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We investigate the space-time dependence of electromagnetic fields produced by charged participants in an expanding fluid. To address this problem, we need to solve the Maxwell's equations coupled to the hydrodynamics conservation equation, specifically the relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) equations, since the charged participants move with the flow. To gain analytical insight, we approximate the problem by solving the equations in a fixed background Bjorken flow, onto which we solve Maxwell's equations. The dynamical electromagnetic fields interact with the fluid's kinematic quantities such as the shear tensor and the expansion scalar, leading to additional non-trivial coupling. We use mode decomposition of Green's function to solve the resulting non-linear coupled wave equations. We then use this function to calculate the electromagnetic field for two test cases: a point source and a transverse charge distribution. The results show that the resulting magnetic field vanishes at very early times, grows, and eventually falls at later times.
Neurogenic/neuropathic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is common in children who are affected by congenital and acquired neurological disease, and negatively impacts quality of life. In the past, NBD received less attention than neurogenic bladder, generally being considered only in spina bifida (the most common cause of pediatric NBD). Many methods of conservative and medical management of NBD are reported, including relatively recently Transanal Irrigation (TAI). Based on the literature and personal experience, an expert group (pediatric urologists/surgeons/gastroenterologists with specific experience in NBD) focused on NBD in children and adolescents. A statement document was created using a modified Delphi method. The range of causes of pediatric NBD are discussed in this paper. The various therapeutic approaches are presented to improve clinical management. The population of children and adolescents with NBD is increasing, due both to the higher survival rate and better diagnosis. While NBD is relatively predictable in producing either constipation or fecal incontinence, or both, its various effects on each patient will depend on a wide range of underlying causes and accompanying comorbidities. For this reason, management of NBD should be tailored individually with a combined multidisciplinary therapy appropriate for the status of the affected child and caregivers.
Simple Summary: Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood cancer treatment. The aim of our retrospective study was to assess the infectious burden in pediatric sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered according to the EWING 2008, CWS SoTiSaR and EURAMOS clinical trial or registry. Our analyses indicate a substantial infectious morbidity in this group of patients, with 58.8% experiencing at least one episode of febrile neutropenia (FN) and 20.6% at least one microbiologically documented infection (MDI). We also identified parameters that impact on the occurrence of FN and MDIs, including treatment protocol, patient age, and mucositis. These findings may contribute to a better risk stratification for prevention and management of FN and infections as well as for maintaining quality of life, cost control, and optimum outcomes of anticancer treatment.
Abstract: The purpose of this retrospective, single-center cohort study was to assess the infectious burden in pediatric sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The review included all patients with a new diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma between September 2009 and December 2018 who were enrolled in the EWING 2008, CWS SoTiSaR and EURAMOS clinical trial or registry. Primary endpoints were the occurrence of febrile neutropenia (FN) and microbiologically documented infection (MDI). Parameters with a potential impact on FN and MDI were also analyzed. A total of 170 sarcoma patients (median age: 13 years, range: 0–21; 96 m/74 f) received 948 chemotherapy courses (median: 6; range: 2–8). Of these patients, 58.8% had ≥1 FN episode and 20.6% ≥ 1 MDI. FN occurred in 272/948 courses (28.7%) with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in 231 courses and 45 MDI and 19 clinically documented infections (CDI) occurring in a total of 57 courses. Patients enrolled in EWING 2008 had significantly more FN (p < 0.001), infections (p = 0.02) and MDI (p = 0.035). No infection-related deaths were observed. Younger age, tumor type and localization, and higher median and maximum mucositis grades were significantly associated with higher numbers of FN (p < 0.001), and younger age (p = 0.024) and higher median mucositis grade (p = 0.017) with MDI. The study shows substantial infectious morbidity in sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment and opportunities to improve prevention and management.
Purpose: Jejunoileal atresia (JIA) is a rare disease. We aimed to determine the overall incidence of this malformation and associated malformations in a national cohort. Furthermore, we compared the treatment results of this cohort with the current literature.
Methods: Data from the major health insurance company, which covers ∼30% of the German population, were analyzed. All patients with ICD-10-Code Q41.1-9 (atresia of jejunum, ileum, other parts and not designated parts of the small bowel) who underwent any surgical procedure for small bowel were analyzed in a 10-year period between 2007 and 2016.
Results: A total of 435 patients were included in the study. The incidence was 2.1 per 10,000 live births. The male:female ratio was 1:2. Sixty-four percent were premature, 21% had associated cardiac anomalies, 16% had abdominal wall defects, 7% had urogenital malformations, and 7% had cystic fibrosis. Sixty percent of all patients with jejunoileal atresia, 57% of patients with accompanying abdominal wall defects and 72% of patients with associated cystic fibrosis required ostomy as the initial procedure. In 25% of all patients, only one intestinal operation was coded. In 39% of patients, two operations were coded. Twelve percent of all patients required feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Sixteen percent of all patients presented with liver-related complications, i.e., cholestasis or liver insufficiency. Six patients underwent an intestinal lengthening procedure (2 Bianchi, 4 STEP). In five patients, initial lengthening was performed within 1 year after the first intestinal operation. Mortality until 1 year after initial surgery was 5%. Of those who died, 88% were premature, 34% had cardiac anomalies and 16% had abdominal wall defects. None had cystic fibrosis. Patients with ostomy significantly more often needed operative central venous line or operative feeding tube. Short bowel was coded significantly more often in these patients.
Conclusion: Patients with JIA present with low mortality. The rate of ostomies is higher than in literature. To give clinical recommendations for the initial surgical approach, further clinical research is needed.
Background: paediatric patients are vulnerable to blood loss and even a small loss of blood can be associated with severe shock. In emergency situations, a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may become unavoidable, although it is associated with various risks. The aim of this trial was to identify independent risk factors for perioperative RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery. Methods: to identify independent risk factors for perioperative RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery and to access RBC transfusion rates and in-hospital outcomes (e.g., length of stay, mortality, and typical postoperative complication rates), a monocentric, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019, data from n = 14,248 cases were identified at the centre. Analysis revealed an RBC transfusion rate of 10.1% (n = 1439) in the entire cohort. The independent predictors of RBC transfusion were the presence of preoperative anaemia (p < 0.001; OR = 15.10 with preoperative anaemia and OR = 2.40 without preoperative anaemia), younger age (p < 0.001; ORs between 0.14 and 0.28 for children older than 0 years), female gender (p = 0.036; OR = 1.19 compared to male gender), certain types of surgery (e.g., neuro surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 10.14), vascular surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 9.93), cardiac surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 4.79), gynaecology (p = 0.014; OR = 3.64), visceral surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 2.48), and the presence of postoperative complications (e.g., sepsis (p < 0.001; OR = 10.16), respiratory dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 7.56), cardiovascular dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 4.68), neurological dysfunction (p = 0.029; OR = 1.77), and renal dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 16.17)). Conclusion: preoperative anaemia, younger age, female gender, certain types of surgery, and postoperative complications are independent predictors for RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery. Future prospective studies are urgently required to identify, in detail, the potential risk factors and impact of RBC transfusion in children.
Taking blood via venipuncture is part of the necessary surveillance before and after liver transplantation. The spectrum of response from children and their parents is variable, ranging from a short and limited aversion to paralyzing phobia. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine the level of anxiety amongst children during venipuncture, to compare the anxiety reported by children and parents, and to identify the factors affecting the children’s and parents’ anxiety in order to develop therapeutic strategies. In total, 147 children (aged 0–17 years, 78 female) and their parents completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Results showed that the majority of children reported anxiety and pain during venipuncture. Younger children had more anxiety (self-reported or assessed by parents). Children and parental reports of anxiety were highly correlated. However, the child’s anxiety was often reported as higher by parents than by the children themselves. The child’s general anxiety as well as the parents’ perceived stress from surgical interventions (but not the number of surgical interventions) prompted parental report of child anxiety. For children, the main stressors that correlated with anxiety and pain were factors during the blood collection itself (e.g., feeling the puncture, seeing the syringe). Parental anxiety was mainly related to circumstances before the blood collection (e.g., approaching the clinic, sitting in the waiting room). The main stressors mentioned by parents were the child’s discomfort and their inability to calm the child. Results indicate that the children’s fear of factors during the blood collection, along with the parents’ perceived stress and helplessness as well as their anticipatory anxiety are important starting points for facilitating the drawing of blood from children before and after liver transplantation, thereby supporting a better disease course in the future.
In this study, we investigated the impact of two constraints on the linear order of constituents in German preschool children’s and adults’ speech production: a rhythmic (*LAPSE, militating against sequences of unstressed syllables) and a semantic one (ANIM, requiring animate referents to be named before inanimate ones). Participants were asked to produce coordinated bare noun phrases in response to picture stimuli (e.g., Delfin und Planet, ‘dolphin and planet’) without any predefined word order. Overall, children and adults preferably produced animate items before inanimate ones, confirming findings of Prat-Sala, Shillcock, and Sorace (2000). In the group of preschoolers, the strength of the animacy effect correlated positively with age. Furthermore, the order of the conjuncts was affected by the rhythmic constraint, such that disrhythmic sequences, i.e., stress lapses, were avoided. In both groups, the latter result was significant when the two stimulus pictures did not vary with respect to animacy. In sum, our findings suggest a stronger influence of animacy compared to rhythmic well-formedness on conjunct ordering for German speaking children and adults, in line with findings by McDonald, Bock, and Kelly (1993) who investigated English speaking adults.
Clinical data on antifungal combination therapy are limited, in particular in the pediatric setting. We analyzed real-life data collected in two major pediatric cancer centers over a period of 4 years. Patients were identified in an observational study on children with acute leukemia and lymphoma or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Out of 438 patients, 19 patients received 21 episodes of antifungal combination therapy. Therapy was mostly started for sepsis (n = 5) or clinical deterioration with pulmonary infiltrates (n = 10), and less often for periorbital swelling with suspected mold infection (n = 2), clinical deterioration and new skin lesions, secondary antifungal prophylaxis, a persistently elevated galactomannan index, or as pre-emptive treatment (n = 1 each). Diagnostics revealed proven, probable, and possible invasive fungal disease in two, seven and four episodes, respectively. Most regimens included caspofungin (n = 19), and treatment was initiated as first line therapy in 10 episodes. The median duration was 13 days (4–46 days). Nine of the 13 patients with proven, probable, or possible invasive fungal disease survived, which was comparable to patients receiving antifungal monotherapy. Our analysis demonstrates that combination therapy has mainly been prescribed in selected immunocompromised patients with clinical deterioration due to suspected invasive fungal disease or those with sepsis, and is well tolerated. Future studies need to better characterize clinical settings in which patients may benefit from antifungal combination therapy.
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in children worldwide and may result in iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) provides information about the current availability of iron in erythropoiesis. This study aims to examine the validation of Ret-He as a screening marker for ID and IDA in children. Methods: Blood samples were retrospectively obtained from medical records. Anemia was defined according to the definition provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for children. ID was defined by transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20% and ferritin < 100 ng/mL. Children were classified into four groups: IDA, non-anemia iron deficiency (NAID), control and others. Results: Out of 970 children, 332 (34.2%) had NAID and 278 (28.7%) presented with IDA. Analysis revealed that Ret-He significantly correlates with ferritin (rho = 0.41; p < 0.001), TSAT (rho = 0.66; p < 0.001) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) (rho = −0.72; p < 0.001). For ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.771 for Ret-He detecting ID and 0.845 for detecting IDA. The cut-off value for Ret-He to diagnose ID was 33.5 pg (sensitivity 90.7%; specificity 35.8%) and 31.6 pg (sensitivity 90.6%; specificity 50.4%) to diagnose IDA. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates Ret-He to be a screening marker for ID and IDA in children. Furthermore, Ret-He can be used as a single screening parameter for ID and IDA in children without considering other iron parameters. Economically, the use of Ret-He is highly relevant, as it can save one blood tube per patient and additional costs.
Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of gastrointestinal involvement on the survival of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (GI-LCH) registered with the international clinical trials of the Histiocyte Society. Study design: This was a retrospective analysis of 2414 pediatric patients registered onto the consecutive trials DAL-HX 83, DAL-HX 90, LCH-I, LCH-II, and LCH-III. Results: Among the 1289 patients with single-system LCH, there was no single case confined to the GI tract; 114 of 1125 (10%) patients with multisystem LCH (MS-LCH) had GI-LCH at initial presentation. GI-LCH was significantly more common in children aged <2 years at diagnosis (13% vs 6% in those aged >2 years; P < .001) and in those with risk organ involvement (15% vs 6% in those without risk organ involvement; P < .001). The 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients without risk organ involvement was excellent irrespective of GI disease (98% vs 97% in patients with GI-LCH; P = .789). In patients with risk organ involvement, the 5-year OS was 51% in 70 patients with GI-LCH vs 72% in 394 patients without GI-LCH (P < .001). Conclusions: GI-LCH has an additive unfavorable prognostic impact in children with MS-LCH and risk organ involvement. The emerding need for more intensive or alternative treatments mandates prospective evaluation.
Specific protocols define eligibility, conditioning, donor selection, graft composition and prophylaxis of graft vs. host disease for children and young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, international protocols rarely, if ever, detail supportive care, including pharmaceutical infection prophylaxis, physical protection with face masks and cohort isolation or food restrictions. Supportive care suffers from a lack of scientific evidence and implementation of practices in the transplant centers brings extensive restrictions to the child's and family's daily life after HSCT. Therefore, the Board of the Pediatric Diseases Working Party (PDWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) held a series of dedicated workshops since 2017 with the aim of initiating the production of a set of minimal recommendations. The present paper describes the consensus reached within the field of infection prophylaxis.
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 as a diagnosis for further study, and Gaming Disorder as a new diagnosis in the ICD-11. Nonetheless, little is known about the clinical prevalence of IGD in children and adolescents. Additionally, it is unclear if patients with IGD are already identified in routine psychotherapy, using the ICD-10 diagnosis F 63.8 (recommended classification of IGD in ICD-10). This study investigated N = 358 children and adolescents (self and parental rating) of an outpatient psychotherapy centre in Germany using the Video Game Dependency Scale. According to self-report 4.0% of the 11- to 17-year-old patients met criteria for a tentative IGD diagnosis and 14.0% according to the parental report. Of the 5- to 10-year-old patients, 4.1% were diagnosed with tentative IGD according to parental report. Patients meeting IGD criteria were most frequently diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorders, followed by anxiety disorders, F 63.8, conduct disorders, mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders (descending order) as primary clinical diagnoses. Consequently, this study indicates that a significant amount of the clinical population presents IGD. Meaning, appropriate diagnostics should be included in routine psychological diagnostics in order to avoid “hidden” cases of IGD in the future.
Background: Data on Candida bloodstream infections in pediatric patients in Europe are limited. We performed a retrospective multicenter European study of the epidemiology and outcome of neonatal and pediatric candidemia.
Material and Methods: All first positive blood cultures from patients ≤ 18 years of age with candidemia were registered. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics and causative Candida species were collected and analyzed. Regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality.
Results: One thousand three hundred ninety-five episodes of candidemia (57.8% male) were reported from 23 hospitals in 10 European countries. Of the 1395 episodes, 36.4% occurred in neonates (≤ 44 weeks postmenstrual age), 13.8% in infants (> 44 weeks postmenstrual age to 1 year) and 49.8% in children and adolescents. Candida albicans (52.5%) and Candida parapsilosis (28%) were the predominant species. A higher proportion of candidemia caused by C. albicans was observed among neonatal patients (60.2%) with highest rates of C. parapsilosis seen among infants (42%). Children admitted to hematology-oncology wards presented the highest rates of non-albicans Candida species. Candidemia because of C. albicans was more frequent than non-albicans Candida in Northern versus Southern Europe (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–2.9; P < 0.001). The all-cause mortality at 30 days was 14.4%. All-cause mortality was higher among patients admitted to the neonatal or pediatric intensive care units than other wards. Over time, no significant changes in species distribution were observed.
Conclusions: This first multicenter European study shows unique characteristics of the epidemiology of pediatric candidemia. The insights obtained from this study will be useful to guide clinical management and antifungal stewardship.
Introduction: From the beginning of the corona pandemic until August 19, 2020, more than 21,989,366 cases have been reported worldwide – 228,495 in Germany alone, including 12,648 children aged 0–14. In many countries, the proportion of infected children in the total population is comparatively low; in addition, children often have no or milder symptoms and are less likely to transmit the pathogen to adults than the other way round. Based on the registration data in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the symptoms of children in comparison with adults and the likely routes of transmission are presented below.
Materials and methods: The documentation of the mandatory reports includes personal data (name, date of birth, gender, place of residence), disease characteristics (date of report, date of onset of the disease, symptoms), possible contact persons (family, others) and i.a. possible activity or care in children’s community facilities. All reports were viewed, especially with regard to likely transmission routes.
Results: From March 1 to July 31, 2020, 1,977 infected people were reported, including 138 children between the ages of 0 and 14 years. Children had fewer and milder symptoms than adults. None of the children experienced severe respiratory symptoms or the need for ventilation. 62% of the children had no symptoms at all (19% adults), 5% of the children were hospitalized (24% adults), and none of the children died (3.8% adults).
After excluding a cluster of 34 children from refugee accommodations and 14 children from a parish, 78% of the remaining 90 children had been infected by an adult within the family, and only 4% were likely to have a reverse transmission route. In 5.5% of cases, transmission in a community facility was likely.
Discussion: The results of the registration data from Frankfurt am Main, Germany confirm the results published in other countries: Children are less likely to become infected, and if infected, their symptoms are less severe than in adults, and they are apparently not the main drivers of virus transmission. Therefore, scientific medical associations strongly recommend reopening schools.
Introduction: Our aim was to highlight the characteristics of pediatric Meckel's diverticulum with a special focus on its complications.
Methods: We report a group of seven patients with Meckel's diverticulum and its resection from the Department of Pediatric Surgery between 2012 and 2017. We reviewed all patient records, clinical presentation, and intraoperative findings. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgery and pathology. For a systematic literature review, we used PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar search engines to locate articles containing terms such as Meckel's diverticulum, children, pediatric, complications and symptomatic. We included article reporting on case series in English and German on pediatric patients only.
Results: All included patients (n = 7) were symptomatic. Some patients showed isolated symptoms, and others presented with a combination of symptoms that consisted of abdominal pain, bloody stool or vomiting. The median age of our seven cases was 3.5 years, including 4 male and 3 female patients. Intestinal obstruction was the most common complication; it was seen in 5 out of 7 patients (intussusception in 4 cases, volvulus in 1 case). Ectopic gastric tissue was identified in 3 cases, and inclusion of pancreatic tissue was observed in 1 case. The literature review identified 8 articles for a total of 641 patients aged between 1 day and 17 years and a male:female ratio of 2.6:1. From this group, 528 patients showed clinical symptoms related to Meckel's diverticulum. The most common symptom was abdominal pain and bloody stool. The most common surgical finding in symptomatic patients was intestinal obstruction (41%), followed by intestinal hemorrhage (34%). Complications such as perforation (10%) and diverticulitis (13%) were less frequently reported. Heterotopic tissue was confirmed on histopathology in 53% of all patients enclosing gastric, pancreatic, and both gastric and pancreatic mucosae. In one case, large intestine tissue could be found. Overall, one death was reported.
Conclusion: The presented case series and literature review found similar clinical presentations and complications of Meckel's diverticulum in children. Intestinal obstruction and bleeding are more frequent than inflammation in pediatric Meckel's diverticulum. Bowel obstruction is the leading cause for complicated Meckel's diverticulum in patients younger than 12 years.
Rapid immune reconstitution (IR) following stem cell transplantation (SCT) is essential for a favorable outcome. The optimization of graft composition should not only enable a sufficient IR but also improve graft vs. leukemia/tumor effects, overcome infectious complications and, finally, improve patient survival. Especially in haploidentical SCT, the optimization of graft composition is controversial. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of graft manipulation on IR in 40 patients with acute leukemia in remission. We examined the cell recovery post haploidentical SCT in patients receiving a CD34+-selected or CD3/CD19-depleted graft, considering the applied conditioning regimen. We used joint model analysis for overall survival (OS) and analyzed the dynamics of age-adjusted leukocytes; lymphocytes; monocytes; CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ T cells; natural killer (NK) cells; and B cells over the course of time after SCT. Lymphocytes, NK cells, and B cells expanded more rapidly after SCT with CD34+-selected grafts (P = 0.036, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively). Contrarily, CD3+CD4+ helper T cells recovered delayer in the CD34 selected group (P = 0.026). Furthermore, reduced intensity conditioning facilitated faster immune recovery of lymphocytes and T cells and their subsets (P < 0.001). However, the immune recovery for NK cells and B cells was comparable for patients who received reduced-intensity or full preparative regimens. Dynamics of all cell types had a significant influence on OS, which did not differ between patients receiving CD34+-selected and those receiving CD3/CD19-depleted grafts. In conclusion, cell reconstitution dynamics showed complex diversity with regard to the graft manufacturing procedure and conditioning regimen.
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) exerting graft-versus-leukemia/tumor effect and mediating pathogen-specific immunity. Although NK cells are the first donor-derived lymphocytes reconstituting post-HSCT, their distribution of CD56++CD16− (CD56bright), CD56++CD16+ (CD56intermediate=int), and CD56+CD16++ (CD56dim) NK cells is explicitly divergent from healthy adults, but to some extent comparable to the NK cell development in early childhood. The proportion of CD56bright/CD56int/CD56dim changed from 15/8/78% in early childhood to 6/4/90% in adults, respectively. Within this study, we first compared the NK cell reconstitution post-HSCT to reference values of NK cell subpopulations of healthy children. Afterward, we investigated the reconstitution of NK cell subpopulations post-HSCT in correlation to acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) and chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) as well as to viral infections. Interestingly, after a HSCT follow-up phase of 12 months, the distribution of NK cell subpopulations largely matched the 50th percentile of the reference range for healthy individuals. Patients suffering from aGvHD and cGvHD showed a delayed reconstitution of NK cells. Remarkably, within the first 2 months post-HSCT, patients suffering from aGvHD had significantly lower levels of CD56bright NK cells compared to patients without viral infection or without graft versus host disease (GvHD). Therefore, the amount of CD56bright NK cells might serve as an early prognostic factor for GvHD development. Furthermore, a prolonged and elevated peak in CD56int NK cells seemed to be characteristic for the chronification of GvHD. In context of viral infection, a slightly lower CD56 and CD16 receptor expression followed by a considerable reduction in the absolute CD56dim NK cell numbers combined with reoccurrence of CD56int NK cells was observed. Our results suggest that a precise analysis of the reconstitution of NK cell subpopulations post-HSCT might indicate the occurrence of undesired events post-HSCT such as severe aGvHD.values
Recognizing individual faces is an important human ability that highly depends on experience. This is reflected in the so called other-race effect; adults are better at recognizing faces from their own ethnic group, while very young infants do not show this specialization yet. Two experiments examined whether 3-year-old children from two different cultural backgrounds show the other-race effect. In Experiment 1, German children (N = 41) were presented with a forced choice paradigm where they were asked to recognize female Caucasian or African faces. In Experiment 2, 3-year-olds from Cameroon (N = 66) participated in a similar task using the same stimulus material. In both cultures the other-race effect was present; children were better at recognizing individual faces from their own ethnic group. In addition, German children performed at a higher overall level of accuracy than Cameroonians. The results are discussed in relation to cultural aspects in particular.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic loci have not yet been identified by genome-wide association studies. Rare copy number variations (CNVs), such as chromosomal deletions or duplications, have been implicated in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify rare (frequency ≤1%) CNVs that increase the risk of ADHD, we performed a whole-genome CNV analysis based on 489 young ADHD patients and 1285 adult population-based controls and identified one significantly associated CNV region. In tests for a global burden of large (>500 kb) rare CNVs, we observed a nonsignificant (P=0.271) 1.126-fold enriched rate of subjects carrying at least one such CNV in the group of ADHD cases. Locus-specific tests of association were used to assess if there were more rare CNVs in cases compared with controls. Detected CNVs, which were significantly enriched in the ADHD group, were validated by quantitative (q)PCR. Findings were replicated in an independent sample of 386 young patients with ADHD and 781 young population-based healthy controls. We identified rare CNVs within the parkinson protein 2 gene (PARK2) with a significantly higher prevalence in ADHD patients than in controls (P=2.8 × 10(-4) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In total, the PARK2 locus (chr 6: 162 659 756-162 767 019) harboured three deletions and nine duplications in the ADHD patients and two deletions and two duplications in the controls. By qPCR analysis, we validated 11 of the 12 CNVs in ADHD patients (P=1.2 × 10(-3) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In the replication sample, CNVs at the PARK2 locus were found in four additional ADHD patients and one additional control (P=4.3 × 10(-2)). Our results suggest that copy number variants at the PARK2 locus contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. Mutations and CNVs in PARK2 are known to be associated with Parkinson disease.
Für pädiatrische Patienten mit Hochrisikoleukämien ist die Donor-Lymphozyten-Infusion eine etablierte Therapieform, um nach Stammzelltransplantation die Immunrekonstitution zu verbessern oder ein beginnendes Rezidiv abzuwehren. Als schwerwiegende Nebenwirkung kann jedoch eine „Graft-versus-host“-Krankeit (graft-versus-host disease; GVHD) auftreten, bei der die T-Zellen gesundes Gewebe angreifen. In ersten klinischen Studien mit veränderten, Suizidgen tragenden Donor-Lymphozyten konnte durch die rechtzeitige Gabe eines Suizidinduktors die GVHD unterbunden werden. Die genetische Manipulation der T-Zellen führte jedoch zu einem Funktionsverlust, der vermutlich auf die zur Transduktion notwendige Aktivierung zurückzuführen ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Aktivierungsprotokolle mit Beads-gekoppelten oder löslichen Antikörpern hinsichtlich der Expansionsrate und dem Einfluss auf die Funktionalität der T-Zellen näher untersucht. Dazu wurden primäre humane T-Zellen im klinischen oder im Labormaßstab immunomagnetisch über eine CD3 sowie CD4/CD8 Selektion oder mittels der RosetteSep-Prozedur auf > 96% angereichert und anschließend expandiert. Die Transduktion erfolgte an den Tagen 3 und 4 mit einem „GMP-grade“ CD34/HSV-TK Vektor. Zur Aktivierung wurden zum einen lösliche CD3/CD28 Antikörper und zum anderen zellgroße Kügelchen - sogenannte Beads – verwendet. Die Beads wurden mit CD3/CD28 Antikörper und fakultativ mit CD2 beladen. Die beladenen Beads imitieren in der Zellkultur eine Antigen präsentierende Zelle und sollten damit eine möglichst physiologische Situation schaffen. Außerdem wurden unterschiedliche IL-2 Konzentrationen zugesetzt (20-1000 U/ml), um einen potentiellen IL-2 Effekt auf die T-Zellen zu untersuchen. Die Aktivierung mit den löslichen Antikörpern führte zu einer IL-2 abhängigen Proliferation der T-Zellen über 14 Tage mit maximaler Expansionsrate (47fach) bei 1000 U/ml IL-2. Die Expansion mit Beads-gekoppelten Antikörpern war ebenfalls IL-2 abhängig, beschränkte sich jedoch auf die erste Woche und erreichte eine maximale Expansionsrate von 3-4. In der zweiten Woche fiel die Zellzahl ab. Zusammenfassend sind für eine starke Expansion der T-Zellen eine hohe IL-2 Konzentration, aber auch die löslichen Antikörper per se verantwortlich. Gleichzeitig konnte demonstriert werden, dass es große individuelle Unterschiede in der T-Zellexpansion verschiedener Spender gibt. Der Einfluss der Aktivierung auf die Veränderung der T-Zellsubpopulationen wurde mit Hilfe von multiparametrischen Analysen am Durchflusszytometer untersucht. Hohe IL-2 Konzentrationen (100 und 1000 U/ml) sowie die Verwendung löslicher Antikörper führten zu einer starken Zunahme der CD8+ T-Zellen. Der CD4/CD8 Quotient blieb lediglich unter Stimulierung mit den Beads-gekoppelten Antikörpern in Verbindung mit 20 U/ml IL-2 konstant. Mit allen Aktivierungsprotokollen ergab sich für den immunologischen Phänotyp eine Verschiebung vom naiven zum Gedächtniszelltyp. Die Proliferation CMV-spezifischer T-Zellen konnte mit allen Aktivierungsprotokollen erreicht werden und korrelierte mit der Expansionsrate der gesamten CD3+ T-Zellen. Die Zytokinausschüttung war verringert bei den T-Zellen, die mit den löslichen Antikörpern stimuliert wurden. Eine verminderte Zytokinproduktion könnte auf einen Verlust der Funktionalität der T-Zellen hindeuten. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist, dass die Stimulierung über Beads-gekoppelte Antikörper zu einer gleichmäßigen Transduktion von CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellen führte. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte die Aktivierung mit löslichen Antikörpern zur Folge, dass hauptsächlich CD8+ T-Zellen transduziert wurden. Für eine kompetente Immunantwort im Rahmen einer DLI erscheint jedoch eine physiologische Zusammensetzung der CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellen äußerst wichtig. Residuale Stammzellen könnten potentiell co-transduziert werden. Um diese Gefahr abschätzen zu können, wurden ficollisierte PBSC analog der T-Zellen expandiert. Unter allen T-Zellaktivierungsprotokollen blieben die CD34+ Stammzellen in den ersten Tagen der Kultur vital und durchflusszytometrisch nachweisbar. Die Stammzellen expandierten sogar geringfügig und waren damit potentiell transduzierbar - mit der Gefahr einer klonalen Entartung durch Insertionsmutagenese. Dies deutet auf die Wichtigkeit einer T-Zellselektion zur Manipulation von DLI hin, um residuale Stammzellen zu entfernen. Die Suizidstrategie ist eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Kontrolle der GVHD im Rahmen einer DLI. Voraussetzung ist aber, dass die infundierten Zellen auch immunologisch kompetent bleiben und einen GvL-Effekt bewirken. Die Aktivierung mit Beads-gekoppelten Antikörpern scheint zum Erhalt der Immunkompetenz den löslichen Antikörpern überlegen zu sein.
Einleitung Da allseits bekannt ist, dass die Zufuhr von exzessiven Jodmengen zur Induktion einer Hashimoto Thyreoiditis führen kann, war das Ziel unserer Studie die Beziehung zwischen der Jodurinkonzentration und der Anti-TPO-Antikörperkonzentration aufzuzeigen um einen Cut-off point für eine sichere Joddosis festzulegen. Des weiteren untersuchte die Studie, ob unter diätisch zugeführtem Jod, im Sinne einer freiwilligen Jodmangelprophylaxe, bereits die empfohlene Tagesdosis überschritten wird und daher Risiko besteht, eine Hashimoto-Thyreoititis zu entwickeln. Methodik Zwischen 2001 und 2002 wurden 475 Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene untersucht, die in der Universitätskinderklinik Frankfurt a.M. vorstellig wurden. Das Patientenkollektiv wurde nach Geschlecht und Altersgruppen unterteilt. Es wurden sowohl morgendlicher Spontanurin zur Jod- und Kreatininanalyse als auch Serum für die Bestimmung der anti-TPO-Ak gesammelt. Ergebnisse Daten von 302 Patienten gingen in die Auswertung ein. Die Prävalenz von positiven anti-TPO-Ak betrug 3,7% mit einer Geschlechterverteilung weiblich zu männlich von 2,7:1. Insgesamt konnte keine Korrelation zwischen Jodurinkonzentration und anti-TPO-Ak Konzentration festgestellt werden (r= 0,0544, p>0,05). Analysen nach Alter und Geschlecht ergaben jedoch bei weiblichen Erwachsenen eine leichte, aber signifikante Korrelation der beiden Parameter (r= 0,3939, p< 0,05). Eine Jodkonzentration über 300 µg J/g Kreatinin stellte sich als unabhängiger Risikofaktor heraus (p<0,05). Vergleicht man Jodkonzentrationen kleiner 300 µg/ g Kreatinin und Jodkonzentrationen größer 300 µg/ g Kreatinin von jugendlichen und erwachsenen weiblichen Probanden, waren positive anti-TPO-Ak wesentlich häufiger mit Jodkonzentrationen über 300 µg/g Kreatinin assoziiert (x 2=9,2238; p<0,005). Adäquate Jodkonzentrationen wurden bei 69,5%, überschiessende Jodkonzentrationen bei 16,9% des Studienkollektivs gefunden. Unter leichtem Jodmangel litten 9,9%, unter moderatem 0,7% und unter schwerem Jodmangel 3,0% der Probanden. Schlussfolgerung Die Prävalenz positiver anti-TPO-Ak unter nutritiver Jodzufuhr beträgt 3,7%. Frauen neigen eher dazu, anti-TPO-Ak zu entwickeln, besonders mit steigendem Alter und Jodkonzentrationen im Urin von über 300 µg/ g Kreatinin. Insgesamt konnte keine Korrelation zwischen Jodkonzentrationen im Urin und anti-TPO-Ak Konzentrationen im Blut festgestellt werden. Daher war es auch nicht möglich, einen Cut-off-point für eine sichere Dosis an diätisch zugeführtem Jod zu determinieren. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass 16,9% des Studienkollektivs Jodkonzentrationen von über 300 µg/ g Kreatinin im Urin aufwiesen, was sich als unabhängiger Risikofaktor zur Entwicklung positiver anti-TPO-Ak herausstellte (p<0,05). Betrachtet man die durch die Jodkampagnen in den letzten 10 Jahren stetig steigenden Jodkonzentrationen der deutschen Bevölkerung, so schein es zukünftig nötig zu sein Konzepte zu entwickeln, um Überdosierungen von Jod in deutschen Haushalten zu vermeiden.
Die rechtzeitige Diagnose und Behandlung kindlicher Katarakte ist von großer Wichtigkeit. Ein Hindernis in der visuellen Achse während der Periode sensorischer Vulnerabilität führt zur Amblyopie, insbesondere wenn diese innerhalb der ersten 3 Lebensmonate stattfindet.Wir untersuchten inwiefern sich das Wachstum der Augen je nach verschiedenen Kataraktformen verhält. In unserer Studie wurden retrospektiv die Krankenakten von 44 Patienten mit 58 erkrankten Augen ausgewertet, die im Zeitraum von 1992-1996 an der Augenklinik des Frankfurter Universitätsklinikums, Abteilung für Kinderaugenheilkunde, operiert wurden. Das Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Operation reichte in der Gruppe der 29 (50,0%) kongenitalen Katarakte von 1 Woche bis 10 Jahren, mit einem Durchschnitt von 2 Jahren und 5 Monaten. Die 16 (27,6%) Augen mit entwicklungsbedingter Katarakt waren in einem Alter zwischen 3 und 14 Jahren, mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 6 Jahren und 11 Monaten operiert worden, während das Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Operation bei den 13 (22,4%) traumatischen Katarakten von 3 Jahren und 4 Monaten bis 9 Jahren reichte, mit im Mittel 6 Jahren und 3 Monaten. Die Bulbuslängen veränderten sich in einem mittlerem Beobachtungszeitraum von 3 Jahren und 1 Monat bei den kongenitalen Katarakten um durchschnittlich 2,34 mm von 19,80 auf 22,14 mm, in der Gruppe der entwicklungsbedingten Katarakte um durchschnittlich 0,86 mm von 22,33 auf 23,19 mm und bei den Augen mit traumatischer Katarakt um durchschnittlich 1,53 mm von 21,95 auf 23,48 mm. Unsere mit dem U-Test nach Mann und Whitney durchgeführten Vergleiche ergaben, bis auf zwei Ausnahmen, keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen dem Bulbuslängenwachstum in den verschiedenen Alters- und Ursachengruppen. Als wichtig erwies sich jedoch das signifikant unterschiedliche Bulbuslängenwachstum von 1,52 mm im Vergleich der 18 Augen mit schlechter Sehschärfe (Augen mit einem Visus von 0,2 und darunter) zu den 34 Augen mit guter Sehschärfe (Augen mit einem Visus von 5,0 und darüber). Augen mit schlechter Sehschärfe zeigten ein signifikant höheres Längenwachstum als Augen mit guter Sehschärfe. Bei dem Vergleich der 14 kongenital beidseitig aphaken Augen zu den 13 entwicklungsbedingt beidseitig pseudophaken Augen zeigte sich ein signifikant höheres Wachstum von Augen mit kongenitaler Katarakt. Einschränkend auf dieses Ergebnis wirkt, dass die entwicklungsbedingte Katarakt in einem Alter entstanden ist, als die Phase mit dem größten Wachstumsschub der Augen schon vorüber war. Dadurch nimmt sie weniger Einfluß auf die Längenentwicklung des Auges als eine kongenitale Katarakt. Das Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Operation scheint der wichtigste Faktor für die Längenentwicklung des Augen zu sein. Eine kongenitale Katarakt mit ihrem frühen Operationszeitpunkt hat großen Einfluß auf die Längenentwicklung des Auges. Kongenital einseitig aphake Augen zeigten allgemein im Vergleich zu anderen Gruppen nach der Geburt und Operation häufig das größte Bulbuslängenwachstum. Die Früherkennung und frühest mögliche Behandlung einer kindlichen Katarakt sowie die Amblyopienachbehandlung sind neben einer erfolgreichen Operation für das Erreichen einer guten Sehschärfe von größter Bedeutung.