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Introduction: Haemophilia (HA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients may develop joint damage caused by recurrent joint bleedings in HA or by chronic inflammation in RA. Only few data exist for biomarker studies in these patients.
Aim: The objective of the present study is to assess a large array of biomarkers in peripheral blood samples obtained from HA patients without or with arthropathy and to compare pattern to RA patients and healthy controls.
Methods: A panel of biomarkers was assessed in 129 men (40 HA patients without arthropathy, 23 HA patients with arthropathy, 23 RA patients and 43 control subjects). 37 different biomarkers (cytokines, angiogenesis‐related proteins) were analysed using a multiple analyte profiling technology and supplemented by acute phase proteins, coagulation and immunological parameters.
Results: Evidence for systemic inflammation was obtained by increased acute phase reactants in all patient groups. 13 or 14 from 42 soluble parameters demonstrated significant differences (p < .05) between HA patients without arthropathy and healthy controls, or between HA patients with arthropathy and healthy controls, respectively. Largely overlapping patterns were obtained except for interleukin‐7 being increased in HA patients without arthropathy and being decreased in HA in the presence of arthropathy.
Conclusions: In addition to data supporting systemic inflammation, we provide evidence for a common biomarker profile in HA patients and RA patients compared to healthy controls. A distinctive biomarker profile for HA patients with arthropathy did not appear except for interleukin‐7 demonstrating specific changes depending on the absence or presence of arthropathy in HA patients.
Goals and pathways to achieve sustainable urban development have multiple interlinkages with human health and wellbeing. However, these interlinkages have not been examined in depth in recent discussions on urban sustainability and global urban science. This paper fills that gap by elaborating in detail the multiple links between urban sustainability and human health and by mapping research gaps at the interface of health and urban sustainability sciences. As researchers from a broad range of disciplines, we aimed to: 1) define the process of urbanization, highlighting distinctions from related concepts to support improved conceptual rigour in health research; 2) review the evidence linking health with urbanization, urbanicity, and cities and identify cross-cutting issues; and 3) highlight new research approaches needed to study complex urban systems and their links with health. This novel, comprehensive knowledge synthesis addresses issue of interest across multiple disciplines. Our review of concepts of urban development should be of particular value to researchers and practitioners in the health sciences, while our review of the links between urban environments and health should be of particular interest to those outside of public health. We identify specific actions to promote health through sustainable urban development that leaves no one behind, including: integrated planning; evidence-informed policy-making; and monitoring the implementation of policies. We also highlight the critical role of effective governance and equity-driven planning in progress towards sustainable, healthy, and just urban development.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread from symptomatic patients with COVID-19, but also from asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, robust surveillance and timely interventions are essential for the control of virus spread within the community. In this regard the frequency of testing and speed of reporting, but not the test sensitivity alone, play a crucial role. In order to reduce the costs and meet the expanding demands in real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2, complementary assays, such as rapid antigen tests, have been developed. Rigorous analysis under varying conditions is required to assess the clinical performance of these tests and to ensure reproducible results. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a recently licensed rapid antigen test using 137 clinical samples in two institutions. Test sensitivity was between 88.2-89.6% when applied to samples with viral loads typically seen in infectious patients. Of 32 rRT-PCR positive samples, 19 demonstrated infectivity in cell culture, and 84% of these samples were reactive with the antigen test. Seven full-genome sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates and SARS-CoV-1 were detected with this antigen test, with no cross-reactivity against other common respiratory viruses. Numerous antigen tests are available for SARS-CoV-2 testing and their performance to detect infectious individuals may vary. Head-to-head comparison along with cell culture testing for infectivity may prove useful to identify better performing antigen tests. The antigen test analyzed in this study is easy-to-use, inexpensive, and scalable. It can be helpful in monitoring infection trends and thus has potential to reduce transmission.
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the acute respiratory disease COVID-19, which has become a global concern due to its rapid spread. Meanwhile, increased demand for testing has led to a shortage of reagents and supplies and compromised the performance of diagnostic laboratories in many countries. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend multi-step RT-PCR assays using multiple primer and probe pairs, which might complicate the interpretation of the test results, especially for borderline cases. In this study, we describe an alternative RT-PCR approach for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA that can be used for the probe-based detection of clinical isolates in diagnostics as well as in research labs using a low-cost SYBR green method. For the evaluation, we used samples from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and performed RT-PCR assays along with successive dilutions of RNA standards to determine the limit of detection. We identified an M-gene binding primer and probe pair highly suitable for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for diagnostic and research purposes.
We aim to understand whether Greek and Italian, two null subject languages, differ in the use and interpretation of null subjects, based on evidence from both a production and a comprehension experiment. The results of the two experiments show that the two languages differ in the extent to which they comply with the Position of Antecedent Strategy as formulated by Carminati (2002). In order to account for this difference, we introduce a principle which defines prominence of sentence constituents in terms of hierarchical height, elaborating on a recent proposal by Rizzi (2018). Then we show that the prominence of subject and object constituents in Greek and Italian reflects word-order differences between the two languages (Roussou & Tsimpli 2006). In more general terms, this paper argues in favour of a multi-factorial approach to reference interpretation, in that syntactic factors interact with discourse factors, leading to a gradient variety of reference possibilities.
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
We calculate the Masur–Veech volume of the gothic locus G in the stratum H(23) of genus 4. Our method is based on the use of the formulae for the Euler characteristics of gothic Teichmu ̈ller curves to determine the number of lattice points of given area. We also use this method to recal- culate the Masur–Veech volumes of the Prym loci P3 ⊂ H(4) and P4 ⊂ H(6) in genus 3 and 4.
The 14-3-3 protein family are molecular chaperones involved in several biological functions and neurological diseases. We previously pinpointed YWHAZ (encoding 14-3-3ζ) as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a whole-exome sequencing study, which identified a frameshift variant within the gene (c.659-660insT, p.L220Ffs*18). Here, we explored the contribution of the seven human 14-3-3 family members in ASD and other psychiatric disorders by investigating the: (i) functional impact of the 14-3-3ζ mutation p.L220Ffs*18 by assessing solubility, target binding and dimerization; (ii) contribution of common risk variants in 14-3-3 genes to ASD and additional psychiatric disorders; (iii) burden of rare variants in ASD and schizophrenia; and iv) 14-3-3 gene expression using ASD and schizophrenia transcriptomic data. We found that the mutant 14-3-3ζ protein had decreased solubility and lost its ability to form heterodimers and bind to its target tyrosine hydroxylase. Gene-based analyses using publicly available datasets revealed that common variants in YWHAE contribute to schizophrenia (p = 6.6 × 10−7), whereas ultra-rare variants were found enriched in ASD across the 14-3-3 genes (p = 0.017) and in schizophrenia for YWHAZ (meta-p = 0.017). Furthermore, expression of 14-3-3 genes was altered in post-mortem brains of ASD and schizophrenia patients. Our study supports a role for the 14-3-3 family in ASD and schizophrenia.
Torwali, a Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family spoken in the District Swat in Pakistan, is an endangered language that lacks a literary tradition. This paper gives a background on the Torwali language and people, and describes the development of an orthography for Torwali and the establishment of Torwali-medium schools by the local organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi ‘institute for education and development’ (IBT). Finally, the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instruments for Narratives (MAIN) to Torwali is outlined.
Calochilus pulchellus (family Orchidaceae) (Pretty Beard Orchid) is a listed Endangered species with a highly restricted distribution in the Shoalhaven local government area. The species was only known from a small number of populations when described in 2006. Since then very few new populations of the species have been recorded and some previously known populations have not been observed for decades. This study summarised known information regarding the distribution and habitat preferences of Calochilus pulchellus, with the aim of identifying potential habitat where unknown populations of the species may be detected by targeted surveys. Areas of potential habitat for the species were identified based upon vegetation communities in which the species had previously been recorded. A subset of the initially large area of identified potential habitat was selected for targeted surveys based on the recorded occurrence of sympatric threatened orchid species. The targeted surveys resulted in an approximately three-fold increase in the previously known population size of Calochilus pulchellus, a small range extension for the species and a doubling of the extent of occurrence. Newly discovered individuals and populations of the species have increased the understanding of habitat for the species, with a greater proportion of the total known population of the species now known to occur within woodland and forest vegetation communities rather than heathlands. Despite the additional individuals of the species detected as part of this study, the species is still only known from a very low number of known individuals and a small number of populations and has a very high risk of extinction. Consequently, identifying and protecting additional populations of Calochilus pulchellus should remain a priority for the conservation of the species.
The tetraaryl μ‐hydridodiborane(4) anion [2H]− possesses nucleophilic B−B and B−H bonds. Treatment of K[2H] with the electrophilic 9‐H‐9‐borafluorene (HBFlu) furnishes the B3 cluster K[3], with a triangular boron core linked through two BHB two‐electron, three‐center bonds and one electron‐precise B−B bond, reminiscent of the prominent [B3H8]− anion. Upon heating or prolonged stirring at room temperature, K[3] rearranges to a slightly more stable isomer K[3 a]. The reaction of M[2H] (M+=Li+, K+) with MeI or Me3SiCl leads to equimolar amounts of 9‐R‐9‐borafluorene and HBFlu (R=Me or Me3Si). Thus, [2H]− behaves as a masked [:BFlu]− nucleophile. The HBFlu by‐product was used in situ to establish a tandem substitution‐hydroboration reaction: a 1:1 mixture of M[2H] and allyl bromide gave the 1,3‐propylene‐linked ditopic 9‐borafluorene 5 as sole product. M[2H] also participates in unprecedented [4+1] cycloadditions with dienes to furnish dialkyl diaryl spiroborates, M[R2BFlu].
Acute clinical deterioration of a patient with chronic liver disease remains a decisive time point both in terms of medical management and prognosis. This condition, also known as acute decompensation (AD), is an important event determining a crossroad in the trajectory of patients. A significant number of patients with AD may develop hepatic or extrahepatic organ failure, or both, which defines the syndrome acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and ACLF is associated with a high morbidity and short-term mortality. ACLF may occur at any phase during chronic liver disease and is pathogenetically defined by systemic inflammation and immune metabolic dysfunction. When organ failures develop in the presence of cirrhosis, especially extrahepatic organ failures, liver transplantation (LT) may be the only curative treatment. This review outlines the evidence supporting LT in ACLF patients, highlighting the role of timing, bridging to LT, and possible indicators of futility. Importantly, prospective studies on ACLF and transplantation are urgently needed.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to cardiac (patho)physiology. Aging is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease with cardiomyocyte apoptosis as one underlying cause. Here, we report the identification of the aging-regulated lncRNA Sarrah (ENSMUST00000140003) that is anti-apoptotic in cardiomyocytes. Importantly, loss of SARRAH (OXCT1-AS1) in human engineered heart tissue results in impaired contractile force development. SARRAH directly binds to the promoters of genes downregulated after SARRAH silencing via RNA-DNA triple helix formation and cardiomyocytes lacking the triple helix forming domain of Sarrah show an increase in apoptosis. One of the direct SARRAH targets is NRF2, and restoration of NRF2 levels after SARRAH silencing partially rescues the reduction in cell viability. Overexpression of Sarrah in mice shows better recovery of cardiac contractile function after AMI compared to control mice. In summary, we identified the anti-apoptotic evolutionary conserved lncRNA Sarrah, which is downregulated by aging, as a regulator of cardiomyocyte survival.
Nominalization in French can be done by means of conversion, which is characterized by the identity between the base and the derived lexeme. Since both noun→verb and verb→noun conversions exist, this property raises directionality issues, and sometimes leads to contradictory analyses of the same examples. The paper presents two approaches of conversion: derivational and non-derivational ones. Then it discusses various criteria used in derivational approaches to determine the direction of conversion: diachronic ones, such as dates of first attestation or etymology; and synchronic ones, such as semantic relations, noun gender or verb inflection. All criteria are evaluated on a corpus of 3,241 French noun~verb pairs. It is shown that none of them enables to identify the direction of conversion in French. Finally, the consequences for the theory of morphology are discussed.
This paper describes the revision of the Vietnamese version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We first introduce the Vietnamese language and Vietnamese-speaking populations after which we describe the translation and adaptation process of the Vietnamese MAIN and present results from monolingual and bilingual children.
Beyond their role in pathogen recognition and the initiation of immune defense, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to be involved in various vascular processes in health and disease. We investigated the potential of the lipopeptide and TLR2/6 ligand macrophage activating protein of 2-kDA (MALP-2) to promote blood flow recovery in mice. Hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice were subjected to microsurgical ligation of the femoral artery. MALP-2 significantly improved blood flow recovery at early time points (three and seven days), as assessed by repeated laser speckle imaging, and increased the growth of pre-existing collateral arteries in the upper hind limb, along with intimal endothelial cell proliferation in the collateral wall and pericollateral macrophage accumulation. In addition, MALP-2 increased capillary density in the lower hind limb. MALP-2 enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and nitric oxide (NO) release from endothelial cells and improved the experimental vasorelaxation of mesenteric arteries ex vivo. In vitro, MALP-2 led to the up-regulated expression of major endothelial adhesion molecules as well as their leukocyte integrin receptors and consequently enhanced the endothelial adhesion of leukocytes. Using the experimental approach of femoral artery ligation (FAL), we achieved promising results with MALP-2 to promote peripheral blood flow recovery by collateral artery growth.
Cabozantinib (Cabometyx®) is a potent multikinase inhibitor targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2, the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) receptor, and the “anexelekto” (AXL) receptor tyrosine kinase. It is approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after failure of sorafenib in Europe (since November 2018) and in the USA (since January 2019). The approval of cabozantinib was based on results of the randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 CELESTIAL trial in patients with unresectable HCC, who received one or two prior lines of treatment including sorafenib. At the second planned interim analysis, the trial was stopped, because the primary end point overall survival was clearly in favor for cabozantinib. Additionally, median progression-free survival was superior to placebo. The most common ≥ grade 3 relevant adverse events in patients with HCC treated with cabozantinib were palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia, hypertension, fatigue, and diarrhea. In this review, current data on cabozantinib for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC, with a focus on the management of common adverse events and ongoing clinical trials, are discussed.
A new genus, Janzena (Erebidae), and 37 new species of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) are described from Florida as well as two species elevated from synonymy to species status. Bleptina biformata, Bleptina extincta, Bleptina flavivena, Bleptina verticalis, Lascoria coma, Janzena pyraliformis, Sigela sordes, Sigela minuta,Sigela incisa, Sigela subincisa, Sigela rosea, Sigela lynx, Dyspyralis ocala, Metalectra nigrior, Metalectra dixoni, Melipotis florida, Doryodes acta, Doryodes unica, Doryodes fulva, Toxonprucha killamae, Zale lafontainei,Zale vargoi, Zale clandestina, Athyrma fakahatchee, Antiblemma perva, Antiblemma carolae, Paectes hercules,Meganola georgei, Litoprosopus linea, Tripudia calusa, Catabenoides insularis, Neogalea caracara, Condica collaris, Homophoberia australis, Diastema leo, Pyreferra slotteni, and Leucania elephas are described as new. Hemeroplanis floccalis (Zeller), revived status, is raised to species status from the synonymy of Hemeroplanis scopulepes (Haworth),and Euscirrhopterus argentata (Druce), revived status, is raised to species status from the synonymy of Euscirrhopterus poeyi Grote. The genus Araeopteron Hampson is restricted to the Old World and Araeopteron vilhelmina (Dyar) is transferred to the genus Sigela Hulst, new combination. The barcode index number (BIN) is provided for each species, when available.
The post-transcriptional modification of the canonical nucleoside uridine into its rotational isomer pseudouridine occurs in non-coding as well as coding RNA and is the most abundant post-transcriptional modification in all kingdoms of life. While the occurrence of pseudouridine has been linked to the enhancement of stability and the codon-anticodon interaction in tRNAs, enhancement of the translation efficiency in rRNAs, regulatory functions in spliceosomal snRNA and nonsense codon suppression in mRNA, its exact role in many RNAs is still ambiguous. The uridine to pseudouridine isomerization can either be catalyzed by one of various standalone pseudouridylases or it can be performed in an RNA-guided manner by H/ACA ribonucleoproteins. In eukaryotes, the guide RNA always adapts a conserved bipartite, double-hairpin conformation. Each hairpin contains an internal RNA-loop motif, which can recruit a specific substrate RNA via base pairing. The catalytically active RNP is formed by the interactions of the guide RNA with four proteins. While Cbf5 forms the catalytically active center, Nop10 and Nhp2 perform auxiliary functions and Gar1 is involved in substrate turnover. Up until now, most structural knowledge about H/ACA RNPs has been derived from archaeal complexes, while the exact structure-function-relationships between RNA and proteins in eukaryotic RNPs is still ambiguous. While archaeal H/ACA RNPs share many similarities with eukaryotic RNPs and act as good model system, there are also many differences between them like eukaryotic specific protein domains as well as the overall bipartite complex structure, dictated by the snoRNA. Investigating pseudouridylation by eukaryotic H/ACA RNPs opens up a broad area of research and helps to gain a better understanding of this enzyme class – especially since malfunction of H/ACA RNPs has been linked to the genetic disease Dyskeratosis congenita as well as several types of cancer.
The main goal of this thesis was to gain new insights into the RNA/protein interactions in the eukaryotic snR81 H/ACA snoRNP from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a structural as well as dynamical level. In the first part of this thesis, the main goal was to in vitro prepare a functionally active snR81 H/ACA RNP. The guiding snoRNA was prepared by in vitro transcription and purification, while the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins were recombinantly expressed from Escherichia coli. Apart from the full length, bipartite snR81 snoRNP, several sub-complexes of the RNP were reconstituted. Therefore, snoRNA constructs were designed and prepared, which only contained a single hairpin motif of the complex. Furthermore, snoRNA constructs in which the apical hairpin stem was replaced by a stable tetraloop were prepared, to investigate the influence of the apical stem on protein binding and activity. Also, for the eukaryotic proteins, a shortened version of Gar1 (Gar1Δ) was utilized, which lacks the eukaryotic specific RGG domains, that have been characterized as accessory RNA binding motifs. Reconstituted snoRNPs were utilized in catalytic activity assays, monitoring the turnover rate of uridine to pseudouridine. For this purpose, radioactively labeled substrate RNAs were prepared by phosphorylation and splinted ligation of oligonucleotides and were objected to reconstituted H/ACA RNPs under single as well as multiple turnover conditions. In the second part of this thesis, the RNA/protein interactions were dissected via single molecule FRET spectroscopy. Therefore, the snoRNA was labeled with an acceptor fluorophore via NHS ester/amine-reaction. Furthermore, the snoRNA contained a biotin-handle, allowing immobilization of the complex during the experimental time-window of the spectroscopic analysis. Eukaryotic specific protein Nhp2 was labeled with a donor fluorophore via “click” chemistry, which included the chemical synthesis and incorporation by genetic code expansion of non-canonical amino acids. The interactions of Nhp2 with the different snoRNA constructs (standalone-hairpins “H5” and “H3”, as well as hairpins lacking the apical binding motif “H5Δ” and “H3Δ”) were monitored on a single molecule level.
In summary, it was possible to gain new insights into the complex structure and the dynamical behavior of the still sparsely characterized eukaryotic H/ACA RNPs. Especially, new knowledge could be obtained about the hairpin specific behavior on the bipartite RNA complex structure, including the rather ambiguous role of the protein Nhp2 and the contribution of the eukaryotic specific features of Gar1 in their interaction with the guide/substrate RNA.
Correction to: Scientifc Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43857-5, published online 17 May 2019. In the original version of this Article, Jan-Hendrik Trösemeier was incorrectly affiliated with ‘Division of Allergology, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany’. Te correct afliations are listed below...