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Menschen mit Epilepsie (engl. PWE) haben im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung ein erhöhtes Risiko, vorzeitig zu versterben. Der plötzliche, unerwartete Tod bei Epilepsie (engl. Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, kurz SUDEP) stellt die häufigste epilepsiebedingte Todesursache dar. Obwohl das Thema in Fachkreisen zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit erfährt, die Empfehlung zur SUDEP Aufklärung zunehmend in nationalen Leitlinien aufgenommen wird, und der Patientenwunsch nach einer generellen SUDEP Aufklärung in verschiedenen Studien gezeigt werden konnte, besteht weiterhin ein Informationsdefizit unter PWE. Ursache hierfür scheint insbesondere die Sorge der behandelnden Neurolog*innen zu sein, Menschen mit Epilepsie übermäßig emotional zu belasten und ihre Lebensqualität zu mindern. Diese Studie untersucht sowohl das Vorwissen über SUDEP als auch unmittelbare sowie langfristige Auswirkungen einer SUDEP Aufklärung auf Erwachsene mit Epilepsie. Ziel ist mögliche negative Auswirkungen der Aufklärung sowie Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten aufzudecken. Aus diesem Zweck wählten wir ein prospektives, multizentrisches, longitudinales Studiendesign. Die Daten wurden in halbquantitativen Interviews vor (vor der Aufklärung), unmittelbar nach (nach der Aufklärung) und drei Monate nach (3-Monats Follow-up) der SUDEP Aufklärung erhoben. Um die direkte Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den Zeitpunkten zu ermöglichen wurden folgende validierte Instrumente verwendet: das Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) zur Erfassung depressiver Symptome, der EuroQoL (EQ-5D) zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (HRQoL), eine visuelle Analogskala (VAS) zur Erfassung des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustandes, die revised Epilepsy Stigma Scale (rESS) zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen Stigmatisierung und die Seizure Worry Scale zur Erfassung anfallsbezogener Sorgen. Insgesamt wurden 236 Teilnehmende (Durchschnittsalter: 39,3 Jahre, Spannweite: 18-77 Jahre, 51,7 % Frauen) in die Studie eingeschlossen. 205 (86,9 %) der Teilnehmenden konnten erneut im Langzeit Follow-up nach drei Monaten befragt werden. Eine der Teilnehmenden verstarb im Zeitraum des Follow-ups an SUDEP. Keines der validierten Instrumente zeigte zwischen den Zeitpunkten vor der Aufklärung und dem 3-Monats Follow-up eine Verschlechterung. Vor der Aufklärung hatten nur 27,5 % der Teilnehmenden von SUDEP gehört, und nur 9,3 % gaben an, diese Informationen von ihrer bzw. ihrem Neurolog*in erhalten zu haben. Nach der Aufklärung gaben mehr als 85 % der Teilnehmenden an, mit der SUDEP Aufklärung zufrieden oder sehr zufrieden zu sein. Drei Viertel der Teilnehmenden gaben an, durch die Aufklärung nicht oder überhaupt nicht belastet zu sein. Mehr als 80 % der Teilnehmenden befürworteten eine generelle SUDEP Aufklärung für alle Menschen mit Epilepsie. Bei dem 3-Monats Follow-up gab die Mehrheit der Teilnehmenden an, keine Verhaltensänderung vorgenommen zu haben, 24,8 % berichteten jedoch von starken Verhaltensänderungen.
Unsere Studie zeigt, dass eine SUDEP Aufklärung keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand, die HRQoL, depressive Symptome, krankheitsbezogene Stigmatisierung oder Sorgen vor Anfällen hat. Insgesamt zeigte sich eine hohe Zustimmung zur SUDEP Aufklärung. Eine generelle SUDEP Aufklärung könnte sich zudem positiv auf die Compliance auswirken und das Mortalitätsrisiko senken. Eine SUDEP Aufklärung bietet allerdings keinen sicheren Schutz vor SUDEP.
Objective: Despite increased awareness of the serious epilepsy complication sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), a substantial population of people with epilepsy (PWE) remain poorly informed. Physicians indicate concern that SUDEP information may adversely affect patients' health and quality of life. We examined SUDEP awareness and the immediate and long-term effects of providing SUDEP information to PWE.
Methods: Baseline knowledge and behaviors among PWE and behavioral adjustments following the provision of SUDEP information were evaluated in a prospective, multicenter survey using the following validated scales: Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy for depression symptoms, the EuroQoL five-dimension scale for health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a visual analog scale for overall health, the revised Epilepsy Stigma Scale for perceived stigma, and the Seizure Worry Scale for seizure-related worries. The prospective study collected data through semiquantitative interviews before (baseline), immediately after, and 3 months after the provision of SUDEP information.
Results: In total, 236 participants (mean age = 39.3 years, range = 18-77 years, 51.7% women) were enrolled, and 205 (86.9%) completed long-term, 3-month follow-up. One patient died from SUDEP before follow-up. No worsening symptoms from baseline to 3-month follow-up were observed on any scale. At baseline, 27.5% of participants were aware of SUDEP. More than 85% of participants were satisfied with receiving SUDEP information. Three quarters of participants were not concerned by the information, and >80% of participants recommended the provision of SUDEP information to all PWE. Although most patients reported no behavioral adjustments, 24.8% reported strong behavioral adjustments at 3-month follow-up.
Significance: The provision of SUDEP information has no adverse effects on overall health, HRQoL, depressive symptoms, stigma, or seizure worry among PWE, who appreciate receiving information. SUDEP information provision might improve compliance among PWE and reduce but not eliminate the increased mortality risk.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a major congenital malformation with high mortality. Outcome data on larger unselected patient groups in Germany are unavailable as there is no registry for CDH. Therefore, routine data from the largest German health insurance fund were analyzed for the years 2009–2013. Main outcome measures were incidence, survival and length of hospital stay. Follow-up was 12 months. 285 patients were included. The incidence of CDH was 2.73 per 10,000 live births. Overall mortality was 30.2%. A total of 72.1% of the fatalities occurred before surgery. Highest mortality (64%) was noted in patients who were admitted to specialized care later as the first day of life. Patients receiving surgical repair had a better prognosis (mortality: 10.8%). A total of 67 patients (23.5%) were treated with ECMO with a mortality of 41.8%. The median cumulative hospital stay among one-year survivors was 40 days and differed between ECMO- and non-ECMO-treated patients (91 vs. 32.5 days, p < 0.001). This is the largest German cohort study of CDH patients with a one-year follow-up. The ECMO subgroup showed a higher mortality. Another important finding is that delayed treatment in specialized care increases mortality. Prospective clinical registries are needed to elucidate the treatment outcomes in detail.
Background: Cirrhosis is known to have a high prevalence and mortality worldwide. However, in Europe, the epidemiology of cirrhosis is possibly undergoing demographic changes, and etiologies may have changed due to improvements in standard of care. The aim of this population-based study was to analyze the trends and the course of liver cirrhosis and its complications in recent years in Germany.
Methods: We analyzed the data of all hospital admissions in Germany within diagnosis-related groups from 2005 to 2018. The diagnostic records of cirrhosis and other categories of diseases were based on ICD-10-GM codes. The primary outcome measurement was in-hospital mortality. Trends were analyzed through Poisson regression of annual number of admissions. The impact of cirrhosis on overall in-hospital mortality were assessed through the multivariate multilevel logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities.
Findings: Of the 248,085,936 admissions recorded between 2005 and 2018, a total of 2,302,171(0•94%) were admitted with the diagnosis of cirrhosis, mainly as a comorbidity. Compared with other chronic diseases, patients admitted with cirrhosis were younger, mainly male and had the highest in-hospital mortality rate. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was an independent risk factor of in-hospital mortality with the highest odds ratio (OR:6•2[95%CI:6.1-6•3]) among all diagnoses. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased four times from 2005 to 2018, while alcoholic cirrhosis is 20 times than other etiologies. Bleeding was found to be decreasing over time, but ascites remained the most common complication and was increasing.
Interpretation: This nationwide study demonstrates that cirrhosis represents a considerable healthcare burden, as shown by the increasing in-hospital mortality, also in combination with other chronic diseases. Alcohol-related cirrhosis and complications are on the rise. More resources and better management strategies are warranted.
Background: This study aims to test the effect of the 10 most common nonurological primary cancers (skin, rectal, colon, lymphoma, leukemia, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, liver, lung) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Material and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients with 10 most common primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004–2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion (age, year at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, treatment type, TNM stage) with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and was stratified according to primary cancer type, as well as according to time interval between primary cancer vs. secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 24,848 secondary PCa patients (skin, n = 3,871; rectal, n = 798; colon, n = 3,665; lymphoma, n = 2,583; leukemia, n = 1,102; pancreatic, n = 118; stomach, n = 361; esophagus, n = 219; liver, n = 160; lung, n = 1,328) vs. 531,732 primary PCa patients. Secondary PCa characteristics were less favorable than those of primary PCa patients (PSA and grade), and smaller proportions of secondary PCa patients received active treatment. After 1:4 matching, all secondary PCa exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis and subsequent secondary PCa. Conclusion: Patients with secondary PCa are diagnosed with less favorable PSA and grade. Even after matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients still exhibit worse survival. However, the survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary cancer diagnosis.
Background: To test the effect of urological primary cancers (bladder, kidney, testis, upper tract, penile, urethral) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, patients with urological primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004-2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and stratified according to primary urological cancer type, as well as to time interval between primary urological cancer versus secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 5,987 patients with primary urological and secondary PCa (bladder, n = 3,287; kidney, n = 2,127; testis, n = 391; upper tract, n = 125; penile, n = 47; urethral, n = 10) versus 531,732 primary PCa patients. Except for small proportions of Gleason grade group and age at diagnosis, PCa characteristics between secondary and primary PCa were comparable. Conversely, proportions of secondary PCa patients which received radical prostatectomy were smaller (29.0 vs. 33.5%), while no local treatment rates were higher (34.2 vs. 26.3%). After 1:4 matching, secondary PCa patients exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients, except for primary testis cancer. Here, no OM differences were recorded. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: After detailed matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients exhibit worse survival, except for testis cancer patients. The survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary urological cancer diagnosis.
Background: To test the effect of urological primary cancers (bladder, kidney, testis, upper tract, penile, urethral) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, patients with urological primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004-2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and stratified according to primary urological cancer type, as well as to time interval between primary urological cancer versus secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 5,987 patients with primary urological and secondary PCa (bladder, n = 3,287; kidney, n = 2,127; testis, n = 391; upper tract, n = 125; penile, n = 47; urethral, n = 10) versus 531,732 primary PCa patients. Except for small proportions of Gleason grade group and age at diagnosis, PCa characteristics between secondary and primary PCa were comparable. Conversely, proportions of secondary PCa patients which received radical prostatectomy were smaller (29.0 vs. 33.5%), while no local treatment rates were higher (34.2 vs. 26.3%). After 1:4 matching, secondary PCa patients exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients, except for primary testis cancer. Here, no OM differences were recorded. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: After detailed matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients exhibit worse survival, except for testis cancer patients. The survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary urological cancer diagnosis.
Background: To evaluate the impact of time to castration resistance (TTCR) in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients on overall survival (OS) in the era of combination therapies for mHSPC.
Material and Methods: Of 213 mHSPC patients diagnosed between 01/2013-12/2020 who subsequently developed metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), 204 eligible patients were analyzed after having applied exclusion criteria. mHSPC patients were classified into TTCR <12, 12-18, 18-24, and >24 months and analyzed regarding OS. Moreover, further OS analyses were performed after having developed mCRPC status according to TTCR. Logistic regression models predicted the value of TTCR on OS.
Results: Median follow-up was 34 months. Among 204 mHSPC patients, 41.2% harbored TTCR <12 months, 18.1% for 12-18 months, 15.2% for 18-24 months, and 25.5% for >24 months. Median age was 67 years and median PSA at prostate cancer diagnosis was 61 ng/ml. No differences in patient characteristics were observed (all p>0.05). According to OS, TTCR <12 months patients had the worst OS, followed by TTCR 12-18 months, 18-24 months, and >24 months, in that order (p<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, a 4.07-, 3.31-, and 6.40-fold higher mortality was observed for TTCR 18-24 months, 12-18 months, and <12 months patients, relative to TTCR >24 months (all p<0.05). Conversely, OS after development of mCRPC was not influenced by TTCR stratification (all p>0.05).
Conclusion: Patients with TTCR <12 months are at the highest OS disadvantage in mHSPC. This OS disadvantage persisted even after multivariable adjustment. Interestingly, TTCR stratified analyses did not influence OS in mCRPC patients.
Aim: Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is perceived as a rare high-risk cardiomyopathy characterized by excess left ventricular (LV) trabeculation. However, there is increasing evidence contesting the clinical significance of LV hyper-trabeculation and the existence of LVNC as a distinct cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study is to assess the association of LV trabeculation extent with cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing clinical cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scans across 57 European centers from the EuroCMR registry.
Methods and Results: We studied 822 randomly selected cases from the EuroCMR registry. Image acquisition was according to international guidelines. We manually segmented images for LV chamber quantification and measurement of LV trabeculation (as per Petersen criteria). We report the association between LV trabeculation extent and important cardiovascular morbidities (stroke, atrial fibrillation, heart failure) and all-cause mortality prospectively recorded over 404 ± 82 days of follow-up. Maximal non-compaction to compaction ratio (NC/C) was mean (standard deviation) 1.81 ± 0.67, from these, 17% were above the threshold for hyper-trabeculation (NC/C > 2.3). LV trabeculation extent was not associated with increased risk of the defined outcomes (morbidities, mortality, LV CMR indices) in the whole cohort, or in sub-analyses of individuals without ischaemic heart disease, or those with NC/C > 2.3.
Conclusion: Among 882 patients undergoing clinical CMR, excess LV trabeculation was not associated with a range of important cardiovascular morbidities or all-cause mortality over ~12 months of prospective follow-up. These findings suggest that LV hyper-trabeculation alone is not an indicator for worse cardiovascular prognosis.
Background: Previous trials of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitors demonstrated reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, but not death. We assessed the effects of alirocumab on death after index acute coronary syndrome.
Methods: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) was a double-blind, randomized comparison of alirocumab or placebo in 18 924 patients who had an ACS 1 to 12 months previously and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite intensive statin therapy. Alirocumab dose was blindly titrated to target achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 25 and 50 mg/dL. We examined the effects of treatment on all-cause death and its components, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, with log-rank testing. Joint semiparametric models tested associations between nonfatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death.
Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Death occurred in 334 (3.5%) and 392 (4.1%) patients, respectively, in the alirocumab and placebo groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98; P=0.03, nominal P value). This resulted from nonsignificantly fewer cardiovascular (240 [2.5%] vs 271 [2.9%]; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.15) and noncardiovascular (94 [1.0%] vs 121 [1.3%]; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.01; P=0.06) deaths with alirocumab. In a prespecified analysis of 8242 patients eligible for ≥3 years follow-up, alirocumab reduced death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients with nonfatal cardiovascular events were at increased risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths (P<0.0001 for the associations). Alirocumab reduced total nonfatal cardiovascular events (P<0.001) and thereby may have attenuated the number of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths. A post hoc analysis found that, compared to patients with lower LDL-C, patients with baseline LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) had a greater absolute risk of death and a larger mortality benefit from alirocumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; Pinteraction=0.007). In the alirocumab group, all-cause death declined with achieved LDL-C at 4 months of treatment, to a level of approximately 30 mg/dL (adjusted P=0.017 for linear trend).
Conclusions: Alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy has the potential to reduce death after acute coronary syndrome, particularly if treatment is maintained for ≥3 years, if baseline LDL-C is ≥100 mg/dL, or if achieved LDL-C is low.
Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01663402.
Objectives: There is sparse information on the safety of early primary discharge from the emergency department (ED) after rule-out of myocardial infarction in suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This prospective registry aimed to confirm randomised study results in patients at low-to-intermediate risk, with a broader spectrum of symptoms, across different institutional standards and with a range of local troponin assays including high-sensitivity cTn (hs-cTn), cardiac troponin (cTn) and point-of-care troponin (POC Tn).
Design: Prospective, multicentre European registry.
Setting: 18 emergency departments in nine European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain, UK, Turkey, Lithuania and Hungary)
Participants: The final study cohort consisted of 2294 patients (57.2% males, median age 57 years) with suspected ACS.
Interventions: Using the new dual markers strategy, 1477 patients were eligible for direct discharge, which was realised in 974 (42.5%) of patients.
Main outcome measures: The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 30 days.
Results: Compared with conventional workup after dual marker measurement, the median length of ED stay was 60 min shorter (228 min, 95% CI: 219 to 239 min vs 288 min, 95% CI: 279 to 300 min) in the primary dual marker strategy (DMS) discharge group. All-cause mortality was 0.1% (95% CI: 0% to 0.6%) in the primary DMS discharge group versus 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6% to 1.8%) in the conventional workup group after dual marker measurement. Conventional workup instead of discharge despite negative DMS biomarkers was observed in 503 patients (21.9%) and associated with higher prevalence of ACS (17.1% vs 0.9%, p<0.001), cardiac diagnoses (55.2% vs 23.5%, p<0.001) and risk factors (p<0.01), but with a similar all-cause mortality of 0.2% (95% CI: 0% to 1.1%) versus primary DMS discharge (p=0.64).
Conclusions: Copeptin on top of cardiac troponin supports safe discharge in patients with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of ACS under routine conditions with the use of a broad spectrum of local standard POC, conventional and high-sensitivity troponin assays.
Trial registration number NCT02490969.
The demography of the alpine pioneer species Saxifraga aizoides was investigated along a successional gradient at the Rotmoos glacier foreland (2,330–2,450 m a.s.l., Obergurgl, Ötztal, Austria) from recently deglaciated areas to advanced successional stages. A basic hypothesis of our study was that fecundity might play an essential role for population growth rate on the youngest site and become of minor importance at advanced successional stages. A matrix modelling approach was performed to calculate the main demographic parameters on 6, 33, and 81 year old moraines. Our results partly confirmed the prediction of the larger role of fecundity on the youngest sites. Here, seedling mortality was lower compared to the older sites, and the reproductive success was significantly higher. All in all, Saxifraga aizoides mainly follows a "persistence strategy" from the beginning, characterized by the fact that large individuals did not undergo mortality at the recently deglaciated site. However, in the long term a population decline will occur due to plant age and changes of environmental conditions along the successional gradient.
Dynamics of juvenile woody plant communities on termite mounds in a West African savanna landscape
(2014)
Termites are keystone species in savanna ecology, and their mounds are thought to be an important source of habitat heterogeneity and structural complexity of the savanna. Macrotermes termitaria have been shown to allow woody plant colonisation of landscapes otherwise dominated by C4 grasses. In this study, we assess how resource-rich Macrotermes mounds affect juvenile woody plant and non-woody plant species diversity, community composition, biomass and population dynamics. We repeatedly sampled paired termite mound and savanna plots in Pendjari National Park (Sudanian vegetation zone, North Benin, West Africa) over the course of two years. Despite considerable overlap in their species pools, plant communities of mound and savanna plots were clearly separated in ordinations. Species richness and diversity of juvenile woody plants was consistently higher on termite mounds, while no differences could be detected for non-woody plants. Evenness of juvenile woody plants was generally lower on mounds, whereas density and basal area were higher on mounds. In contrast, we did not detect any influence of the mound microhabitat on colonisation, mortality and turnover of woody juveniles. Therefore, we suggest that differences in the communities on and off mounds should be strongly influenced by directed diaspore dispersal through zoochory.
The search for footing can be thought of as an essential human experience. Joachim Wittstock’s essays published in the anthology Einen Halt suchen reveal not only the socio-political repercussions of this pursuit but also establish its phenomenology and morphology. In my paper I will focus on the link between the search for footing and the mortal condition, thus demonstrating how the true nature of this pursuit for existential stability and security can be understood as life’s aversion towards death.
Both, G. mellonella and S. exigua, are most important pests in tropical countries. G. mellonella has five to six generations per year (Abid et al. 1997; Ali 1996), there, and feeding in bee combs they find, besides wax, residues of honey, insect skin and pollen (Hachiro & Knox 2000). Li et al. (1987) have shown the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai against G. mellonella. It is registered in the EU as Mellonex for its control, but NeemAzal T/S may also be active, and will have some advantages (Leymann et al. 2000, Melathopoulos et al. 2000). Therefore we conducted new studies here, on the results we shall report. S. exigua is an important polyphagous pest of crops in tropical areas (Brown & Dewhurst 1975). By repeated control with synthetic insecticides, especially by illiterate farmers (Armes et al. 1992; Aggarwal et al. 2006a) resistance to a lot of those insecticides has been built up, making plant protection very difficult. Therefore the need is pronounced for microbial and botanical pesticides (Nagarkatti 1982; Rao et al. 1990), which have different modes of action than synthetic insecticides. Aggarwal et al. (2006b) have started to test such ingredients, but the time of observation was too short (3 days), since the effects of Neem products occur later than those of synthetic insecticides (Basedow et al. 2002). So we conducted new, longer lasting experiments (with 5 to 30 days), on which we give a report here. The experiments were conducted during guest stays of the three co-authors (from Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from Nazreth, Ethiopia, and from Khartoum, Sudan) at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology at Giessen Univerity.
Die Multiple-Sklerose (MS)-Mortalität 1975-1993 im Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen wurde kreisweise (n=54) ausgewertet und hinsichtlich geographischer Verteilung und Beziehung zu geoklimatischen und soziokulturellen Faktoren, vorwiegend aus den 1950er und 1970er Jahren, hin untersucht. Die jährliche MS-Rohmortalität betrug für das gesamte Bundesland 1,27 / 100000 und war damit vergleichbar der Rate in Baden-Württemberg (1,30 / 100000), jedoch niedriger als in Hessen (1,50 / 100000) und Rheinland-Pfalz (1,47 / 100000). Das Verhältnis Frauen / Männer betrug 1,17. Während sich für die vier zeitlichen Untereinheiten (1975-79; 1980-84; 1985-89; 1990-93) ein signifikant abnehmender Trend für die MS-Mortalität ergab, ließ die geographische Verteilung einen klassischen Nord-Süd-Gradienten vermissen. In der bivariaten Analyse nach Spearman ergab sich für alle Stadt- und Landkreise (n=54) eine signifikante (p <= 0,05) Korrelation für folgende Variable: „Fortzüge / Bevölkerung“ (negativ), „tatsächlich betriebene Betten in Sonderkrankenhäusern / Bevölkerung“, „Standardisierte Mortalitätsrate (SMR) 1976-80 des Kolonkarzinoms der Frauen“, „Ozon in µg / m³ Luft 1992“ und „Nickelverbindungen im Schwebstaub in µg /m³ 1989“. Öffentliche und private Realschulen, papiererzeugende und –verarbeitende Industrie, SMR des Blasenkarzinoms der Männer, Kraftfahrzeugdichte (negativ), Benzol- und Trichlorethan-Immission waren grenzwertig mit der MS-Mortalität assoziiert. In der nach Kreisgrößenklassen stratifizierten Analyse waren in den Stadtkreisen (n=23) „öffentliche und private Realschulen“, „Schülerzahlen an Realschulen“, „Beschäftigte in der Gesamtindustrie 1954 und 1976“, „Beschäftigte in der Metallindustrie 1954 und 1976“, Beschäftigte in der Textilindustrie 1976“, „Beschäftigte in der papiererzeugenden Industrie 1976“ (alle pro Bevölkerung), „Haus- und Kleingärten / Gesamtwirtschaftsfläche“, „SMR des Rektumkarzinoms 1976-80 der Männer“ (negativ) und „SMR des Hodgkin-Lymphoms 1976-80 der Männer“ mit der MS-Mortalität signifikant korreliert. In den Landkreise (n=31) zeigte sich für „Ärzte“, „tatsächlich betriebene Betten in Allgemeinkrankenhäusern“ und „tatsächlich betriebene Betten in Sonderkrankenhäusern“ (alle pro Bevölkerung), „SMR 1976-80 des Kolonkarzinoms der Frauen“, „Nickelverbindungen im Schwebstaub in µg / m³ 1989“ und „Arsenverbindungen im Schwebstaub in µg / m³ 1989“ eine signifikante Assoziation, während alle Klimadaten nicht signifikant waren. In der schrittweisen multivariaten Analyse für alle Kreise (n=54) schieden mit der „Backward elimination“- Methode alle Variablen aus dem Modell aus. Von den zahlreichen bivariat korrelierten Variablen waren die papierzeugende Industrie und das Kolonkarzinom bemerkenswert, da sie auch in einem Teil anderer untersuchter Regionen mit der MS-Rate verknüpft waren. Die Umweltparameter bedürfen zunächst der Bestätigung in weiteren Arealen.
Seit Jahren liegt die Frühgeburtenrate auf gleichbleibend hohem Niveau mit teilweise sogar leichtem Anstieg. Ursächlich ist ein überproportionaler Anstieg „sehr früher“ Frühgeborener bis 32. SSW auf etwa 3% aller Geburten. Auf sie entfallen 50% aller perinatalen Todesfälle und sie haben ein hohes Risiko für Folgeschäden. 1/3 aller Frühgeburten werden durch einen vorzeitigen Blasensprung ausgelöst. Eine infektiöse Pathogenese ist häufig, hier besteht eine Möglichkeit zur Prävention und somit zur Senkung der Frühgeburtenrate insgesamt. Dieser Gruppe gebührt besondere Beachtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte eine retrospektive Auswertung der Geburtsjahrgänge 1996 bis 2000 am Klinikum Offenbach. Einschlusskriterien waren ein früher vorzeitiger Blasensprung (pPROM) und ein Gestationsalter bis 32. SSW. Mütterliche Risikofaktoren, prä- und peripartales Management sowie neonatale Morbidität und Mortalität wurden analysiert. Merkmal dieser Hochrisikoschwangeren waren ein niedrigen sozialen Status und besonders folgende geburtshilfliche Auffälligkeiten: Mehrlinge, Sterilitätsbehandlung und vaginale Blutungen in der jetzigen Schwangerschaft oder mehrere operative Eingriffe an der Zervix (Abort/ Abruptio/ Konisation/ Cerclage), Frühgeburten und Infans mortuus in der eigenen Anamnese. Nach Frühgeburt ist der Fet durch seine mangelnde Reife einer erhöhten kindlichen Mortalität und Morbidität ausgesetzt. Durch die vorliegende Arbeit sollte geklärt werden, ob ein pPROM dieses „Outcome“ weiter verschlechtert. Ein genereller Trend zu schlechteren Überlebensraten nach pPROM war anhand der ausgewerteten Daten nicht ersichtlich. Es überlebte kein Kind vor der 25. SSW. Ab der 26. SSW/ 750g überlebten 2/3, ab der 30. SSW/ 1000g überlebten mehr als 90%. Die Peri- und Neonatale Mortalität betrugen in der Gewichtsklasse 1000-1499g jeweils 4,8%, oberhalb der 28. SSW jeweils 7,8% und unterhalb der 28 SSW/ 1000g 49% bzw. 51%. Ein Vergleich mit der Literatur ist schwierig, weil deren Ergebnisse sehr differieren. Ein pPROM war kein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer Bronchopulmonalen Dysplasie (BPD), einer Nekrotisierenden Enterokolitis (NEC) und einer Frühgeborenenretinopathie (ROP). Inzidenz und Schweregrad wurden durch das postpartale Management entscheidend beeinflusst. Entgegen der Literatur entwickelte kein einziges Kind Extremitätenkontrakturen durch ein länger bestehendes Oligo-/ Anhydramnion. Nur ein Mädchen verstarb an einer Lungenhypoplasie. Die Inzidenz einer schweren Intrazerebralen Hämorrhagie (ICH) unterhalb der 28. SSW lag bei 12,5–20%. Dies entspricht den nationalen Neonatalstatistiken. Zwischen der 28. und 30. SSW kam es aber, entgegen der drastischen Verringerung der Inzidenz in der Literatur, zu einem Anstieg auf 17,9%. Eine „mäßig frühe Frühgeburt“ hatte somit ein besonders hohes Risiko für ICH. Da eine Barriere aus intakter Eihaut fehlt, ist der weitere Verlauf der Schwangerschaft durch die mögliche Aszension genitaler Keime gekennzeichnet. In der Gewichtsklasse < 1000g fiel eine gewisse Schutzfunktion durch ein beginnendes Amnioninfektionssyndrom auf. Trotz einer Zunahme neonataler Sepsisfälle sank die Inzidenz schwerer ICH, eines schweren Atemnotsyndroms und einer BPD. Auch die Überlebensrate war höher als in der Vergleichsgruppe (40,6% vs. 36,8%). Für Kinder ab 1000g bedeutete es jedoch eine Prognoseverschlechterung mit einem höheren Risiko für bleibende Behinderungen. Bei einer Blasensprungdauer ab 169h stieg das Risiko der Entwicklung einer postnatalen Sepsis oder Pneumonie rapide auf 20,8% / 33,3% an. Damit verbunden verdoppelte sich das Risiko für ICH auf 16,7% und vervierfachte sich die Inzidenz einer BPD auf 25%. Das handicapfreie Überleben war gefährdet. Eine Verlängerung der Latenzzeit über 169h/ 7d kann anhand dieser Daten, insbesondere ab der 30. SSW/ 1000g, nicht befürwortet werden. Im Kollektiv < 1000g vermochte eine abgeschlossene RDS-Prophylaxe die Sterblichkeit von 61,1% auf 51,9% zu senken. Die Inzidenz für eine „schwerwiegende Erkrankung“ (42,9% vs. 30,8%) und für ICH (14,3% vs. 0%) fiel ebenso. Entgegen der internationalen Literatur entwickelten diese Kinder aber mehr chronische Lungenschäden im Sinne einer BPD (30,8% vs. 14,3%) oder eine ROP (23,1% vs.14,3%). Eine präpartale Antibiose hatte nur für die Gewichtsklasse < 1000g einen Überlebensvorteil (46,9% vs. 76,9%). In Anbetracht der überproportional hohen Inzidenz schwerwiegender Folgeerkrankungen relativierte sich dieser Vorteil jedoch. Die Chance „ohne Handicap“ zu überleben unterschied sich deutlich geringerer (31,3% vs. 23,1%). Ein pPROM bedeutet, durch ein geeignetes geburtshilfliches Management, keine Prognoseverschlechterung. Besser wäre es aber die Möglichkeiten einer primären und sekundären Prävention zu nutzen.