae aus dem Darm von Phalangista vulpina. Einige weitere Angaben über Vorkommen von Cestoden in Beutelthieren werden von KREFFT selbst nur unter allem Vorbehalt gegeben. In neuester Zeit hat D'ARCY W. THOMPSON (27) einen Darmschmarotzer aus Echidna unter dem Namen Taenia echidnae beschrieben. Es standen dem englischen Forscher nur wenige und zudem stark contrahirte Exemplare des Wurms zur Verfügung. Eine anatomische Charakterisirung der neuen Art wird nicht gegeben; immerhin genügen Beschreibung und Abbildungen zur Wiedererkennung der Form. Auf die eben aufgezählten Schriften gründete sich unsere bisherige Kenntniss über die Bandwürmer der Monotremata und Marsupialia. So musste es wünschenswerth erscheinen, das von SEMON in Australien gesammelte und sorgfältig conservirte Cestodenmaterial einer genaueren Untersuchung zu unterziehen. Die Frage nach der Organisation und systematischen Stellung der Parasiten der niedersten Säugethiere durfte wohl ein gewisses Interesse beanspruchen. Es hat sich im Verlaufe der Untersuchung denn auch ergeben, dass nicht nur das Vorkommen der SEMON'schen Cestoden ein eigenthümliches ist, sondern dass dieselben auch in anatomischer und systematischer Beziehung mehrfach Beachtung verdienen. Zur Untersuchung lagen drei Arten von Cestoden in reichlichen Exemplaren vor: Eine Tänie aus dem Darme von Echidna hystrix, die ich aus weiter unten zu erörternden Gründen mit Taenia echidnae n' ARCY W. THOMPSON identificire; und zwei neue Arten: Taenia obesa, aus dem Darme von Phascolarctus cinereus, und Taenia semoni, aus dem Darme von Perameles obesula. In einem ersten Abschnitte der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen die drei Tänien anatomisch geschildert werden; der zweite Theil soll die aus dieser Schilderung sich ergebenden Schlüsse über die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der drei Formen und über ihre systematische Stellung ziehen, sowie ihre Beziehung zu den Tänien der Placentalia erläutern.
Das binaurale Hören
(1893)
Die Verhältnisse des binauralen Hörens sind noch nicht häufig Gegenstand physiologischer Untersuchungen gewesen. Und was diese an anscheinend positiven Ergebnissen zu Tage gefördert, ist gerade für die wichtigsten Punkte noch so controvers, dass wir von einem Abschlusse der vorwürfigen Fragen offenbar noch weit entfernt sind. Eine kurze Skizzirung der in der Literatur zerstreuten hierher gehörigen Arbeiten wird dieses wenig erfreuliche Urtheil begründen.
A new genus is proposed within the family Geophilidae: Hyphydrophilus n. gen., for H. adisi n.sp. Four additional new species are described, i.e. the ballophilids ltyphilus crabilli n.sp. and Taeniolinllm arborum n.sp. and the schendylids Pecfiniunguis ascendens n.sp. and Schendyluflls amazonicl/s n.sp. The geophilid species Ribautia centralis (SILVESTRI, 1907) is redescribed, after material from Brazil compared with the holotype. The ballophilid Thalthybil/s perrieri BROLEMANN, 1909 is transferred to the genus ltyphi/us COOK, 1889 and a lectotype is designated here for it.
This paper is an annotated catalogue of the geophilomorph centipedes known from Mexico, Central America, West Indies, South America and the adjacent islands. 310 species and 4 subspecies in 91 genera in 111 families are listed, not including 6 additional taxa of uncertain generic identity and 4 undescribed species provisionally listed as 'n.sp.' under their respective genera. Sixteen new combinations are proposed: Garrina pujola (CHAMBERLIN, 1943) and G. vera (CHAMBERLIN, 1943), both from Pycnona; Nesidiphilus plusiopol'us (ATTEMS, 1947), from Mesogeophilus VERHOEFF, 1901; Polycricus bredini (CRABILL, 1960), P. cordoballensis (VERHOEFF, 1934), P. hailiensis (CHAMBERLIN, 1915) and P. nesiotes (CHAMBERLIN, 1915), all from Lestophilus; Tuoba baeckstroemi (VERHOEFF, 1924), from Geophilus (Nesogeophilus); T. culebrae (SILVESTRI, 1908), from Geophilus; T. laticollis (ATTEMS, 1903), from Geophilus (Nesogeophilus); Titanophilus hasei (VERHOEFF, 1938), from Notiphilides (Venezuelides); T. incus (CHAMBERLIN, 1941), from Incorya; Schendylops nealotus (CHAMBERLIN, 1950), from Nesondyla nealota; Diplethmus porosus (ATTEMS, 1947), from Cyclorya porosa; Chomatobius craterus (CHAMBERLIN, 1944) and Cil. orizabae (CHAMBERLIN, 1944), both from Gosiphilus. The new replacement name Schizonampa Iibera is proposed pro Schizonampa prognatha (CRABILL, 1964) ex Schizotaellia prognatha CRABILL, 1964 nec Schizotaenia prognatha COOK, 1896.
A new family (Macronicophilidae) is established for Macronicophilus Silvestri, 1909, currently placed in Geophilidae. Seven new species of Neotropical Geophilomorpha are described: Ilyphilus saudus n.sp. and I. sensibilis n.sp. (Baliophilidae), Hyphydrophilus projeclUs n.sp. and Ribautia onycophaena n.sp. (Geophilidae), Macronicophilus abbrevialus n.sp., M. unguiseta n.sp. and M. venezolanus n.sp. (Macronicophilidae). The hitherto unknown male of Schendylops marchantariae (PEREIRA, MINELLI & BARBIERI, 1995) is described and two species (Pectiniunguis geayi (BROLEMANN & RIBAUT, 1911) and Ityphilus calinus CHAMBERLIN, 1957 are redescribed from the type and new material. A key to the species of Macronicophilus is provided.
Background: The interferon-inducible immunity-related GTPases (IRG proteins/p47 GTPases) are a distinctive family of GTPases that function as powerful cell-autonomous resistance factors. The IRG protein, Irga6 (IIGP1), participates in the disruption of the vacuolar membrane surrounding the intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, through which it communicates with its cellular hosts. Some aspects of the protein's behaviour have suggested a dynamin-like molecular mode of action, in that the energy released by GTP hydrolysis is transduced into mechanical work that results in deformation and ultimately rupture of the vacuolar membrane. Results: Irga6 forms GTP-dependent oligomers in vitro and thereby activates hydrolysis of the GTP substrate. In this study we define the catalytic G-domain interface by mutagenesis and present a structural model, of how GTP hydrolysis is activated in Irga6 complexes, based on the substrate-twinning reaction mechanism of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SRalpha). In conformity with this model, we show that the bound nucleotide is part of the catalytic interface and that the 3'hydroxyl of the GTP ribose bound to each subunit is essential for trans-activation of hydrolysis of the GTP bound to the other subunit. We show that both positive and negative regulatory interactions between IRG proteins occur via the catalytic interface. Furthermore, mutations that disrupt the catalytic interface also prevent Irga6 from accumulating on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of T. gondii, showing that GTP-dependent Irga6 activation is an essential component of the resistance mechanism. Conclusions: The catalytic interface of Irga6 defined in the present experiments can probably be used as a paradigm for the nucleotide-dependent interactions of all members of the large family of IRG GTPases, both activating and regulatory. Understanding the activation mechanism of Irga6 will help to explain the mechanism by which IRG proteins exercise their resistance function. We find no support from sequence or G-domain structure for the idea that IRG proteins and the SRP GTPases have a common phylogenetic origin. It therefore seems probable, if surprising, that the substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism has been independently evolved in the two protein families.
This review lists Agama smithii Boulenger 1896 as a synonym of Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758), Agama trachypleura Peters 1982 as a synonym of Acanthocercus phillipsii (Boulenger 1895) and describes for the first time Acanthocercus guentherpetersi n. sp. Without more convincing evidence, Chamaeleon ruspolii Boettger 1893 cannot be accepted as specifically distinct from Chamaeleo dilepis Leach 1819, nor Chamaeleo calcaricarens Böhme 1985 from C. africanus Laurenti 1768. Consequently, 101 species of lizard are currently recognised in Ethiopia, of which some 40% appear to be denizens of the Somali-arid zone. This significant proportion is attributable in part to the importance of the Horn of Africa as a centre for reptilian diversification and endemicity, in part to the fact that this lowland fauna was rather extensively sampled during the 1930s, but also to the conspicuous neglect of lizards in other regions of the country. Mountain and forested habitats are widespread in Ethiopia, so it seems extraordinary to record only five saurian species which are believed to be endemic in such environments. The inference that there are many more still to be discovered has important implications for conservation, because montane forest is known to be among the most threatened of Ethiopian biomes and there is clearly an urgent need for its herpetofauna to be more thoroughly researched and documented.
Die centrale Gehörleitung
(1893)
The present paper contains descriptions of 4 new genera and 62 new species of South African Spiders contained in the Collection of the South African Museum. With the exception of 3 new species of Prodidomidae, all of them belong to the groups Mygalomorphae (Migidce, 1 n. sp.; Ctenizidae, 1 n. gen. and 5 n. spp.; Barychelidae, 2 n. spp.), Cribellatae (Uloboridae, 1 n. gen. and 3 n. spp.; Dictynirlce, 4 n. spp.; Eresidae, 6 n. spp.) , and Ecribellatae Haplogynae (Sicariidae, 19 n. spp.; Dysderidae, 1 n. geu. and 11 n. spp.; Caponiidae, 1 n. gen. and 8 n. spp.).
La distribuzione geografica delle 21 specie di Zygaena e 8 specie di Adscitinae viventi nelle Alpi Liguri è stata analizzata sia nei suoi rapporti col resto della fauna paleartica, sia a livello italiano e ligure. Tale indagine ha consentito di evidenziare l'esistenza di numerosi centri di rifugio e speciazione e di mettere in luce diverse aree di transizione primaria e secondaria intese secondo il senso di Thorpe (1983). Il significato adattativo del cosiddetto melanismo littorale (Burgeff 1950) è discusso in termini di conquista di una nuova nicchia ecologica e di caduta nel valore aposematico.
It has been the goal of this review to describe the functional interrelations between Deiters' vestibular nucleus and numerous brain structures. Emphasis is placed on dynamic and integrative properties of linkages between the neurons of Deiters' nucleus and many other brain structures in order to begin considering the capabilities of the loops in the light of motor control and coordination of movement. The problem of somatotopy within the loops is also considered. Putting this information together, the possible roles of Deiters' nucleus in the control of movements are described. It is suggested that Deiters' nucleus in co-operation with cerebral cortex, cerebellum, subcortical and brainstem structures are responsible for the integration and realization of different movements.
This stndy is based largely upon collections from the Danish Noona Dan Expedition to the southern Philippines and the Bismarck Islands (Pelersen, 1966), supplemented with collections from the B. P. Bishop Museum, British Museum (Natural History), U. S. National Museum, California Academy of Science, Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and the Chicago Natural History Museum. I greatly appreciate having had the privilege of studying these valuable collections. ...
Aus dem Dogger Norddeutschlands und des nordwestlichen Polens sowie aus Dogger-Geschieben werden 1 Art der Neritimorpha und 30 Arten der Caenogastropoda beschrieben. Neu sind 7 Arten. 14 Arten werden bereits beschriebenen Arten zugeordnet und 10 unter offener Nomenklatur beschrieben. Neu sind die Gattung Bicorempterus (Aporrhaidae) und die Familien Naricopsinidae, Tripartellidae und Maturifusidae. Die beschriebenen Caenogastropoden zeigen mehr Gemeinsamkeiten zu bisher aus dem Dogger Mittel- und Westeuropas bekannt gemachten Faunen als es bei den Archaeogastropoda und den Heterostropha der Fall war. Die Gleichsetzung der hier vorgestellten Arten mit aus der Literatur bekannten ist oftmals problematisch. Taxonomisch relevante Details besonders der Frühontogenese wurden bisher kaum beschrieben. Auch Fragen der innerartlichen Variation wurden nur gelegentlich angesprochen. Vatopsis antiquus n. sp. ist der älteste genauer bekannte Vertreter der Cerithiopsoidea. Pictavia und Oonia konnten als Vertreter der Ampullospiridae erkannt werden (Ausbildung des Protoconchs). Naricopsina repräsentiert eine Gruppe, die möglicherweise zu den echten Naticidae führte. Einige Gattungen der Aporrhaidae können genauer gefaßt werden. Maturifusus ist der älteste sichere Vertreter der höheren Caenogastropoda (Neomesogastropoda).
This note relates the discovery of the Heart-shaped Tongue Orchid which was thought to have disappeared from Vendée in France as it had not been observed for decades.
In 1911, an excursion of the French Botanical Society made it possible to list all the notable plants of the damp hill of Les Hautes Termelières in the North of La Roche-sur-Yon (in Vendée, France). Nearly a century later, this note states the main plants that are to be found on the hill and more particularly 11 species of ferns.
This note relates the discovery of on species of land snails of the Vendée kind in "marais des Bourbes" (Olonne-sur-Mer) on the Vendée coast. This is the second time Vertigo moulinsiana, a rare species in Vendée, has been found.
Anax parthenope is a very rare dragonfly in Vendée. This article relates how this species bred once only in 2001 on a sand dune in Noirmoutier island.
This note states the number of grounded sperm whales on the French Atlantic coast and more especially on the coast of Vendée between 1900 and 2002.
Clé de détermination des Coléoptères Lucanides et Scarabéides de Vendée et de l’Ouest de la France
(2002)
It is an identification key of species of beetles called Lucanoideas and Scarabaeoideas already observed in Vendée and in Western France or likely to be found there some day or other. 160 species have been described, often illustrated with maps of their habitats in France.
Following the 1989-90 winter storms, remains of several straight-tusked elephants as well as a rich quaternary paleoflora were found on the strand of La Parée beach in Brétignolles-sur-Mer (Vendée, France). The story of these findings, the diggings of the bones, the dating and the paleoenvironment of the deposits are mentioned in this article. The sediments are old "peat bogs" which belong to two distinct eras : Pleistocene (peat bog holding the remains of straight-tusked elephants) and Holocene (peat bog showing tracks of Bovidae and prints of tools, and higher peat bogs).
Recent extension works of the quarry of La Gouraudière in Mauzé-Thouarsais (in Deux-Sèvres), and excavation works for the water reservoirs to irrigate the cereal fields in Le Bernard (in Vendée) led to the collection of an interesting fauna of ammonites among which several species are close to the téthysian ones.
The Revue des Sciences naturelles de l’Ouest was edited in the years 1891-97. Although poorly known, it contains valuable papers on the natural sciences in Western France, particularly in Vendée. After a short presentation, we give here the content tables of this periodical together with a list of public libraries where it can be found.
Tracks and faeces of otter are abundant around the lac du Jaunay (Vendée) but this animal is very fierce and nocturnal. Nevertheless, an otter was observed in very good condition at midday, in June. It was fishing in a small pound near the lake. This note describes the behaviour of this otter.
After 1985, the otter (Lutra lutra) was not found any more on the Sèvre Nantaise (France). From 1997, a careful exploration revealed presence signs of its presence showing the coming back of this mammal.
Observation d’une genette, Genetta genetta (Linné, 1758), sur les rives du lac du Jaunay en Vendée
(2001)
The diurnal observation of a Genet, such as the one made in the bocage of Vendée (France) related here, is exceptional because this small carnivore is said to be so shy and so exclusively nocturnal.
The Genet is a little carnivore whose status is not very well-known in Vendée (France). The methods for a county survey about these carnivores are set out in order to get information about its presence. The results will make it possible to map out an atlas showing where it is located and where it lives.
The Orchis simia is a rare orchid in Vendée (France). Historical data and the amount of books published about it are mentioned here. A new find on the limestone formation of Chantonnay has been added to the present distribution of species.
The writer mentions the existence of the Ophrys passionis in Loire-Atlantique and in Vendée (France), which are two countries where this Orchid had never be seen before. All the observations so far emphasize the hypothesis that this Orchid is different from the other related Orchids through its ability to adapt to a specific pollinator, Andrena carbonaria.
L’Ophrys petite araignée, Ophrys araneola Reichenbach 1831, redécouverte de l’espèce en Vendée
(2001)
The Ophrys araneola which had not been seen in Vendée (France) since 1993 was rediscovered in may 1993 among a colony of Ophrys sphegodes. The writer underlines the risks of eventually confusing the two species and mentions the different characteristics of each in order to avoid any confusion.
This article summarizes the observations of Odonatas gathered over the last fifteen years in Vendée. It results from collective research work by more than forty naturalists. A map locating each of the 58 species of Odonatas is given as well.
A first inventory of Yeu island’s Orthoptera (Vendée, France) allow us to list 23 species and 4 species of the allied orders Mantodea, Phasmodea and Dermaptera. A faunistic study was established on each species and a discussion gives an evaluation of the imprint of human activity on insular Orthoptera’s communities.
Background: The treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma patients consists of multimodal induction therapy to achieve remission followed by consolidation therapy to prevent relapses. However, the type of consolidation therapy is still discussed controversial. We applied metronomic chemotherapy in the prospective NB90 trial and monoclonal anti-GD2-antibody (MAB) ch14.18 in the NB97 trial. Here, we present the long term outcome data of the patient cohort. Methods: A total of 334 stage 4 neuroblastoma patients one year or older were included. All patients successfully completed the induction therapy. In the NB90 trial, 99 patients received at least one cycle of the oral maintenance chemotherapy (NB90 MT, 12 alternating cycles of oral melphalan/etoposide and vincristine/cyclophosphamide). In the NB97 trial, 166 patients commenced the MAB ch14.18 consolidation therapy (six cycles over 12 months). Patients who received no maintenance therapy according to the NB90 protocol or by refusal in NB97 (n = 69) served as controls. Results: The median observation time was 11.11 years. The nine-year event-free survival rates were 41 ± 4%, 31 ± 5%, and 32 ± 6% for MAB ch14.18, NB90 MT, and no consolidation, respectively (p = 0.098). In contrast to earlier reports, MAB ch14.18 treatment improved the long-term outcome compared to no additional therapy (p = 0.038). The overall survival was better in the MAB ch14.18-treated group (9-y-OS 46 ± 4%) compared to NB90 MT (34 ± 5%, p = 0.026) and to no consolidation (35 ± 6%, p = 0.019). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed ch14.18 consolidation to improve outcome compared to no consolidation, however, no difference between NB90 MT and MAB ch14.18-treated patients was found. Conclusions: Follow-up analysis of the patient cohort indicated that immunotherapy with MAB ch14.18 may prevent late relapses. Finally, metronomic oral maintenance chemotherapy also appeared effective.
Der Stockberg bei Ottbergen, Kreis Höxter, wurde 1982 nach fast zwanzigjährigem Bemühen der Naturkundler unter Schutz gestellt. Bereits in den beiden über dieses Gebiet veröffentlichten Arbeiten von KOPPE (1962) und LEWEJOHANN (1964) wird die floristische Bedeutung des Berges hervorgehoben. BRINKMANN (1978) bezeichnet ihn gar als wertvollsten und artenreichsten Muschelkalkhang im gesamten Regierungsbezirk Detmold.
An der Abteilung Höxter der Universität -Gesamthochschule- Paderborn wurde 1977 der Fachhochschulstudiengang Landespflege eingerichtet. Im Juli 1980 wurde ich nach Höxter berufen, um das Lehrgebiet "Vegetationskunde (Pflanzensoziologie/-ökologie)" zu vertreten. Zum Aufgabenbereich gehört auch ein Teil des Lehrgebietes "Freilandpflanzenkunde, Pflanzenverwendung", und zwar der Bereich der einheimischen Wildpflanzen und der Pflanzensystematik.
Im vorigen Jahrhundert waren die durchschnittlichen Ernteerträge in der Landwirtschaft weit geringer als heute. Mißernten, die meist durch ungünstige Witterungsverhältnisse, aber auch durch Pflanzenkrankheiten und Schädlinge bedingt waren, konnten für die Bevölkerung zur Katastrophe werden. Der Witterungsverlauf in unserem Raum sowie seine und sonstige Auswirkungen auf die Ernteergebnisse und die Versorgungslage von den ersten Jahrzehnten des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahre 1863 sind der Gegenstand dieses Beitrages.
Jedem an Natur und Landschaft interessierten Wanderer, der mit offenen Augen unsere Heimat durchstreift, fällt die große Zahl der Steinbrüche auf, auf die er in Wald und Feld stößt. Da sind sowohl die kleinen Brüche, die, heute meist aufgelassen, einst dem Bedarf eines Dorfes oder dem Waldwegebau dienten. Da sind aber auch riesige Steinbrüche, in denen auch jetzt noch mit großem technischen Aufwand Steine gebrochen werden.
A review of biological control efforts against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance includes pertinent literature of major dipterous taxonomic groups where some success has been achieved or where work is currently being conducted on species breeding in aquatic (e.g., mosquitoes, blackflies, tabanids) and terrestrial habitats (muscids, tsetse, etc.). Most effort has been directed against aquatic Diptera because of the human and animal disease agents they transmit. Research has established that the natural enemy component frequently is responsible for significant population reduction and indispensable to integrated control which seeks to maintain populations below annoyance or disease transmission levels. The manipulation of natural enemies through introduction and/or augmentation has in some cases provided satisfactory control, and sustained releases of natural enemies over several years may overcome the relative high cost of massive release rates. Ultimately, to guarantee the existence and maximum expression of resident natural enemies has become almost universally accepted, and challenging, to sound control practices. Indeed, chemical industry recognizing this, has sought to manufacture products such as Bacillus toxins, juvenile hormones, and baits that are minimally disruptive to existing natural controls. Although such easily applied products have been widely adopted, their cost continues to become prohibitive with developing resistance, as was observed earlier with many organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Further advancements in the control ofthese Diptera should continue to embrace a sound appreciation for the natural control component and nurture ways to allow its maximum expression. Keyword Index: Biological Control, Diptera, Medical, Veterinary.
Unter den zahlreichen einheimischen Arten der Nagetiere sind die Bilche oder Schläfer am wenigsten bekannt. Das liegt an ihrer heimlichen, vorwiegend in der Dämmerung und bei Nacht aktiven Lebensweise, sowie ihrer lückenhaften Verbreitung. Von den vier europäischen Schläfern kommen bei uns im Kreis nur zwei, nämlich Siebenschläfer und Haselmaus, vor.
Anfang Mai 1982 trafen Mitglieder unseres Vereins auf ein aufsehenerregendes Vorkommen der Frauenschuh-Orchidee im Altkreis Warburg. Das war Anlaß, die Umgebung des Standorts näher zu erkunden. In vier Begehungen von Mai bis September konnte ich einen ungefähren Einblick in die Flora dieses Gebiets gewinnen. Zu erschöpfenden Aussagen wären Beobachtungen über mehrere Vegetationsperioden hinweg notwendig.
Johann Konrad Schlaun, berühmt gewordener Barockbaumeister des Fürstbischofs zu Münster, verbrachte seine ersten Lebensjahre und frühe Jugendzeit in Nörde, einem kleinen Dörfchen in der südlichen Eggelandschaft. Seinem Vater, Heinrich Schlaun, oblag in diesem Orte und seiner Nachbarschaft die Wahrnehmung wirtschaftlicher und eingeschränkt hoheitlicher Belange des Klosters Hardehausen. Das bezeugt ein Schreiben des damaligen Abtes von Hardehausen, F. Stephan Overgar, "Unserm Richter zu Nörde einzuhändigen",
Dieser aus den Wäldern Nordamerikas stammende Bär gehört zur Familie der Kleinbären. Er erreicht ein Gewicht von ca. 10 kg und eine Länge von 80 bis 90 cm. Seine Haarfarbe ist gelblichgrau, mit Schwarz durchsetzt. Bärinnen scheinen etwas heller gefärbt. Der etwa 25 cm lange Schwanz ist mehrfach schwarz quergebändert. Eine larvenartige schwarze Gesichtsmaske paßt zu dem unsteten nächtlichen Räuberleben des Waschbären. Seine Beine sind mäßig lang, fünfzehig und mit langen Krallen bewehrt. Die Fußsohlen berühren beim Gehen den Boden in voller Länge und sind unbehaart; die Sprungspur hat daher Ähnlichkeit mit der des Steinmarders.
Arthropods use fluid medium motion-sensing filiform hairs on their exoskeleton to detect aerodynamic or hydrodynamic stimuli in their surroundings that affect their behaviour. The hairs, often of different lengths and organized in groups or arrays, respond to particular fluid motion amplitudes and frequencies produced by prey, predators, or conspecifics, even in the presence of background noise peculiar to the environment. While long known to biologists and experimentally investigated by them, it is only relatively recently that comprehensive physical-mathematical models have emerged offering an alternative methodology for investigating the biomechanics of filiform hair motion. These models have been developed and applied to quantitatively predict the performance characteristics of filiform hairs in air and water as a function of the relevant parameters that affect their physical behaviour. They even allow the exploration of possible biological evolutionary paths for filiform hair changes resulting from physical selection pressures. In this chapter we review the state of knowledge of filiform hair biomechanics and discuss two physical-mathematical models to predict hair dynamical behaviour. One modelling approach is analytically exact, serving for quantitative purposes, while the other, derived from it, is approximate, serving for qualitative guidance concerning the parameter dependencies of hair motion. Using these models we look in turn at the influence of these parameters and the fluid media physical properties on hair motion, including the possibility of medium-facilitated viscous coupling between hairs. The models point to areas where data is currently lacking and future research could be focused. In addition, new results are presented pertaining to transient tlows. We qualitatively explore the possibility of an overlapping water-air niches adaptation potential that may explain how, over many generations, the filiform hairs of an arthropod living in water could have evolved to function in air. Because flow-sensing hairs have served to inspire corresponding artificial medium motion microsensors, we discuss recent advances in this area. Significant challenges remain to be overcome, especially with respect to the materials and fabrication techniques used. In spite of the impressive technological advances made, nature still remains unrivalled.
Anthropologischer Verein zu Göttingen : die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Dorfes bei Diemarden
(1911)
Anthropologischer Verein zu Göttingen. In der Sitzung am 11. Mai 1910 wurde zunächst an Sitelle des bisherigen Vorsitzenden Prof. Max Verworn, der sich vom Verein verabschiedete, um einem Ruf an die Universität Bonn zu folgen, Herr Prof. Dr. Fr. Merkel zum Vorsitzenden gewählt und die frei gewordene Stelle im Vorstande durch die Wahl des Herrn Prof. Dr. Heiderich wieder besetzt. Sodann erstattete Herr Prof. Max Verworn einen ausführlichen Bericht über "Die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Dorfes bei Diemarden"
The birds of Billiton Island
(1937)
Resume 1) The egg of Squilla oratoria DE HAAN is centrolecithal and undergoes partial cleavages resulting in rudimentary primary yolk pyramids. 2) The germinal disk is first represented by a pair of optic lobes and a ventral plate, which are afterward connected by paired, lateral ectoderm thickenings to form a V-shape. The V is then transformed into an O by the appearance of a transverse band between the optic lobes of both sides. 3) A small blastopore is formed. Of the mesendoderm cells derived from the blastopore by cell immigrations, those attached to the lower surface of the lateral ectoderm thickenings are differentiated into a U-shaped, naupliar mesoderm band. This inesoderm band joins the preante:mulary mesoderm derived from the optic lobe, and grows into a complete ring conforming to the shape of the germinal disk. 4) The extra-blastoporic immigrants consist of a preantennulary mesoderm, mesodermal yolk cells and a part of the naupliar mesoderm. The greater part of the preantennulary mesoderm cells disintegrate sooner or later, without forming any distinct structure. The mesodermal yolk cells also degenerate after taking part in the dissolution of the deutoplasm. A discussion as regards the mutual relationship between these elements, with the conclusion that the formation of the preantennulary mesoderm represents the initial step of the extra-blastoporic cell sinking from the whole egg surface, is included. 5) The endodermal elements consist of a compact cell mass differentiated from the posterior part of the mesendoderm layer and the endodermal yolk cells immigrated from the blastopore. The yolk cells, after migrating through the most peripheral part of the yolk, scatter all over its surface. The endoderm plate is nothing but a mass of yolk cells. which remain without scattering. 6) Eight mesoteloblasts derived from the blastoporic lip are attached to the inner surface of the thoracico-abdominal process, making four groups. The ectoteloblasts are differentiated from the ordinary blastoderm cells in a later stage than the mesoteloblasts. In the final condition they consist of 21 cells forming a complete ring around the thoracico-abdominal process. 7) Both the ectoderm and the mesoderm are derived from the teloblasts in all of the post-naupliar segments.· The dorsal ectoderm, however, is non-teloblastic in only a few anterior segments. Differentiation of segments proceeds from the front toward the back. 8) The telson mesoderm is formed by the cells sunk from the telson ectoderm which is derived from the peri-blastoporic ectoderm . 9) The anus is the remnant of the blastopore. In accordance with the change of the caudal furca, the anus is displaced from the dorsal side of the telson to the ventral border between this and the last abdominal segment. 10) There is a distinct nauplius stage. Of the meta-naupliar segments, those from the m:txillula to the second maxilliped are laid on the germinal disk, the following segments together forming a thoracico-abdominal process. Two maxiliiped segments, however, are later separated from the cephalon with the development of the carapace fold, and join the trunk segments. Externally, six abdominal segments are formed. 11) The ganglionic cells are proliferated from the neuroblasts occupying the most superficial part of the centra1 nervous system. The giant ganglionic cells arise from the ordinary ganglionic cells and not directly from neuroblasts. The development of the cerebrum is described. The tritocerebra of both sides are conne~ted by a transverse nerve-fibre bundle behind the stomodaeum. The ganglia of the segments from the mandible to the second maxilliped first exhibit a typical ladder-like shape. Of these ganglia, the anterior three constitute a sub-resophageal ganglion by more or less complete fusion, while the posterior two are transferred from the cephalon to the thoracico-abdomimil process with the constriction of the segments. The inter-ganglionic cell groups take part in the constriction of the consecutive segments. The seventh abdominal ganglion is clearly indicated by the presence of such a cell group as well as of a pair of nerve fibre masses. 12) The development of the compound eye is traced. The ganglion opticum is derived from the ectoderm of the optic lobe lateral to the protocerebrum; it is not an outgrowth of the cerebrum. 13) The ganglion visceralum is differentiated from the anterior wall of the stomodaeum. 14) A median dorsal organ is formed. In close connection with the activity of this organ, the embryo undergoes one ecdysis. 15) The mid-gut epithelium is formed by the gradual expansion of the anterior and posterior endoderm plates over the yolk sac. These plates, however, extend only on the ventral side of the yolk sac before hatching. The posterior plate is produced by the concentration of the scattered yolk cells toward the periphery of the. plate differentiated from the mesendoderm, while the anterior plate is formed by yolk cells alone. 16) The greater part of the intestine develops from the outgrowth of the posterior endoderm epithelium, the proctodaeum occupying only the rectum. 17) The posterior liver lobes are produced from the posterior endoderm plate as a pair of blind tubes and extend as far backward as the telson. The anterior liver lobes and the lateral mid-gut cceca are rather incompletely developed, being ~eparated by shallow superficial grooves of the yolk sac. These two pairs of diverticula are only partially covered by the endoderm epithelium, and develop into more or less distinct coeca during larval life. They later seem to be completely absorbed again by the mid-gut. 18) The product of each division of the mesoteloblast is equivalent to one mesodermal-segment. The mesoderm of the seventh abdominal segment is derived from the posteriorly situated daughter cell produced by the last division of the teloblast. In' accordance with the grouping of teloblasts, the trunk mesoderm is separated into two ventral and two dorsal bands. Each band is further separated into segmentally arranged blocks, the somites. The ccelom develops in no stage and in no segment. 19) The dorsal mesoderm gives rise to the extensor and the oblique muscles of the trunk, the anterior and posterior limb muscles, as well as to the mesodermal inclusion of the limb. The -ventral mesoderm grows into the flexor. The connective tissue investing the intestine -and the liver lobes are principally constructed from the dorsal mesoderm. The germ cell does not appear until hatching. A brief account is also given of the fate of the naupliar mesoderm. 20) The heart wall and the pericardial floor are morphologically one unit. They arise from the dorsal mesoderm as a pair of membranes stretching between it and the intestine. The dilated and elongated parts of the heart are formed by the subsequent union of these paired rudiments. 21) The anterior dorsal vessel has a two-fold origin; it is formed by the fusion of an anterior rudiment extending backward from the rostrum and a posterior one developing as a tubular outgrowth of the heart. The former is derived from the rearrangement of mesenchymatous cells which migrated from the anterior end of the naupliar mesoderm. 22) By the time of hatching, two pairs of lateral vessels are formed as hollow linear thickenings of the pericardial floor in front and behind the dilated part of the heart. 23) The antennal gland remains rudimentary without acquiring any intercellular lumen. The maxillar gland is not laid until hatching. The labral and anal glands are derived from the peristomodaeal and the telson mesoderm respectively. 23) Comparisons are made bewteen Squilla and other orders of Malacostraca as regards the salient points of the embryonic development. These have led to the conclusion that the Stomatopoda are most closely related in their embryonic development to Nebaliacea, and further that Stomatopoda represent a rather primitive group separated from the main stem of Malacostraca very early, only next in order to Nebaliacea.
Recherches sur la formation des annexes foetales chez les Mammifères : (Lapin et Cheiroptères)
(1884)
Die Buchenwälder Griechenlands umfassen eine Fläche von rund 220.000 ha oder 9% der gesamten Waldfläche des Landes. Diese Wälder verteilen sich in vier Hauptrealen: in Mazedonien und Thrazien, in Zentral-Chalkidiki, auf den Gebiergsketten Ost-Griechenlands (Vermion, Pieria, Olymp, Ossa und Pelion) und in Zentral- und Nord-Pindos. Sie kommen hauptsächlich an den feuchteren 0, NO, N und NW Hängen vor und stocken auf Böden, die aus Silikatgesteinen oder Flysch entstanden. Sie bilden selten grössere, geschlossene Waldkomplexe zonalen Charakters; häufiger kommen sie inselartig vor. Im Gegensatz zu den mitteleuropäischen Buchenwäldern treten sie sehr selten oder fast nie auf Kalkgesteine ein. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Ausscheidung und Beschreibung von Standsortseinheiten der Buchenwaldgesellschaften, die den waldbaulichen Zweck dienen. Von einer systematischen Anordnung dieser Geselschaften im strengen pflanzensoziologischen Sinne wurde verzichtet. Zu diesem Ziel wurden 108 pflanzensoziologische Aufnahmen gemacht, die mit 17 Bodenprofilen kombiniert wurden. Aus der Verarbeitung des gasamten Untersuchungsmaterials ergab sich folgendes: Die Buchenwälder der untersuchten Gebieten unterscheiden sich geographisch, chloristisch, ökologisch und historisch deutlich in drei verschiedenen Grundpflanzengesellschaften. Die erste, Fagetum submontanum genannt, umfasst Buchenwälder der submontanen Stufe bis zu einer Höhe über das Meer von ungefähr 900 m. Diese Pflanzengesellschaft kommt in Chalkidiki sowie in Ost-Griechenland (Ossa-, Pieria-, Pilionberg) vor und hat als Hauptmerkmal die Erscheinung der orientalischen - Buche sowie anderer Pflanzenarten der Eichen- und Kastaniengesellschaften und das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. spatulolepis. Die zweite Gesellschaft, Fagetum montanum genannt, kommt sowohl in Ost-Griechenland (Pieria-, Ossa-, Pilionberg) als auch in Pindos von 900 bis 1600 m ü.M. vor. Ihr Hauptmerkmal ist das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. tainiolepis. Die dritte Gesellsohaft, Fagetum subalpinum genannt, schliesst sich der zweiten an und erstreckt sich bis zu den Waldgrenzen (1600 - 1900 m ü.M.). Ihr Hauptmerkmal ist das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. tainiolepis sowie anderer Buchenformen die sich Fagus silvatioa nähern. Diese Unterscheidung dient nur den reinen pflanzensoziologischen Gesichtspunkten und nioht unseren waldbaulichen Erfordernissen. Deshalb wurden weiter pflanzensoziologisohe Einheiten unabhängig von dieser Unterscheidung mit Hilfe von Pflanzenzeigergruppen ausgeschieden. Anfänglich unterschieden sich für jede pflanzensoziologische Grundgesellschaft getrennt pflanzensoziologische Einheiten. Durch den Vergleich der Tabellen wurde bewiesen, dass dieselben Pflanzenzeigergruppen mit kleinen Abweichungen sowie die gleichen Kombinationen in den drei Gesellschaften vorkommen. Dieses Ergebnis erlaubte uns die pflanzensoziologischen Einheiten sowie die entsprechenden Standortstypen unabhängig von den pflanzensoziologischen Grundgesellschaften zu untersoheiden. Durch die Kombination der ausgeschiedenen fünf Pflanzenzeigergruppen unterschieden sich sechs pflanzensoziologisohe Einheiten bzw. Standortstypen oder Standortsgüten. Zur Erleichterung der Anwendung in der Praxis wurden auch die entspreohenden Baumhöhekurven als Standortszeiger in Abhängigkeit vom Alter (Abb. 10) eigerichtet. Aus reinen waldbauliohen Gesiohtspunkten können wir die ausgechiedenen Standortsgüten wie folgt in drei zusammendrängen: I und II, III und IV, und V und VI. Bei den I und II Standortsgüten (Bonitäten) weisst die Buche ihre maximale Produktivität auf. Dagegen zeigt die natürliche Verjüngung der Bestände, wegen der Tendenz des Bodens zur Verkräutung und des reichlichen Vorkommens eines üppigen Unterwuchses naoh jeder Lockerung des Kronenschlusses, manche Schwierigkeiten. In diesen Standortstypen wird die Verjüngung unter klein- oder grossflächigem Schirmschlag empfohlen. Wegen des starken Wettbewerbes der Unkräuter, des raschen Wachstums und der kräftigen Differenzierung ist eine intessive Jungwuchs- u. Dickungspflege als unentbehrlich zu bezeichnen. Bei den III mid IV Standortsgliten weisst die Buche eine befriedigende Produktivität auf. Die natürliche Verjüngung ist hier sehr leicht und tritt nach jeder Lockerung der Bestände massenartig ein. Die V und VI Standortsgüten kommen hauptsächlich auf Kupenlagen, Südhängen oder auf stark erodierten Böden vor. Hier weisst die Buche eine gering"e Produktivität und eine schwache Konkurenzfähigkeit auf. Die natürliche Verjüngung wird wegen der ungünstigen ökologischen Verhältnisse erschwert. Zur Steigerung der Produktivität an Nutzholz wird die Einfuhr der anspruchloseren Schwarzföhre emfohlen.
The purpose of the present paper is to describe the thoracic cirripeds found in the waters around the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. The material dealt with in this paper was collected almost entirely by myself during the period extending from the summer of 1930 up to the present time, except a few species obtained from the Soyo-maru Expedition undertaken by the Imperial Fisheries Experimental Station during the years 1926-1930. Descriptions of the latter have already been given (HIRO, 1933a). The present material consists, with few exceptions, of specimens from the littoral zone and shallow water; none of the specimens are from deep water. However, I have paid special attention to the commensal forms from the ecological and faunistic standpoint, and have thus been able to enumerate a comparatively large number of species in such a restricted area as this district.
The goals of this exercise are essentially threefold: (1) to rescrutinize, archaeologically, epigraphically and linguistically, the pre-Roman inscriptions of the justly famous Negau A and B helmets, (2) to identify "eastward graphemic drift" in preRoman northern Italy and (3) to reconsider and perhaps identify the origin of the Germanic runes in light of (1) and (2). While moving toward these goals, we cite but a sampling of the burgeoning literature, some of which may not be generally known or easily accessible, in these rapidly expanding venues; see Ellis (1998) for a recent overview in English.
In seinen theoretischen Schriften beschreibt Dürrenmatt die Welt als undurchschaubar und daher die herkömmlichen Formen des Dramas als nicht länger angebracht. Der Aufsatz konfrontiert Dürrenmatts Skepsis mit Brechts marxistischem Realismus. Während Brecht die Welt als eine Beziehung von Kausalitäten sieht, stellt Dürrenmatt Realität und fiktionale Gegenrealität einander gegenüber. Seine Definition des Grotesken als zentrales Element der Komödie spielt dabei eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Analyse der Ahistorizität der Helden in "Romulus der Große" und deren Art historische Prozesse zu unterwandern etabliert das Groteske als einzig angebrachte Form, die Gegenwart darzustellen.