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NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system. Of the 7 members of the Nox family, at least three depend for their activation on specific cytosolic proteins. These are p47phox and its homologue NoxO1 and p67phox and its homologue NoxA1. Also the Rho-GTPase Rac is important but as this protein has many additional functions, it will not be covered here. The Nox1 enzyme is preferentially activated by the combination of NoxO1 with NoxA1, whereas Nox2 gains highest activity with p47phox together with p67phox. As p47phox, different to NoxO1 contains an auto inhibitory region it has to be phosphorylated prior to complex formation. In the cardio-vascular system, all cytosolic Nox proteins are expressed but the evidence for their contribution to ROS production is not well established. Most data have been collected for p47phox, whereas NoxA1 has basically not yet been studied. In this article the specific aspects of cytosolic Nox proteins in the cardiovascular system with respect to Nox activation, their expression and their importance will be reviewed. Finally, it will be discussed whether cytosolic Nox proteins are suitable pharmacological targets to tamper with vascular ROS production.
Stimulation of renal collecting duct principal cells with antidiuretic hormone (arginine-vasopressin, AVP) results in inhibition of the small GTPase RhoA and the enrichment of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the plasma membrane. The membrane insertion facilitates water reabsorption from primary urine and fine-tuning of body water homeostasis. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) interact with RhoA, catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP and thereby activate the GTPase. However, GEFs involved in the control of AQP2 in renal principal cells are unknown. The A-kinase anchoring protein, AKAP-Lbc, possesses GEF activity, specifically activates RhoA, and is expressed in primary renal inner medullary collecting duct principal (IMCD) cells. Through screening of 18,431 small molecules and synthesis of a focused library around one of the hits, we identified an inhibitor of the interaction of AKAP-Lbc and RhoA. This molecule, Scaff10-8, bound to RhoA, inhibited the AKAP-Lbc-mediated RhoA activation but did not interfere with RhoA activation through other GEFs or activities of other members of the Rho family of small GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42. Scaff10-8 promoted the redistribution of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles to the periphery of IMCD cells. Thus, our data demonstrate an involvement of AKAP-Lbc-mediated RhoA activation in the control of AQP2 trafficking.
The mitophagy receptor Nix interacts with LC3/GABARAP proteins, targeting mitochondria into autophagosomes for degradation. Here we present evidence for phosphorylation-driven regulation of the Nix:LC3B interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR indicate a ~100 fold enhanced affinity of the serine 34/35-phosphorylated Nix LC3-interacting region (LIR) to LC3B and formation of a very rigid complex compared to the non-phosphorylated sequence. Moreover, the crystal structure of LC3B in complex with the Nix LIR peptide containing glutamic acids as phosphomimetic residues and NMR experiments revealed that LIR phosphorylation stabilizes the Nix:LC3B complex via formation of two additional hydrogen bonds between phosphorylated serines of Nix LIR and Arg11, Lys49 and Lys51 in LC3B. Substitution of Lys51 to Ala in LC3B abrogates binding of a phosphomimetic Nix mutant. Functionally, serine 34/35 phosphorylation enhances autophagosome recruitment to mitochondria in HeLa cells. Together, this study provides cellular, biochemical and biophysical evidence that phosphorylation of the LIR domain of Nix enhances mitophagy receptor engagement.
The identification of inhibitors of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis, which are targeting single translation factors, is highly demanded. Here we report on a small molecule inhibitor, gephyronic acid, isolated from the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra that inhibits growth of transformed mammalian cell lines in the nM range. In direct comparison, primary human fibroblasts were shown to be less sensitive to toxic effects of gephyronic acid than cancer-derived cells. Gephyronic acid is targeting the protein translation system. Experiments with IRES dual luciferase reporter assays identified it as an inhibitor of the translation initiation. DARTs approaches, co-localization studies and pull-down assays indicate that the binding partner could be the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α). Gephyronic acid seems to have a different mode of action than the structurally related polyketides tedanolide, myriaporone, and pederin and is a valuable tool for investigating the eukaryotic translation system. Because cancer derived cells were found to be especially sensitive, gephyronic acid could potentially find use as a drug candidate.
Effect of progesterone on Smad signaling and TGF-β/Smad-regulated genes in lung epithelial cells
(2018)
The effect of endogenous progesterone and/or exogenous pre- or postnatal progesterone application on lung function of preterm infants is poorly defined. While prenatal progesterone substitution may prevent preterm birth, in vitro and in vivo data suggest a benefit of postnatal progesterone replacement on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for progesterone’s effects are undefined. Numerous factors are involved in lung development, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling: the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) signaling pathway and TGF-β-regulated genes, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transgelin (TAGLN), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). These processes contribute to the development of BPD. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether progesterone could affect TGF-β1-activated Smad signaling and CTGF/transgelin/PAI-1 expression in lung epithelial cells. The pharmacological effect of progesterone on Smad signaling was investigated using a TGF-β1-inducible luciferase reporter and western blotting analysis of phosphorylated Smad2/3 in A549 lung epithelial cells. The regulation of CTGF, transgelin, and PAI-1 expression by progesterone was studied using a promoter-based luciferase reporter, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting in the same cell line. While progesterone alone had no direct effect on Smad signaling in lung epithelial cells, it dose-dependently inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, as shown by luciferase assays and western blotting analysis. Progesterone also antagonized the TGF-β1/Smad-induced upregulation of CTGF, transgelin, and PAI-1 at the promoter, mRNA, and/or protein levels. The present study highlights possible new molecular mechanisms involving progesterone, including inhibition of TGF-β1-activated Smad signaling and TGF-β1-regulated genes involved in BPD pathogenesis, which are likely to attenuate the development of BPD by inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated airway remodeling. Understanding these mechanisms might help to explain the effects of pre- or postnatal application of progesterone on lung diseases of preterm infants.
Die Analyse der Phosphorylierung mittels Massenspektrometrie stellt in vielerlei Hinsicht große Anforderungen an die Analysenmethoden, die eingesetzt werden. Durch die substöchiometrische Modifzierung einer Aminosäure mit einem Phosphatrest ist die grundlegende Herausforderung der Sensitivtät an anzuwendende Analysetechniken gegeben. Die Biomassenspektrometrie hat mit den weichen Ionisierungmethoden ESI und MALDI zwar die Techniken zur Verfügung gestellt, die eine routinemäßige Identifzierung von vorher per MS nicht zugänglichen Proteinen über die Untersuchung der enzymatischen Spaltpeptides ermöglicht, gleichwohl ist der Aufwand, der für die massenspektrometrische Charakterisierung eines bestimmten Proteins besteht, um ein vielfaches höher. Wegen des in vivo variablen und potentiell sehr geringen Phosphorylierungsgrades ist die genaue Identifizierung der Phosphorylierungstelle allein durch das Vermessen der Probe in einem modernen Massenspektrometer nicht zu bewerkstelligen. Die sich in der Probe befindlichen Phosphopeptide stehen nach einem Verdau des entsprechenden Proteins einer mengenmäßig großen Zahl unphosphorylierter Peptide gegenüber. Auch die hohe Sensitivität von modernen Massenspektrometern reicht in der Regel nicht aus, um das entsprechende Phosphopeptid zu analysieren. Soll die exakte Phosphorylierungstelle des untersuchten Phosphopeptids bestimmt werden, so müssen ausreichende Mengen an Analyten für eine MS/MS-Analyse generiert werden. Bei realen Proben kann der Phosphorlyierungsgrad nicht erhöht werden, somit ist auch die Menge an vorhandenen Phosphopeptiden begrenzt. Somit kommt man an eine Anreicherung von Phosphopeptiden bzw. Abreicherung von unmodifzierten Peptiden nicht vorbei. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Anreicherungstechniken für Phosphopeptide hinsichtlich ihrer Sensitivität und Spezifität untersucht. Hierfür wurden verschiedene Affinitätstechniken (Graphit, IMAC und TiO¬¬2) hinsichtlich Empfindlichkeit und Selektivität untersucht. Von diesen drei Methoden zeigte sich Graphit aufgrund zu geringer Wechselwirkung zwischen Analyt und Medium als ungeeigneteste Methode. IMAC zeigt bei verbesserter Sensitvität eine höhere Spezifität, gleichwohl saure Peptide nicht von Phosphopeptiden zu trennen sind. Von den drei genannten Methoden zeigte TiO¬¬2 die höchste Sensitivität und Selektivität. Da das TiO¬¬2 als Goldstandard in der Anreicherung von Phosphopeptiden angesehen wird, sollte im Rahmen dieser Dissertation eine neuartige Methode entwickelt werden, die dieser Technik sowohl im Hinblick auf Spezifität und Selektivität überlegen sein sollte. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden MALDI-Probenteller erstmals mit Hilfe von SAMs (Self Assembled Monolayers) mit Phosphonatgruppen modifiziert, aus denen durch Beladen mit vierwertigem Zirkonium eine neue funktionelle Oberfläche für die Anreicherung von Phoshopeptiden hergestellt werden kann, die der Titandioxid-Methode überlegen ist. Anhand von reproduzierbaren Modellsystemen von bekannten Phosphoproteinverdaus (z.B. Ovalbumin) konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese neue Technik Analyten im niedrigen Femtomol-Bereich auch vor einem großen nicht-phosphorlyierten Hintegrund selektiv anreichern kann. Um zu demonstrieren, dass die Phosphonat-Oberfläche auch bei realen Proben die massenspektrometrische Phosphorylierungsanalyse ermöglicht, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zum einen die Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 1 (MAPK-1) aus einem in-Lösungs-Verdau und das Heat Shock Protein (HSP), welches aus einem 2-D-Gel stammt, untersucht. Mit der neu etablierten Phosphonat-Oberfäche konnten die Phosphopeptide aus den Proben angereichert und mittels MALDI-MS/MS die Phosphatgruppe eindeutig der modifizierten Aminosäure zugeordnet werden. Neben dem Komplex der Anreicherungstechniken wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation noch andere relevante Fragestellungen für die Phosphoproteomanalytik untersucht. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass für phosphorylierte Peptide keine Suppression der Signale im MALDI-Gerät stattfindet, was eine noch weit verbreitete Meinung in vielen Arbeitsgruppen ist. Auch Versuche zur MALDI-Matrix und deren Kombination mit der Säurekomponente wurden durchgeführt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass es neben DHB in Kombination mit Phosphorsäure momentan keine bessere Matrix-Kombination gibt. Im Hinblick auf die Quantifizierung der Phosphorlyierung eines Proteins konnte exemplarisch am Ovalbumin als Modellsystem eine einfache und valide Quantifizierungsmethode mit Hilfe der Dephosphorylierung entwickelt werden, die nicht die Nachteile von sonst häufig eingesetzten Derivatisierungsreagenzien besitzt.
Ligand stimulation of CD95 induces activation of Plk3 followed by phosphorylation of caspase-8
(2016)
Upon interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand, sequential association of the adaptor molecule FADD (MORT1), pro-forms of caspases-8/10, and the caspase-8/10 regulator c-FLIP leads to the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex. Here, we identify polo-like kinase (Plk) 3 as a new interaction partner of the death receptor CD95. The enzymatic activity of Plk3 increases following interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand. Knockout (KO) or knockdown of caspase-8, CD95 or FADD prevents activation of Plk3 upon CD95 stimulation, suggesting a requirement of a functional DISC for Plk3 activation. Furthermore, we identify caspase-8 as a new substrate for Plk3. Phosphorylation occurs on T273 and results in stimulation of caspase-8 proapoptotic function. Stimulation of CD95 in cells expressing a non-phosphorylatable caspase-8-T273A mutant in a rescue experiment or in Plk3-KO cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the processing of caspase-8 prominently. Low T273 phosphorylation correlates significantly with low Plk3 expression in a cohort of 95 anal tumor patients. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of kinase activation within the Plk family and propose a new model for the stimulation of the extrinsic death pathway in tumors with high Plk3 expression.
HUWE1 E3 ligase promotes PINK1/PARKIN-independent mitophagy by regulating AMBRA1 activation via IKKα
(2018)
The selective removal of undesired or damaged mitochondria by autophagy, known as mitophagy, is crucial for cellular homoeostasis, and prevents tumour diffusion, neurodegeneration and ageing. The pro-autophagic molecule AMBRA1 (autophagy/beclin-1 regulator-1) has been defined as a novel regulator of mitophagy in both PINK1/PARKIN-dependent and -independent systems. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 as a key inducing factor in AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy, a process that takes place independently of the main mitophagy receptors. Furthermore, we show that mitophagy function of AMBRA1 is post-translationally controlled, upon HUWE1 activity, by a positive phosphorylation on its serine 1014. This modification is mediated by the IKKα kinase and induces structural changes in AMBRA1, thus promoting its interaction with LC3/GABARAP (mATG8) proteins and its mitophagic activity. Altogether, these results demonstrate that AMBRA1 regulates mitophagy through a novel pathway, in which HUWE1 and IKKα are key factors, shedding new lights on the regulation of mitochondrial quality control and homoeostasis in mammalian cells.