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Nichts als Kunst : archäologische Forschungen zur früheisenzeitlichen Nok-Kultur in Zentral-Nigeria
(2006)
Vom Weiler zur Großsiedlung : das erste vorchristliche Jahrtausend in der Sahelzone von Nigeria
(2006)
Europäer, die zum ersten Mal ein Dorf in der Sahelzone Westafrikas betreten, kommen sich manchmal wie Zeitreisende vor. Als stünde die Zeit seit Jahrtausenden still, so wirken die aus Lehm gebauten Häuser und mit Muskelkraft bestellten Felder. Doch der Eindruck täuscht. In Wirklichkeit durchlief gerade die Sahelzone Entwicklungen mit einer Dynamik, für die es nur wenige Parallelen in der frühen Geschichte der Menschheit gibt. Mit einer solchen Entwicklung beschäftigten sich Frankfurter Wissenschaftler in der DFG-Forschergruppe "Ökologischer Wandel und kulturelle Umbrüche in West- und Zentralafrika".
From the 1980 Maitatsine uprising to the 2009 Boko Haram uprising, Nigeria was bedevilled by ethno-religious conflicts with devastating human and material losses. But the Boko Haram uprising of July 2009 was significant in that it not only set a precedent, but also reinforced the attempts by Islamic conservative elements at imposing a variant of Islamic religious ideology on a secular state. Whereas the religious sensitivity of Nigerians provided fertile ground for the breeding of the Boko Haram sect, the sect’s blossoming was also aided by the prevailing economic dislocation in Nigerian society, the advent of party politics (and the associated desperation of politicians for political power), and the ambivalence of some vocal Islamic leaders, who, though they did not actively embark on insurrection, either did nothing to stop it from fomenting, or only feebly condemned it. These internal factors coupled with growing Islamic fundamentalism around the world make a highly volatile Nigerian society prone to violence, as evidenced by the Boko Haram uprising. Given the approach of the Nigerian state to religious conflict, this violence may remain a recurring problem. This paper documents and analyses the Boko Haram uprising, as well as its links with the promotion of Islamic revivalism and the challenges it poses to the secularity of the Nigerian state.
The Central Nigerian Nok Culture has been well known for its elaborate terracotta sculptures and evidence of iron metallurgy since its discovery by British archaeologist Bernard Fagg in the 1940s. With a date in the first millennium BCE, both, sculptures and ironworking, belong to the earliest of their kind in sub-Saharan Africa. After a period of destruction of Nok sites by looting, scientific research resumed in 2006, when a team of archaeologists from Goethe University in Germany started to explore different Nok Culture aspects, one of which focused on chronology. Establishing a chronology for the Nok Culture employed two approaches: a comprehensive pottery analysis based on decoration and form elements and a wealth of radiocarbon dates from a large number of excavated sites. This volume presents the radiocarbon dates and the methods, data and results of the chronological pottery analysis, conducted within the scope of a dissertation project completed in 2015. Combining the two strands of information, a chronology emerges, dividing the Nok Culture into three phases from the middle of the second millennium BCE to the last centuries BCE and defining seven pottery groups that can be arranged to some extent in a chronological order.