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The complexity of atmospherical processes has always yielded a multitude of ways of knowing about the weather. What has been lacking in the historiography of meteorology so far is a way to formulate differences between forms of knowledge in a way that does not privilege modern scientific structures, but focuses instead on the epistemological category of causality. Using causality as ground of comparison for different knowledge claims, I shall argue, may enable researchers to investigate meteorological knowledge across time periods, perhaps even geographical regions, in a more symmetrical manner. This review demonstrates this approach as a means to organize a large set of historical meteorological writings from German countries between 1750 and 1850. Three distinct forms of knowledge (Semiotics, Physics, and Organics of the weather) during that time and in that region are suggested and will be described. While a bibliography with a national perspective from the 1880s was the basis for the selection of historical sources, such a setup proved awkward even to contemporaries. In addition, the bibliography came with a number of biases and shortcomings that will be critically reviewed.
Background: The health status, health awareness and health behavior of persons with a migration background often differ from the autochthonous population. Little is known about the proportion of patients with a migration background (PMB) that participate in primary care studies on oral antithrombotic treatment (OAT) in Germany, and whether the quality of their antithrombotic care differs from patients without a migration background. The aim of this paper was to use the results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (PICANT) to determine the proportion of PMB at different stages of recruitment, and to compare the results in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and antithrombotic treatment.
Methods: This study used screening and baseline data from the PICANT trial on oral anticoagulation management in GP practices. For this analysis, we determined the proportion of PMB during the recruitment period at stage 1 (screening of potentially eligible patients), stage 2 (eligible patients invited to participate in the trial), and stage 3 (assessment of baseline characteristics of patients participating in the PICANT trial). In addition, we compared patients in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and quality of anticoagulant treatment. Statistical analysis comprised descriptive and bivariate analyses.
Results: The proportion of PMB at each recruitment stage declined from 9.1% at stage 1 to 7.9% at stage 2 and 7.3% at stage 3). A lack of German language skills led to the exclusion of half the otherwise eligible PMB. At stages 1 and 3, PMB were younger (stage 1: 70.7 vs. 75.0 years, p<0.001; stage 3: 70.2 vs. 73.5 years, p = 0.013), but did not differ in terms of gender. The quality of their anticoagulant care was comparable (100.0% vs. 99.1% were receiving appropriate OAT, 94.4% vs. 95.7% took phenprocoumon, or warfarin, and the most recent INR measurement of 60.8% vs. 69.3% was within their individual INR range).
Conclusions: In the potentially eligible population and among participants at baseline, the quality of anticoagulant care was high in all groups of patients, which is reassuring. To enable the inclusion of more PMB, future primary care research on OAT in Germany should address how best to overcome language barriers. This will be challenging, particularly because the heterogeneity of PMB means the resulting sample sizes for each specific language group are small.
Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41847489.
In Germany, a grave labor shortage in the nursing and elderly care sectors has prompted the response of recruiting skilled nursing staff from abroad in recent years. This article analyzes these recruitment practices as forms of “migration management”: German migration policy has changed according to this paradigm to attempt utilitarian control over migration processes and mediate between labor market concerns on the one hand and isolationist, politico-cultural seclusion on the other. Based on original research through interviews and document analysis, we identify four relevant levels of analysis in researching migration management in the context of the recruitment of skilled nurses: (1) Definition of problem areas: How is migration programmatically legitimized as a solution to social problems? (2) Categorization of migration: How are migration processes classified? (3) Change in statehood: How are sites and actors of migration control being privatized and diversified? (4) Technologies: By means of which procedures, legal foundations and political instruments does migration management take place in the everyday? We believe that taking these four foci as points of departure would be beneficial for further inquiries in critical migration research.
Die Vergangenheitsbewältigung der Erfahrung von Krieg und Diktatur im 20. Jahrhundert in Deutschland ist ein zentrales Thema auch in der jüngsten Literatur und hat Anlass für verschiedene Studien gegeben. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine vergleichende Analyse der Vergangenheitsbewältigung in zeitgenössischen Romanen der deutschen Literatur angestrebt, die die Figur des Nationalsozialisten und die Schuldfrage in den Mittelpunkt stellt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird u.a. folgenden Fragen nachzugehen sein: in welcher Täter-/Opferrolle erscheinen überzeugte Nazis und andere Deutsche? Handelt es sich um authentische oder um stereotypisierte Figuren? In welcher Hinsicht werden diese Texte heute, mehr als 70 Jahre nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, den Lesererwartungen gerecht bzw. verändern den Blick auf die dunkle Vergangenheit? Im Vergleich von deutschen Romanen des 21. Jahrhunderts soll versucht werden, die Gemeinsamkeiten der Aufarbeitung einer problematischen Vergangenheit in literarischer Form darzulegen, die Frage nach der Schuld an den Verbrechen, die in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verübt wurden. Dabei spielen die Begriffe Gedächtnis und Erinnerung eine wichtige Rolle, da dieses Forschungsfeld von großer Bedeutung sowohl in der Kultur- als auch in der Literaturwissenschaft ist. Die Debatten über die historische Vergangenheit Deutschlands erfordern einen kritischen Blick auf die Theorie der Erinnerungskultur und des kollektiven Gedächtnisses. Zu hinterfragen ist, wie diese Vergangenheit von der Kriegsgeneration und den nachfolgenden Generationen wahrgenommen wird. Diese Literatur entsteht also als ein bedeutsames Medium, das die Auseinandersetzung über Aufarbeitung von Vergangenheit und Schuld ermöglicht. Aus der Perspektive von vier Romanen der deutschsprachigen zeitgenössischen Literatur wird hier versucht, verschiedene Darstellungen dieser Thematik zu präsentieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll Wege für künftige, vertiefende Diskussionen öffnen und Interesse für diese Literatur wecken, um die ständige Präsenz der Vergangenheit in der Gegenwart besser analysieren und verstehen zu können. Die ausgewählten Romane, die hier vorgestellt werden, sind Günter Grass, "Im Krebsgang" (2002), Uwe Timm, "Am Beispiel meines Bruders" (2001), "Spione" von Marcel Beyer (2000) und "Der Vorleser" (1995) von Bernhard Schlink.
Improving long-term patient and graft survival after liver transplantation (LT) remains a major challenge. Compared to the early phase after LT, long-term morbidity and mortality of the recipients not only depends on complications immediately related to the graft function, infections, or rejection, but also on medical factors such as de novo malignancies, metabolic disorders (e.g., new-onset diabetes, osteoporosis), psychiatric conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression), renal failure, and cardiovascular diseases. While a comprehensive post-transplant care at the LT center and the connected regional networks may improve outcome, there is currently no generally accepted standard to the post-transplant management of LT recipients in Germany. We therefore described the structure and standards of post-LT care by conducting a survey at 12 German LT centers including transplant hepatologists and surgeons. Aftercare structures and form of cost reimbursement considerably varied between LT centers across Germany. Further discussions and studies are required to define optimal structure and content of post-LT care systems, aiming at improving the long-term outcomes of LT recipients.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Almanya'da yaşayan Türk çocuklarının Türkçe yazma becerilerini incelemek ve yaptıkları yazım hatalarını belirlemektir. Çalışmada nitel yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan veriler durum çalışması ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde ise betimsel içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Almanya’da yaşayan Türk çocukları, örneklemini ise Almanya'nın Hessen Eyaletinde Türkçe dersi alan 11-15 yaş arası rastgele seçilen 20 Türk öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yazılı anlatım beceri düzeylerini belirlemek için uzman görüşleri de alındıktan sonra iki ayrı konudan tercih ettikleri biri hakkında kompozisyon metinleri yazdırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Almanya'da yaşayan Türk çocuklarının yazdıkları metinlerde ağırlıklı olarak alfabe farklılığından kaynaklanan yanlışlar, büyük-küçük yazımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar, bitişik-ayrı yazımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar ile konuşulan dilin yazı diline aktarımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda elde edilen bulgulara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
19. yüzyılda misyoner, oryantalist, asker, yönetici ve araştırmacılar olmak üzere farklı meslek gruplarından birçok Avrupalı, Osmanlı topraklarını dolaşarak arkalarında seyahat kitapları bırakmışlardır. Klasik bilimsel çalışmaların aksine alternatif bir araştırma modeli olarak kabul edilebilecek olan seyahat yazını bir anlatı türü olarak sosyal bilimlerin farklı disiplinleri için oldukça sübjektif verilere dayansa da yoğun ve zengin bir bilimsel materyal sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bir Alman oryantalist ve seyyah olan Eduard Sachau (1845-1930) Osmanlı toprakları içerisinde 1879'da başlayarak yaklaşık altı ay süren bir seyahat gerçekleştirmiş ve seyahat notlarını "Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien" ("Suriye ve Mezopotamya Seyahati") adıyla 1883 yılında Almanya'da kitap olarak yayımlamıştır. Aslında bir filolog olan Sachau, tıpkı bir sosyolog, antropolog ve arkeolog gibi dolaşarak Osmanlı taşrasında yaşayan Arap, Kürt, Türk, Nasturi, Yakubi ve Yezidiler hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmuştur. Bu çalışma, bir bilim insanı olarak Sachau'nun seyahatinin oryantalist bilgi üretim süreci olduğunu iddia etmekte ve onun süreçte bu topladığı bilgiyi farklı yollarla akademik metinlere transfer ettiğini öne sürmektedir.