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The reception of Franz Kafka’s work is normally seen from the perspective of human condition, the labyrinth, the bureaucracy that imposes itself over the individual and so on. There is no doubt about the importance of this perspective for the study of Kafka’s work. Nevertheless, the objective of the present paper is to point out another aspect in Kafka’s work, which is the relation to the visual medium Kaiserpanorama in his fictional writings. The starting points of this discussion are the books “Kafka goes to the movies” by Hanns Zischler published in 1996 and “Kafka und der Film: über kinematographisches Erzählen” by Peter-André Alt published in 2009. Thus, based on these publications this study intends to analyse the importance, that this optical medium may have had over Franz Kafka and in which ways it is possible to identify this new perception in his literary work, specially in the tale “An imperial message”. The main topic is constructed around the profundity of the 3D-image as seen through a Kaiserpanorama, and its statical plasticity.
This article discusses the influence of electric illumination on theatre and the so called expressionist film. It starts with a short historical overview and will then argue that the only film with a narrative as well as a visual design in expressionist tradition is From Morn to Midnight, based on a play written in 1912 by Georg Kaiser and released in same year (1920) as its legend counterpart The Cabinet of Caligari. But different then Caligari or many other famous German silent movies from the 1920s it is not located in a romantic shadow world, syntactically created by lightning effects, but renounces the dark and spooky irrational in favor of an urban environment in the early twentieth century: a story of money, erotic seduction, escapist fantasies, eccentric bohemian life, crime and rapid alteration of scenes.
Fatih Akin has been the subject of much research in the academic world, especially regarding his portrayal of young Turkish Germans, Turkey and the borders between Europe and the Middle East. This article presents a critical evaluation of these approaches and then looks into Akin’s relation with music, literature and the New German Cinema from the 1970’s and 80’s.
Análise da macro e da microestrutura de dicionários bilíngues português-alemão / alemão-português
(2010)
This paper aims at analyzing macro- and microstructural features of Portuguese-German/German-Portuguese bilingual dictionaries. For this purpose, we will discuss the basic parameters that should guide the conception of a bilingual dictionary: the target users, the direction, the function, and the linguistic anisomorphism.
This article discusses the communicative and the intercultural approaches to language teaching and learning. Firstly, it describes the core theoretical principles, goals, and the roles of teachers and learners in both approaches, as well as the way they are treated in different German textbooks. Secondly, it discusses a set of core principles and concepts (‘activity’, ‘interaction’, ‘motivation’ and ‘communicative posture’), as well as the didactic-pedagogical implications of implementing a communicative approach to language teaching and learning. Finally, it includes a reflection about the necessity for the language teacher to develop an intercultural background, as well as the eclectic use of different linguistic theories and language teaching approaches to make the acquisition of communicative and intercultural competence viable.
It could be said that learner’s dictionaries are the most reliable expression of lexicography in terms of providing the necessary tools to help the learning process of a foreign language. This paper analyses three English learner’s dictionaries in order to establish its stylistic patterns as well as to compare them with four German learner’s dictionaries. Undoubtly, the lexicography of English learner’s dictionaries is a model. However, we argue that this model can not be transfered to German lexicography since each language has its own particularities which demand specific solutions.
This contribution focuses on the conditions of literary production in Germany during the Nazi regime. The article analyzes the work of writer Ricarda Huch as one of the representatives of the so-called "Inner Emigration", literary trend promoted by writers that were not placed to serve the interests of the State, but instead sought to convey - through their work - humanistic values and critics of the status quo, despite the censorship and often putting their lives at risk. The poetic anthology Herbstfeuer ("Fire of Autumn"), published in 1944, is one of the most significant examples of the literature of resistance under the yoke of Nazism.
This paper aims to contribute to the rich discussion that has been developed in this journal throughout previous editions. Many authors have already written here about their considerations and praxis regarding bilingualism, bilingual contexts and bilingual education from different perspectives. Thus, this paper also brings to discussion aspects of the education in bilingual settings in Brazil, where people speak Portuguese and a variety of German basis called Hunsrückisch as their mother tongue. Moreover, this paper aims to be an account of results from different researches, which deal with the advantages of speaking dialect to learn standard German and the prejudices, learners coming from minority languages confront.
O ensino/aprendizagem da metafonia do português como língua estrangeira por aprendizes alemães
(2009)
The present article deals with a phenomenon of the portuguese language which is well-known and yet rather neglected in brazilian schools as well as in schools abroad: metaphony. Since this regular vowel change is a phenomenon that foms part exclusively of speech and is not represented in writing, it constitutes a problem for foreign learners, in our case speakers of German. We therefore propose a strategy by the help of which the phenomenon of metaphony in Portuguese can be explained, based on analogies with a similar regular sound change in the German language, called Umlaut. Our study is based upon data collected among students at Christian-Albrechts-Universität in Northern Germany.
One of the most striking moments in the life of Brazilian children speaking a minority language happens when they go to elementary school. There, the attitude towards the family language is completely indifferent, if not openly hostile, since the school sees its duty limited to alphabetising the child in the official language, which is Portuguese. This article reflects on practical strategies for teaching school children speaking immigrant languages, focussing on the different meaning of alphabetisation in minority language contexts and on the advantages of early bilingualism, ascertained by research in cognitive science (cf. Bialystok 2005). Immigrant contexts of this nature are being studied in the linguistic atlas project ALMA-H (Atlas Linguístico-Contatual das Minorias Alemãs na Bacia do Prata - Hunsrückisch). Based on data from this project and considering the Brazilian educational context the article proposes strategies that could help to improve the alphabetisation process of those groups by reconciling the dissociation that separates school contexts from family contexts in areas of collective bilingualism in Brazil.
According to the metalexicographical theory, there are three main components in a semasiological dictionary: macro-, micro- and middles structure. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the microstructure of three general semasiological dictionaries of the German language. As methodological framework, it takes in account the distinction between formal and semantic comment and between definition and density of the constant information program.
The story “Os dois vizinhos. Cenas da Colônia” (Die beiden Nachbarn. Bilder aus der Kolonie), written by Wilhelm Rotermund, was published in 1883 and 1884 in two parts in the Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien. The text by Rothermund represents many relevant aspects of the immigration of German Lutherans to Brazil. This article will first give an overview on the work of Wilhelm Rotermund and than offer a critical analysis of "Die beiden Nachbarn. Bilder aus der Kolonie". A third point of interest will be the importance of preserving the mother language (German) and the rural-urban relationship.
The objective of this article is to present a brief study on the wrong path of the poetry in the service of the Third Reich, whose roots raise to the tradition of the proto-nationalist and romantic nationalist poetry of the 19th Century. By interpreting the poems “Die Mutter” (“The Mother”) by Josepha Berens-Totenohl, “Deutsche Ostern 1933” (“German Easter of 1933”) by Heinrich Anacker, “Dem Führer” (“To the Führer”) by Will Vesper, and “Wir” (“We”) by Anne Marie Koeppen, we can observe the presence of discursive marks that remit to the Nazi jargon, what make them mere instruments of the totalitarian propaganda.
The paper aims to discuss the relations between culture, power and language in Bachmann’s story "Undine geht". Undine is a water creature that lives among humans for a period of time and this fact allows her to criticize them, their way of life, of love and of relate to others. Undine’s critique is that the discourse or language shows the domination that is present in the human relations, for example, in the submission of the individual to a collectivity, as well as in the relations between men and women. She condemns this society which is regulated by money, social roles, which are false representations and generate a repression for social and individual life. This is why Undine denounces strongly the humans and their society. But she also invites the humans to know themselves and to search for the truth. Only this can liberate them from repression and give them the possibility to live a dignified life.
The lifelong friendship between Anna Seghers and Jorge Amado began in the late 1940s, when both were engaged in the international communist struggle for world peace. After becoming disillusioned with the Stalinist tyranny, Amado left the PC, whereas Seghers officially continued to follow the party line. She concealed her critique of (post-) stalinist theory and practice in some essays on literature history, especially on Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Schiller – essays which she dedicated to Amado, who would understand the problems and contradictions within her political involvement.
Resenha : Karl-Heinz Göttert. Neues Deutsches Wörterbuch. Köln: Helmut Lingen Verlag, 2007 (1150 p.)
(2009)
Do sentido interno
(2009)
This articles aims to present some of the main concepts of E. Husserl's phenomenology that can be applied to linguistic communication. The apprehension of those concepts is condition sine qua non for the use of the phenomenology as a matrix for research. The understanding of those concepts will serve as a work instrument in the field of applied linguistic.
This article deals with two short stories by Leopold Kompert (1822-1886), a Jewish author from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and one of the major names in a genre which became known as Ghettoliteratur. As all other authors in his genre, Kompert dealt mainly with the conflicts involved in the passage from the world of traditional Jewry towards 19th into modernity. But he did this in a typical Habsburg way. Rather then emphasizing the incompatibility between these two worlds, Kompert tries, on the one hand, to preserve the memory of the vanishing world of the Jewish Shtetl, and on the other hand to create a synthesis between this world and the multi-lingual and multi-cultural Austro-Hungarian Empire.
E fez-se a luz : contribuições do medium fotográfico para a instauração do realismo literário
(2009)
The nineteenth century was the scene of deep changes in several areas of society: art, industry, science and others. Officially emerged in 1839, the photographic medium was received, discussed and practiced by many of these areas. This article deals with the arisal and the first receptions of photography in the artistic sphere, considering the shock between painting x photography, the discussion about visible reality and its forms of representation in art. It is also briefly discussed the artistic and social context in which the first realistic publications appeared, the importance of photography in these texts, how they were received in Germany and the fundamental differences between French and German literary realism. Thus, it is intended to point the emergence of the photographic medium as one of the aspects which - through the theoretical and conceptual reconfigurations which have taken place in art - contributed to the establishment of the realistic movement in painting and literature.
Novalis is perhaps the most expressive poet of German Early Romanticism. His ideas, mainly in form of fragments, were strongly based upon Fichte’s theory of magic idealism and are substantial part of his literary work, which presents a mixture of genres such as poetry, rhetoric, philosophical and religious themes and even social aspects. This article will introduce some of Novalis’ personal aspects with the intent of briefly introducing two of his main issues: the concept of Fragment, as exploited in ‘Die Lehrlinge zu Saï’s, and his ideal of a poetic, self referent language.
Based on a supposedly new discovery of pornographic magazines, James Hawes aimed, in Excavating Kafka (2008), to reset the almost saintlike image of Kafka. This article will argue that these publications are fare from being hard-core pornography and their existence has been a long known fact. It will then discuss relations between literary texts and biography with reference to Kafka’s novel Der Process, written in 1914 and published only posthumous.
The object of this paper is to attempt a comparison between the perception of the big city by an author of German expressionism, Georg Heym, and the Brazilian modernist Mario de Andrade. The aim is to compare the poetic visions of two cities, Berlin and Sao Paulo, at the beginning of the twentieth century and highlight both, the coincidences and differences in the perception of urban life, based on the ideas of the German sociologist Georg Simmel on the life of man in modernity and the stimulations of nerve impulses.
Thiago Benites dos Santos: Inovação técnica e os media óticos em Kafka. ; Vítor Jochims Schneider: O olhar fotográfico e textual em Prosa do Observatório de Julio Cortázar. ; Márcia Lappe Alves: The question of point of view. ; Ana Lúcia Silva Paranhos: Le Désert Mauve de Nicole Brossard: Un Parcours dans l’univers de la traduccion littéraire. ; Daniel Iturvides Dutra: A literatura de ficção – científica e os problemas de tradução para a mídia fílmica. ; Larissa Rohde: Notes on Narayan’s Prose. ; Claudio Vescia Zanin: Abjection and Evil in ‘Haunted’. ; Fernanda Fernandes / Robert Ponge: Um breve estudo da intriga e de dois personagens de Roberto Zucco, peça de Bernard-Marie Koltès. ; Jaqueline Bohn Donada: ‘Romola’, by George Eliot, and its Conflicts. ; Maria Izabel V. Domingues: Literatura Escocesa e Literatura Brasileira: nacionalismo, regionalismo e algumas sutilezas. ; Vanessa Costa e Silva Schmitt/Robert Ponge: A medicina em ‘A Obra Em Negro’ de Marguerite Yourcenar: as diversas profissões da arte de curar no século XVI. ; Kelley B. Duarte: A escrita autoficcional e os percursos de memória em Régine Robin. ; Ivonne Mogendorff: ‘Andamios’ de Mario Benedetti – Memoria en las huellas del desexilio. ; Carlos Eduardo Meneghetti Scholles: Storytelling Coyotes: the Coyote Trickster Figure in Thomas King. ; Valter Henrique Fritsch: Apropriação do Discurso Mítico: Cassandra Profetisa a Pós-Modernidade. ; Érika Azevedo/Robert Ponge: André Breton e os primórdios do surrealismo. ; Monica Stefani: ‘You are what you read’: intertextual relations between Patrick White’s ‘The Solid Mandala’ and F. Dostoyevsky’s ‘The Brothers Karamazov’. ; Adriane Veras: A Reading of Sandra Cisneros’s ‘The House on Mango Street’. ; Lisanea Weber: Uma leitura sobre a escravidão no romance epistolar de Ina von Binzer.
Máximas
(2008)
In Kants Analyse der moralischen Gesinnung und der einer moralischen Handlung zugrundeliegenden Absichten und Motive spielt der Begriff der Maxime eine zentrale Rolle. Der folgende Text versucht zu klären, was unter einer Kantischen Maxime zu verstehen ist.
O coveiro
(2008)
O matador de dragões
(2008)
Vladímir, o pintor de nuvens
(2008)
A caixa dourada
(2008)
A Costureira
(2008)
Many teachers of German as a second language make some statements regarding this language that mix concepts from three distinct fields: Orthography (letters), Phonetics (phones or speech sounds) and Phonology (phonemes). In this paper I attempt to shed some light on these concepts and fields. I also provide examples of such statements and make comments on them.
This paper offers a description of the contemporary German lexicography using dictionary taxonomy. The parameters used for the classification of dictionaries are the number of languages (monolingual against bilingual dictionaries), the user’s perspective (how useful is each kind of dictionary for the Brazilian scholar) and the two perspectives of the act of speech (text reception against text production).
This article discusses linguistic attitudes and conceptions (beliefs and prejudices) of 20 teachers regarding the ‘German accent’ ((de)voicing of consonants and neutralization of the vibrant) and their implications in their social practices in school lessons, in three German-Portuguese bilingual communities in Rio Grande do Sul. To conclude with, a reflection about how teachers’ conceptions relate to the treatment they dispense to linguistic traces in face to face interactions. The present investigation is inserted in the Interactional Sociolinguistics and in the Sociolinguistics field, specifically in linguistic variation and bilingual studies, and it is especially rooted in linguistic attitudes and conceptions. This research matches instruments and analytical categories of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, examining both teachers’ practices and their linguistic attitudes and conceptions. The results point to educational and identity conflicts which are reflected in speakers’ attitudes of solidarity or linguistic differentiation regarding the use and rating of linguistic variation, as well as in the treatment dispensed to the linguistic features of these communities.
For the most part, in linguistic policies, which mainly manifest themselves in educational measures, substandard varieties are at best ignored, if not actively suppressed. This often deprives pupils in immigrant situations and coming from a dialect background not only of their right to speaking their own language but also from the opportunity of aquiring the related standard, benefiting from early bilingual education. Instead, the national language is often used as the only language of instruction and is therefore likely to outdominate any other variety. This paper analyses two immigrant groups on the American continent which both represent diglossic communities in which High German as the High Variety has been lost or replaced by the national language while the related dialect is continuously used for in-group communication. Despite structural similarities in the sociolinguistic makeup of the two speech communities, there have been different approaches towards the teaching of standard German. The paper shows that language attitudes toward the substandard play a decisive role in these approaches. It is argued that instead of seeing the dialect as an obstacle for aquiring the standard variety it ought to be viewed as a suitable starting point to learning High German. Far from being an out-fashioned relic, dialects in immigrant communities should be conceived of as vantage ground for building multilingual societies which include the own vernacular as an element of identity, the related standard as a means of international communication and, of course, the national standard as an instrument of integration.
This article parts from an interdisciplinary point of view. Its main interest lies in the rich and complex interaction between the literary text and the image. These relations are understood as a “reciprocal illumination between the arts”, according to a publication of Oskar Walzel (Berlin, 1917). It will first investigate two historical landmarks in relation to literature and the image: first, the social differentiation around 1800 and its imposition of a purely textual literature and second, the avant-garde with its intense interaction between the various forms of artistic communication. The paper will then approach two contemporary examples of novels which combine visual and textual material.
The Recife’s School was a Brazilian movement during the last quarter of the 19th century, whose main goals were to inform the Empire Court of provincial problems and introduce Brazil to ideas and theories of German philosophers. The first history of Brazilian literature was written in 1888 by Sílvio Romero and is considered part of this movement. According to this work, Brazil should be connected to German thought. Romero’s reception of the German authors is not passive; he engages in dialogue through his text by connecting, criticizing and elaborating upon his references. The autonomy of thought he proves in this process is the same autonomy he demands from Brazilian intellectualists. In order to develop the talents inherent to Brazil, he believes they should widen their cultural horizons, instead of only being dependent on French culture. Only then Brazil would be able to occupy a position equal amongst developed nations. Romero’s conception of race and his idea, that it is possible to include the totality of Brazilian literature in his work are both out of date. However, in the História da Literatura Brasileira there are methodological aspects in common with the modern theories on writing histories of literature, such as the choice of texts not only according to aesthetics criterions and the interdisciplinarity, because the author relates biology, sociology, economy, and politics with literature.
Política de fronteira : Sobre o lugar do nacional na literatura e o lugar da literatura no nacional
(2008)
“Literatura nacional” é o resultado de uma construção variada. É claro que se poderia simplesmente enumerar todos as obras surgidas em um país e afirmar que isso é uma “literatura nacional”. Foi o que aconteceu até o século XVIII. O caráter de “literature nacional” como resultado de construção surge desde o último terço do décimo oitavo século, porque seleções conduzem o processo de definição. Tais seleções já são a delimitação de “literatura” (no sentido de toda a produção textual) à poesia ou a restrição de literatura nacional a textos em língua alemã, ou seja, a segregação de textos em outras línguas que também eram escritos ou surgiam no “próprio país”, etc. Assim como no discurso sobre “Literatura Suíça”, também o veredicto de excluir dessas línguas a existência de literaturas em línguas diferentes e tratá-las como “unidade do plural”.
This paper discusses the role of German Jesuit priests in the conquest of the lower amazon area in the 17th century. The Luxemburg missionary John Philip Bettendorff, founder of the second largest city of Pará, Santarém, was one of the most important figures while colonizing the Estate of Maranhão e Great-Pará. His chronicle is not only an important testimony of the settlements’ history but also of the Jesuit activities as handicraft workers and artists while catechizing this region. Thus, it comprehends a part of the rich cultural memory of colonial Brazil.
Based on the bilingualism and ethnolinguistic identity research, this study aims to observe the role identity and linguistic attitudes play in a minority mother language’s maintenance or shifting process in early bilingualism cases in a societal bilingualism situation. The analyzed context comprises native speakers of essentially bilingual communities that migrate to an urban center like Porto Alegre, where the opportunities for minority mother language use are drastically restrained by the monolingual Portuguese context. It’s asked how this language was maintained and what is the identity and linguistic attitude after the removal of the original context identified as more rural, isolated and ethnic and culturally different. The data collection derives from semi-structured interviews, recorded and subsequently transcribed. The data analysis suggests that the ‘geographic’ factor isn’t so relevant to the maintenance/shifting of a minority language than the speaker’s ‘micro-decisions’ to preserve the cultural and affectionate ties with their origin group, the family. Besides family group, community, school and government should be called to come together to construct new ways for the linguistic and cultural preservation of the bilingual community in Brazil. In that sense, this research intends to contribute to a wider understanding of the identity and linguistics attitudes’ role in the languages’ teaching and learning in general.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
This paper investigates the role of Hunsrückisch, a dialect spoken by German descendents in South Brazil, in regard to the performance of high school students in the proficiency exam Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD-I). The article will first discuss the concept of bilinguism and then analyzes the performance of bilingual students (Portuguese/German) from the Instituo de Educação Ivoti in DSD-I exams over the last 5 years.
In his first autobiographical writing, the Austrian author Thomas Bernhard attempts to show his public the reason why he became the provocative writer and outsider that he was. This paper intends to analyse how this image is constructed in the book by using a specific concept of victim as well as a provocative and subjective style. On the one hand he is successful in constructing a text in which his point of view and his personality are constantly present; on the other hand it includes diverse contradictions, which will be discussed throughout this article.
Resenha : Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Berlin: Langenscheidt, 2004.
(2007)
This paper discusses the assessment of German language learners in classes for beginners in a context gathering monolingual Portuguese speakers and bilingual speakers of Portuguese and Hunsrückisch, a German dialect derived from the contact of an immigration language and Portuguese. One of the challanges faced by the teachers of these heterogeneous classes is to assess learners’ classroom achievement once dialect speakers’ needs are considerably different from novice learners’. It is suggested that teachers make a compromise between the course objectives and the learners’ different proficiencies and needs to assess their language progress, incorporating and valuing students’ multicultural and experiential backgrounds.
This article analyzes two oral narratives produced in a school in Santa Maria do Herval (RS). These narratives are peculiar because of the frequent code switching, sometimes from Portuguese to standard German, sometimes from standard Portuguese to the dialectal variety spoken in that particular community. The first narrative to be analyzed is produced in the story telling time, in which the librarian tells the children a story from a picture book, switching the code between Portuguese and German. The second narrative is a story told by the class teacher during talking in circle, also based on a picture book. The code switching in this narrative involves teacher/pupils interaction directly. The use of both languages is, as mentioned by Breunig (2005), a cultural responsive pedagogy, since the language spoken at home by most children is being positively valued at school. Furthermore, teachers’ practices are close to those carried out by the children at home.
This paper discusses a foundation for writing Hunsrückisch as a German immigrant language in contact with Brazilian Portuguese. This foundation brings together the main conclusions obtained by the Group for the Studies of Hunsrückisch Writing (Grupo de Estudos da Escrita do Hunsrückisch – ESCRITHU). This group was formed at the Language Institute at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the goal of proposing not only a system of orthographic norms for a language that exists mostly just in oral forms, but also to encourage research on and linguistic education for speakers of this immigrant language. An already extant literature in Hunsrückisch includes journal and magazine texts such as Sankt Paulusblatt or the Brummbär-Kalendar, published between 1931 and 1935, as well as texts by authors such as Rambo (2002 [1937-1961]), Gross (2001), and Rottmann (1889 [1840]). From these texts various writing formats, guidelines, and goals for an orthographic norm are analyzed, be they for the written expression of the speakers or for useful instruments in the transliteration of ethnotexts within the ALMA-H project (Linguistic- Contactual Atlas of the German Minorities in the La Plata Basin: Hunsrückisch), with which ESCRITHU collaborates.
Syntactic negation and particularly the position of the negative particle 'nicht' are challenging themes not only for learners of German as a foreign language, but also for teachers and researchers of the grammar of German. This paper gives an overview of recent studies related to negation in Modern German. In its main part, it presents results of empirical research on the relationship between syntax and prosody in the field of negation.
This article will provide a general look on modern literature as partially configured by medial history. It parts from the impact of Gutenberg’s invention on social differentiation and the romantic literary concepts, and then looks on photography as an important reference for the realistic aesthetics as well as the initial struggle of film against the domination of the traditional literary medium. It closes with a brief historical overview on what one may call precursors of the hyperlink in literary communication.
Augusto Boal and Raduan Nassar are two important figures of Brazilian culture who reflected their country inside its borders as well as beyond them. In two of the writings that are part of the book 'Lateinamerikaner über Europa', which was organized by Curt Meyer-Clason, both of them write what they think about Europe. In “Um índio desterrado. Carta a um amigo” (A banished Indian. Letter to a friend), by Augusto Boal, one can see the reflection of a person who thinks about the relationship between Brazil and Europe from the perspective of theatrical activity, and, most specifically, the perspective of the “Theatre of the Oppressed”. Likewise, in “Imitação e valorização própria” (Imitation and self valorization), Raduan Nassar undertakes a socioeconomic reading of the relationship between the European continent and Brazil on a historical basis.
This article draws a parallel between Jakob Wassermann's interest in the history of Kaspar Hauser, which led him to write a novel still considered as the most eloquent literary rendering of this episode, and his own situation as an outsider in German culture. Wassermann's feeling of alienation towards his own country is expressed in his autobiography, titled “Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude” and his “Kaspar Hauser” is seen here a kind of "estrangement novel", a term which is a counterpoint to the traditional German concept of Bildungsroman. In this respect, it displays some striking analogies with works by later authors, who have drawn this specifically Jewish-German genre to a kind of paroxysm, such as Franz Kafka and Elias Canetti. A novel by an author usually seen as a conservative thus reveals an unexpected avant-garde aspect, which in certain ways foresees the future development of Jewish-German literature. On the other hand, Wassermann's critique to the Bismarckian mentality, which dominated Germany in the first half of the19th. Century, appears to detect some tendencies crucial to the development of German political life in the early 20th, century.
Considering that the German dramatist Heiner Müller has treated several times the subject of the angel of history, this essay proposes a comparison between Müller’s first angel (Der glücklose Engel) from 1958 and the original “angel of history” (Engel der Geschichte), a seminal text written by Walter Benjamin in 1940. Benjamin’s work reflects the author’s thoughts on the corruption of history and the dangerous notion of progress. Müller’s angel, on the contrary, despite his beliefs in the destructive force of the history, sees the future in a positive perspective.
Photographs, articles and documents related to Herbert Caro.
This text offers a closer look at Herbert Caro’s life, habits and his role as one of the founders of the Jewish Foundation SIBRA in Porto Alegre.
This text offers statements of former colleagues and friends of Herbert Caro.
Klaus Oliven relembra
(2007)
This text shows, besides Herbert Caro’s many accomplishments in his various activities, also some personal traces of his life. In this way the reader may obtain some insights into the personality of this outstanding intellectual.
This text offers a closer look on the personal environment of Herbert Caro, especially in regard to the role of his wife Nina Caro.
Fifteen years after his death in 1991 one can trace a certain tendency to turn the person and personality of Herbert Caro into a legendary figure where his work as a recognized translator mingles with episodes related to his passion for music as well as his specific kind of humour. It is therefore of no surprise that Caro himself turned into a literary character of the novel As Confissões de Lúcio by Brazilian writer Fernando Monteiro.
Conhecendo Herbert Caro
(2007)
Herbert Caro has been known for his translations and musical knowledge. This article focuses on his musical conception in his articles: “Romance de Capa sem Espada”, published in 1977, and the literary aspect in “A mãe brasileira de Thomas Mann” from 1976.
Erico Verissimo’s letters to Herbert Caro, during the 1950s, offer a portrait of the translator of Thomas Mann, revealing his taste for music and movies as well as an insights in his role as a critic and confident of the Brazilian author.
This article offers a general view on the historical circumstances regarding the exile of Herbert Caro in Brazil. It also informs on his intellectual and professional background, based on official documents and research material as well as on an interview that the author realized with Herbert Caro in 1988.
Herbert Caro
(2007)
A introductory text on Herbert Caro, his background and his activities in the Brazilian exile.
Introduction of the seminar dedicated to Herbert Caro, held on the 16th of October 2006 at the Goethe-Institute Porto Alegre, Brazil.
As linguist, we always have to deal with terms like First, Second and Foreign Languages, but many times we don’t notice, how peculiars they are and how specific and difficult are their definitions. In Brazil, we have peculiar situations of immigrant languages, which are spoken in some groups of people in some communities in their day-by-day. There is much controversy related to the denomination we give to these linguistic varieties, what concerns its status and its relationship with the other neighbor or concurrent varieties. In this paper, we intend to discuss theoretically the terms above, transporting the denomination and its application to the reality of some bilingual communities from Rio Grande do Sul, in which people speak minority languages of Germanic origins. On the basis of empirical tests, we aim to give here a profile of the socio linguistic situation of these minority varieties what concerns its speakers, the foreign language teachers (specially of the High-German) and the community in general.
German immigration to Brazil starts in the 19th century. In Brazil, the German Immigration Literature has already been a subject of many studies. Nevertheless, what was produced in Germany during the period of the great emigration by the land people of these emigrates is still unknown by the Brazilian people and also by the German folk. This article shows the results of a careful bibliographic research, that was made in German libraries and archives. In this article there is an important work: one narrative from Amalia Schoppe, Die Auswanderer nach Brasilien oder die Hütte am Gigitonhonha. They present interesting aspects about Brazil and about Germany at the e(im)migation context in the 19th century.
In "Das Jahr Lazertis" Günter Eich works with the concept of "lost word" on multiple levels with mythological, historical, geographical, psychological, sociologic and poetical implications. This article pretends to investigate the textual constructions of these semantic configurations.
Considering the European mentality of the first half of the 19th century, this article discusses the important role of E. T. A. Hoffmann in the literature of that period. The text deals specially with Hoffmann’s critique of the superiority of reason over imagination. Cultivating the grotesque and the supernatural, Hoffmann criticizes the bourgeois attitudes towards an unquestioned belief in the reason as the unique savior of mankind.
In Hoffmann’s tales, visual references and optical devices play an important role as thematic and structural components. This article will analyze this subject in a historical context where the social differentiation and the optical media result in a questioning of observation and perspective. Hoffmann’s writing may therefore be conceived, at least partially, through his position towards visibility. This paper will first provide a general look at the interrelations between Hoffmann’ s texts and certain painting styles and then take a closer look at “The Sandman” as a keywork for romantic perspectivism.
REAL – Revista de Estudos Alemães : 2011, No. 2 = Travessias e fronteiras ; traduzindo (d)o alemão
(2011)
Os textos reunidos na segunda edição da REAL respondem ao núcleo temático proposto pelos editores – com base no fundamento de que a tradução constitui uma forma privilegiada de representação de uma literatura estrangeira no polissistema literário nacional, além de configurar relações interlinguísticas e interculturais, preencher lacunas na cultura de chegada e, desse modo, contribuir para equilibrar assimetrias no universo das relações tradutórias entre Portugal e os países de língua alemã.
A REAL – Revista de Estudos Alemães é um projecto conjunto das Universidades portuguesas onde existe a área da Germanística. Neste sentido, ela é propriedade das seguintes instituições: Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Universidade Aberta, Universidade de Coimbra, Universidade de Aveiro, Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Minho e Universidade da Madeira. Inicialmente está sediada na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, onde permanecerá nos próximos quatro anos, passando depois para uma das outras Universidades. A REAL é a primeira revista de Estudos Alemães online em Portugal. Pretende dinamizar e agilizar a interacção entre os germanistas e todos os interessados na língua e nas culturas de expressão alemã, contribuindo para revitalizar este campo disciplinar.
Contingentia
(2006)
"Ah, a tradução […] exige um coração recto, devoto, fiel, esforçado, temente, […] douto, experimentado e destro. Por isso, tenho para mim que um […] espírito faccioso não é capaz de traduzir com fidelidade." (Lutero) Está sempre presente na mente do tradutor, de forma mais ou menos inconfessada, de forma mais ou menos inconsciente, e muito mais ainda no caso da tradução literária, pois é dela que estamos a falar, uma série de instâncias controladoras que regulam a sua produção como um superego de interesses divergentes. Este superego transforma o seu trabalho numa negociação de decisões drásticas e difíceis que envolvem: (a) a (pseudo) autarcia do texto ou ditadura do original; (b) o sistema de disponibilidades e exigências da língua de chegada; (c) aqueles que consideramos nossos pares, colegas de ofício, constituindo ao mesmo tempo o nosso desafio e a nossa segurança, que sempre temos em mente, mesmo sabendo que nem sempre terão tempo de nos ler, ou aqueles que por imperativo de profissão nos lêem e de quem esperamos a compreensão das nossas opções; (d) por contraponto, os “ím-pares”, eventualmente conhecendo as línguas, outras vezes nem por isso, mas ignorando o que é tradução, ao pensar que esta se resolve com equivalências lexicalizadas e automáticas, desconhecendo também as condições especiais da tradução literária; (e) o público real, a sua capacidade de interpretação e a medida da sua disponibilidade para processar a resistência criativa de um texto; (f) e os editores, com as suas linhas de orientação interna e as exigências que se prendem com o marketing.
Traduzir Günter Grass
(2011)
Lübeck, Dezembro de 2006, reunião dos tradutores de Beim Häuten der Zwiebel (Descascando a Cebola), de Günter Grass. A reunião é convocada, como já é hábito, pela editora; na verdade, trata-se mais de um convite do autor. Durante uma semana, o livro é percorrido à lupa, página a página, dúvida a dúvida. O autor lê passagens inteiras para que os tradutores escutem a cadência, o tom, e aquela escrita sobretudo visual revela uma poderosa sonoridade. Grass lê de forma magnífica e recorda a importância da leitura em voz alta para a tradução. Alguns trazem o texto já traduzido, numa primeira versão, outros começaram apenas, como eu, que só tinha traduzido quatro capítulos. Alguns, os escandinavos, conhecem-se já há anos, desde o final da década de 1970 que se encontram para estas reuniões. Eu estou ali pela primeira vez.
Traduzir Franz Kafka
(2011)
De facto, a palavra escrita representa para Kafka qualquer coisa de sagrado. Daí, o célebre “aforismo”, “Schreiben als Form des Gebetes”, a “escrita como forma de oração”. Esta escrita “como forma de oração” passou, daí em diante, a representar para mim, como adolescente que era, “a leitura como forma de oração”. A leitura passou a ser para mim algo de especial e, a partir daí, fiz de Kafka e da sua escrita uma espécie de diapasão para o que devia ou não devia ler. Nessa altura, estava ainda longe de pensar que viria alguma vez a traduzir Kafka, muito menos a referida “lenda”. Entre o convite feito pelo falecido editor da Assírio & Alvim, Manuel Hermínio Monteiro, para traduzir o romance “O Processo” e as recordações do meu primeiro contacto com a obra de Kafka mediaram cerca de vinte e cinco anos de convívio quase diário com a obra do autor. Estes longos anos de leitura de Kafka nunca criaram em mim o desejo, nem sequer íntimo e secreto, de o traduzir. Quando, em 1997, subitamente me vi perante um convite para traduzir o romance “O Processo”, a minha primeira reacção foi dizer “não”! E a razão talvez tivesse sido a importância que atribuía àquela escrita singular de Kafka, que, não obstante ser simples e transparente em termos formais, tinha algo que a aproximava da perfeição.
Em 1986, praticamente no início da minha actividade de tradutor, traduzi 'A Marquesa de O…' e 'O terramoto no Chile ' para uma edição conjunta dos dois textos na Editora Antígona. [...] Preocupava-me então sobretudo com a qualidade literária do resultado tradutivo e não tanto com aquilo que hoje penso dever ser a máxima preservação possível dos caracteres funcionais do texto original. […] Nos últimos meses do ano de 2008, dediquei-me ao trabalho de traduzir alguma prosa reflexiva de Heinrich von Kleist, que viria a ser publicada em 2009 pela Editora Antígona num volume intitulado 'Sobre o Teatro de Marionetas e Outros Escritos'. Entre esses «outros escritos» encontra-se o célebre ensaio «Sobre a gradual elaboração dos pensamentos no discurso» e também a «Carta de um poeta a outro», publicada por Kleist nos Berliner Abendblätter, em 5 de Janeiro de 1811. Se aqui menciono explicitamente estes dois textos, é porque, a meu ver, como procurei demonstrar na introdução ao volume em causa, eles contribuem decisivamente para uma compreensão da concepção que o autor tem da língua, da linguagem, do discurso, da produção imagética e do estilo literário, o que por sua vez inevitavelmente reverte sobre a tradução da prosa kleistiana. Mais recentemente apresentei à Editora Antígona o projecto de organizar um volume de textos de Heinrich von Kleist que deverá intitular-se 'Prosa Narrativa Completa'. Será um projecto para concluir possivelmente em 2014. Nele deverão incluirse todas as «Novellen» de Kleist, e portanto também novas traduções de 'A Marquesa de O…' e de 'O Terramoto no Chile'. O que apresento adiante é apenas um fragmento de uma das traduções a incluir nesse volume – a do texto 'Der Findling' –, acrescentando à minha tradução alguns comentários sobre certas opções tradutivas que me parecem mais marcadamente decorrentes de especificidades da prosa narrativa kleistiana.
Um olhar rápido sobre os títulos constantes da sua biblioteca particular torna claro que Pessoa lia os autores alemães em traduções inglesas e francesas. Contudo, um escrutínio mais atento da sua biblioteca e dos seus apontamentos revela que o acompanharam ao longo da sua vida não só uma vontade mas também algumas tentativas concretas de enveredar pelo estudo da língua alemã, no intuito de fazer justiça à sua própria imposição formulada por volta do ano de 1912:
"Um grande poeta retórico ou epigramático pode ser lido em tradução, sendo ela boa; quem não sabe a língua, escusa, havendo essa boa tradução, de por tão pouco a estudar. Mas quem quiser ler um poeta lírico não pode aceitar tradução nenhuma, por fiel que seja à alma do poeta. Tem de aprender a língua em que a poesia foi escrita. [...]"
Sabendo-se que Fernando Pessoa nunca dominou a língua alemã, pretende-se, neste estudo, delinear o percurso da sua relação com esta língua e o modo como ela se liga à sua leitura de um autor que, embora em muito menor escala que Goethe, emerge nalguns pontos da actividade de Pessoa enquanto leitor crítico: Friedrich Schiller.
Ao apelo da Universidade de Coimbra para que, no âmbito da sua semana Cultural, as Faculdades e outros organismos que nela se acolhem glosem o tema da “Imaginação”, responde o Instituto de Estudos Alemães com o colóquio Imaginação do mesmo: a diferença na repetição. No texto que enquadra o conjunto de contributos que hoje aqui se apresentam, se afirma, a dado passo, que “Há inovação e transformação não na impossível invenção de uma origem, mas sim na capacidade de articulação produtiva”. Pode esta ser uma boa síntese daquilo que a moderna descendência da espécie homo leva a cabo, enquanto homo sapiens (sapiens) e, portanto, homo loquens, no exercício da faculdade que é, a um tempo, o seu mais poderoso instrumento de cognição e o mais eficaz e económico veículo de comunicação – competição e cooperação são, recordo, os principais pilares em que assenta o processo da sua sobrevivência enquanto espécie.
Criadas as línguas, de que espaço de manobra dispõe o “homem que fala”, que é também um homo socialis, para as recriar, reinventar, adaptando-as às sempre renovadas coordenadas sociológicas em que se situa e de que ele próprio é o arquitecto?
Navigare necesse est : de Magalhães a Vespúcio ; três navegadores reinventados por Stefan Zweig
(2010)
"Navigare necesse est" [...] Ao longo dos tempos, esta expressão de ousadia conservou-se no discurso literário da cultura ocidental. No século XX, serviram-se dela, por exemplo, dois autores indelevelmente inscritos na memória cultural da língua portuguesa: o poeta Fernando Pessoa, como vimos, e ainda o cantautor Caetano Veloso. […] Nesta linha de apropriação se situa também o escritor austríaco Stefan Zweig quando, em 1937, intitula “Navigare necesse est” o capítulo introdutório da biografia “Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat”. Ao contrário dos autores de língua portuguesa acima mencionados, Zweig adopta apenas o primeiro segmento do axioma, pois no fenómeno de intertextualidade [...]. Zweig aproveita a expressão no enquadramento semântico original – as navegações –, para a aplicar à linhagem de bravos homens do mar e de eruditos cosmógrafos que tornaram possível a era dos Descobrimentos. Nesse capítulo inicial da narração biográfica, a voz autoral traça uma panorâmica da primeira fase das Descobertas, mostrando como o móbil económico, que desencadeou todo o processo, acabou por trazer à Humanidade ganhos de outra natureza. Assim, os Descobrimentos não terão permitido apenas chegar à Índia e às tão desejadas especiarias: a demanda corajosa e continuada ter-se-á justificado principalmente por desafiar os mitos do oceano, afastar os medos do mar e alargar a nossa dimensão do mundo.
Passaram já mais de vinte anos sobre a apresentação no Centro Pompidou, em Paris, da exposição 'Vienne, 1880-1938, naissance d'un siècle'. Tratou-se, como alguns se recordarão, de um acontecimento de grande repercussão em toda a Europa. A definitiva consolidação do mito cultural da “Viena de 1900” está estreitamente associada a este acontecimento. A ressonância do evento, contudo, não poderá ser cabalmente entendida se não se tiver presente que, em meados dos anos oitenta a controvérsia sobre o pós-modernismo estava no auge. A verdade é que o comissário da exposição, Jean Clair, programou-a expressamente como uma espécie de manifesto pós-moderno, à luz de uma interpretação da modernidade vienense como um sítio arqueológico maior da pós-modernidade. […] É evidente que esta afirmação distintamente pós-histórica e pós-filosófica se baseia numa imagem da 'Wiener Moderne' como lugar de uma critica implícita à narrativa do progresso como perpétua inovação. A actualidade da Viena de 1900 reside, aos olhos de Jean Clair, justamente, numa específica noção de temporalidade que é hostil à ideia do novo como ruptura irreversível […]. É este, de facto, o núcleo da “hipótese vienense”, para usar a expressão proposta na época por Paolo Portoghesi, um dos mais influentes teóricos da arquitectura pós-modernista nos anos oitenta (Portoghesi 1984). Não vou ocupar-me aqui dos equívocos, por vezes grotescos, gerados em torno dessa hipótese no âmbito da teoria do pós-modernismo. Vou, simplesmente, concentrar-me no conceito de repetição e nas suas consequências para um entendimento mais lato do paradigma modernista, já que, na verdade, a “hipótese vienense”, as lições literalmente excêntricas da 'Wiener Moderne', representam, no fundamental, a percepção do carácter aberto e plural das respostas modernistas à condição moderna.
O romance em apreço poderá […] ser compreendido com o resultado desta duplicidade identitária e interpretado como uma metáfora da amnésia social generalizada que o autor observa na sociedade onde actua. Neste texto é sua intenção criticar a ausência de altruísmo, a indiferença, o preconceito e as generalizações a que muitas das personagens do romance são sujeitas. Enquanto algumas destas figuras, especialmente as que pertencem a minorias negligenciadas, aspiram à sua integridade pessoal e ao reconhecimento social, as restantes figuras personificam a incapacidade de relembrar da qual a sociedade civil genericamente parece sofrer. Na visão de Rabinovici, devido a este esquecimento colectivo a sociedade incorre nos mesmos erros do passado, do passado nacional-socialista, na medida em que, adoptando o papel de mera espectadora, continua passivamente a ignorar a necessidade de legitimação e de aceitação de um conjunto de indivíduos.
A cochonilha Phoenicococcus cribiformes é descrita do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Além de Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, 1899, é a segunda espécie conhecida da familia Phoenicococcidae. A fêmea adulta de P. cribiformes difere da P. marlatti por apresentar nos primeiros segmentos abdominais um par de placas cribiformes. Ela foi coletada sobre Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.), o chamado Pinheiro-do-Paraná, dentro da casca do tronco. Foi observada uma associação com formigas do gênero Brachymyrmex.
Prefácio Estas notas gramaticais têm a sua origem num encontro de trabalho que teve lugar em Maio de 2002 na Localidade de Ntete, Distrito de Balama, na Província de Cabo Delgado. O ensino foi dirigido pelo linguista dr. Oliver Kröger. Marcaram presença o Presidente da Localidade de Ntete, o José Maninga, o Mwene Mphicimu, o Mwene Kotope, Líder Comunitário Akhulapa, Jacob Celestino Rahisse, Francisco Amimo Pihali, Benjamin Fernando Liua e dr. John David Iseminger. A elaboração deste esboço gramatical foi realizada num seminário linguístico nas instalações da Sociedade Internacional de Linguística em Nampula onde também fez parte o Arlindo de Sousa Hermínio. O que se procura nesta modesta contribuição ao ambiente sociocultural da nossa província é uma abordagem ao sistema gramatical de makhuwa-imeetto. Não é uma gramática completa, pois, é uma breve introdução. Mas o nosso desejo é que esta pequena obra seja útil aos que estão envolvidos na elaboração da literatura em makhuwa-imeetto e o seu ensino nos vários projectos de alfabetização na língua materna em Cabo Delgado. Queremos agradecer o Senhor Oliver Kröger pela iniciativa, apoio e desenvolvimento desta obra. dr. John David Iseminger Março ao ano 2009
Ler e escrever em Ekoti
(2010)
Introdução Tanto na cultura local como na África em geral a dança é sempre realizada segundo as situações em que as pessoas se encontram, sobretudo verificando-se uma situação de festas como a que vive o moçambicano neste ano em que completa dez anos após assinatura dos acordos gerais de Paz de Roma. Assim em tempos de colheita nas nossas zonas rurais preparam-se pequenos festivais para dar graças pela recolha positiva dos produtos. Nestas e noutras ocasiões, os povos makhuwa e koti do Distrito de Angoche apresentam estas danças, umas herdadas do antepassado impodrificável, árabe e outras são da sua autoria. Esta compilação é baseada na recolha dos Srs. Bendito Brito João e António Agostinho, Responsáveis da Cultura do Distrito de Angoche nos anos 1980 e 1981 respectivamente. Os dados encontram-se no Arquivo Museológico de Angoche. Nota-se que existem mais danças no distrito que não foram pesquisadas naquele altura, como por exemplo Mpiriye; Rumpa; Lipweku; Parampara; Maulita; Masheya; Likuntta; Reewa; Likoreya1.
1 Introdução Os falantes da língua Xingoni são os descendentes do grupo etnolinguístico oriundo das migrações dos Nguni. No mfecane, causado pelas guerras do Shaka Zulu e Dingiswayo, numerosas populações foram movimentadas em vastas zonas geográficas de África Austral. Essas ondas demográficas chegaram até a província de Cabo Delgado. Xingoni é a variante de referência, falada nos distritos de Montepuez, Nangade, Meluco, Mueda, Muidumbe e Nangade. Existe a probabilidade da existência de mais falantes do Xingoni na província do Niassa, no distrito de Milepa e na província de Tete, concretamente no distrito de Angônia. Fora do território nacional, o Xingoni é também falado no Malawi e na Tanzânia. Também se ouve falar duma língua Xingoni na Zâmbia. Dado que a língua Xingoni pertence às línguas moçambicanas menos estudadas, achei oportuno convidar um grupo de falantes ao workshop “Descubra a sua língua” que teve lugar em Abril deste ano. Juntaram-se aos outros participantes e desenvolveram actividades que culminaram na produção desta versão experimental daquilo que mais tarde se possam tornar “Algumas Notas gramaticais sobre a língua Xingoni.” O modelo da descrição segue os mesmos princípios que norteavam as notas gramaticais das línguas Emakhuwa, Etakwane, Imarenje e Ekoti. Espero que essas notas possam servir de modelo e inspiração para elaborar mais descrições gramaticais nas línguas menos estudadas. Oliver Kröger Assessor linguístico da SIL Moçambique Nampula, dia 3 de Agosto de 2006
Prefácio (...) O Objectivo A finalidade deste livrinho é de publicar dados de uma língua minoritária para contribuir ao património cultural da nação moçambicana, de que Imarenje faz parte. O próximo passo será a implem-entação de mais correcções e modificações necessárias, seja nos detalhes ortográficos, seja na escolha de exemplos e frases. Neste sentido faço um apelo a todos que se interessam pelo desenvolvi-mento das línguas nacionais, em particular aos falantes de Imarenje: Façam comentários, contribuam para que futuras edições deste livrinho possam ser mais ricas! Oliver Kröger Editor da série Monografias Linguísticas Moçambicanas Nampula, Outubro de 2006