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Die Mitglieder des Instituts haben im Berichtszeitraum durch ihre Arbeit auf vielfältige Art und Weise daran mitgewirkt, wie in den Vorjahren, einerseits Angebote in die Region zu entwickeln und andererseits die Anstrengungen in Richtung Internationalisierung von Forschung und Lehre zu verstärken. Dabei konnten bestehende Kooperationen genutzt und neue Kooperationspartner gewonnen werden. Darüber hinaus ist das Institut bemüht, einen medienästhetischen Forschungsschwerpunkt im Fachbereich 10 zu etablieren. [...] Die Mitglieder des Instituts haben durch eine rege Publikationstätigkeit (siehe nachfolgende Auflistung), vielfältige Vorträge, öffentliche Stellungnahmen, Interviews und Gespräche in Zeitungen, Rundfunk und Fernsehen dazu beigetragen, dass die Universität Bremen in und außerhalb der Region als Standort einer produktiven kulturwissenschaftlichen DDR- und Deutschlandforschung wahrgenommen wird.
In April 2002 the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Center for Financial Studies (CFS) launched the ECB-CFS Research Network to promote research on “Capital Markets and Financial Integration in Europe”. The ECB-CFS research network aims at stimulating top-level and policy-relevant research, significantly contributing to the understanding of the current and future structure and integration of the financial system in Europe and its international linkages with the United States and Japan. This report summarises the work done under the network after two years. Over time the network formed a coherent and growing group of researchers interested in the integration of European financial markets, while using light organisational structures and budgets. The members of this evolving group met repeatedly at the events organised by the network to present the latest results of their research and to share views on policy options. In this sense, the “network of people” intended at the start was created. Overall, the network aroused great interest, as leading academic researchers, researchers from the main policy institutions and high-level policy makers participated actively in it by presenting research results, through speeches and in policy panels. It also stimulated a new research field on securities settlement systems, an area of high policy relevance and interest to the ECB that had not attracted much interest in the research community beforehand. Also, the network seems to have triggered several related outside initiatives by international institutions, such as the IMF or the OECD. During its first two years the network was organised around three workshops and a final symposium on 10-11 May 2004. To focus research resources and to ensure medium-term policy relevance, a limited number of areas have been given top priority: bank competition and the geographical scope of banking; international portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan; European bond markets; European securities settlement systems; and the emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). In order to stimulate further research focused on the priority fields of the network, the ECB Lamfalussy research fellowships were established. These fellowships sponsor projects proposed by young researchers, both a dvanced doctoral students and younger professors. Five Lamfalussy fellowships were granted in 2003 and five more in 2004. The first papers from this program have already been issued in the ECB working paper series or are forthcoming. One of them won the prize for the best paper written by a Ph.D. student at the 2004 European Finance Association Meetings in Maastricht. Results of the network in the five top priority areas can be summarised as follows: Bank competition and the geographical scope of banking. First, integration does not appear to be very advanced in many retail banking markets. Second, some of the inherent characteristics of traditional loan and deposit business constrain the cross-border expansion of commercial banking, even in a common currency area. Hence, the implementation of some policies to foster cross-border integration in retail banking may be ineffective. Third, theoretical research suggests that supervisory structures may not be neutral towards further European banking integration. Finally, a stronger role of area-wide competition policies could be beneficial for further banking integration. This would also stimulate economic growth, as more competition in the banking sector induces financially dependent firms to grow more. European bond markets. While the government bond market has integrated rapidly with the EMU convergence process, its full integration has not yet been achieved. The introduction of a common electronic trading platform reduced transaction costs substantially, but yield spreads of long-term sovereign bonds of the euro area are still heterogeneous. This is largely explained by different sensitivities to an international risk factor, whereas liquidity differentials only play a role in conjunction with this latter factor. Somewhat surprisingly in this context, the dynamically developing corporate bond market exhibits a relatively high level of integration. There is also increasing evidence that the introduction of the euro has contributed to a reduction in the cost of capital in the euro area, in particular through the reduction of corporate bond underwriting fees. As a result, firms may wish to increase bond financing relative to equity financing. The development of a larger corporate bond market is also important for monetary policy. For example, US evidence suggests that the rating of corporate bonds may contribute to the persistence of recessions, as rating agencies´ policies affect firms asymmetrically in their access to the bond market over the business cycle. US evidence also suggests that liquidity conditions in stock and bond markets tend to be positively correlated. European securities settlement systems. European securities settlement infrastructures are highly fragmented and further integration and/or consolidation would exploit economies of scale that could greatly benefit investors. It is not clear, however, whether direct public intervention in favour of consolidation would lead to the highest level of efficiency, for example because of the existence of strong vertical integration between trading and securities platforms (“silos”). In contrast, promoting open access to clearing and settlement systems could lead to consolidation and the highest level of efficiency. Finally, regarding concerns about unfair practices by Central Securities Depositories (CSDs) toward custodian banks, regulatory interventions favouring custodian banks should be discouraged, as long as CSDs are not allowed to price discriminate between custodian banks and investor banks. The emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). While fairly well integrated, “new markets” and start-up financing are less developed and integrated in Europe than in the United States. However, new markets and venture capitalists are the most important intermediaries for the financing of projects with high risk but with potentially very high return. The analysis carried out within the network reveals that European start-up financiers are mostly institutional investors, while US venture capitalists are mostly rich individuals. Also, new markets are essential for the development of start-up finance in Europe, as they provide an exit strategy for start-up financiers who can then sell new successful projects using initial public offerings. Finally, the legal framework affects the development of venture capital firms. For example, very strict personal bankruptcy laws constrain early stage entrepreneurs, reducing demand for venture capital finance. International portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan. At a global scale, asset market linkages have increased recently. For example, major economies such as the United States and the euro area have become more financially interdependent. This phenomenon can be observed in stock and bond markets as well as in money markets, where the main direction of spillovers has recently been from the US to the euro area. Country-specific shocks now play a smaller role in explaining stock return variations of firms whose sales are internationally diversified. Increases in firmby-firm market linkages are a global phenomenon, but they are stronger within the euro area than in the rest of the world. Various other phenomena also increase market linkages and therefore the likelihood that financial shocks spread across countries. One example is the use of global bonds. Finally, the nowadays more direct access of unsophisticated investors to financial markets may increase volatility. Other areas. Financial integration affects financial structures, but it does not need to lead to their convergence across countries. Financial structures matter for growth, as market-oriented financial systems benefit all sectors and firms, whereas bank-based systems primarily benefit younger firms that depend on external finance. Moreover, good corporate governance increases firms’ value. In particular, the dual board system, where the monitoring and advising roles of the board of directors are separated, is found to dominate the single board structure. Therefore, the further development of the European single market should strongly require good corporate governance. In general, well designed institutions foster entrepreneurial activity, partly by relaxing capital constraints. The results of the network clearly illustrated the substantial effects the introduction of the euro had on euro area financial markets. In addition to the effects on bond markets, stock markets and the cost of capital summarised above, research produced showed that the single currency had its strongest effects on money markets, whose unsecured segment is now completely integrated. Without any doubt the euro generally enhanced the liquidity and efficiency of euro area financial markets, and ongoing initiatives such as the European Union’s Financial Services Action Plan will help to continue this process. In sum, in the first two years the network has established itself as the hub for the research debate on European financial integration. Some of the best papers produced by the network, leading to the conclusions mentioned above, are currently being considered for publication in two special issues of academic journals. An issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy on “European financial integration” is published contemporaneously with this report, and an issue of the Review of Finance is planned for next year. The current policy context, the gradual progress of integration as well as the creation of other related non-ECB or non-CFS initiatives on financial integration suggest that this topic will remain high on the agendas of policy makers and academics for the years to come. Therefore, the ECB Executive Board and the CFS decided to continue the network, refocusing its priorities. Three priority areas have been added: 1) The relationship between financial integration and financial stability, 2) EU accession, financial development and financial integration, and 3) financial system modernisation and economic growth in Europe. These three areas have become particularly important at the current juncture, but have not received particularly strong attention in the first two years of the network. For example, the area of financial stability research was highlighted by the ECB research evaluators as an area deserving further development. Moreover, despite the results found in the first two years of the network, new developments remain to be further explored in the earlier priority areas. A three-year extension is envisaged, running from after the May 2004 symposium until 2007, with two events to be held per year. The threeyear period is long enough to consider the first effects of the Financial Services Action Plan. It also constitutes a realistic horizon for the ambitious agenda implied by the three new priorities. The generally light organisational structure and working of the network will not be changed. In addition, given the value of the Lamfalussy fellowship research program in inducing further research in the areas of the network, the program has also been extended for all the research topics in the area of the network.
Die Mitglieder des Instituts haben im Berichtszeitraum durch ihre Arbeit auf vielfältige Art und Weise daran mitgewirkt, wie in den Vorjahren einerseits Angebote in die Region zu entwickeln und andererseits die Anstrengungen in Richtung Internationalisierung von Forschung und Lehre zu verstärken. Dabei konnten bestehende Kooperationen genutzt und neue Kooperationspartner gewonnen werden. [...] Darüber hinaus haben Mitglieder des Instituts durch eine rege Publikationstätigkeit (siehe nachfolgende Einzelberichte), vielfältige Vorträge, öffentliche Stellungnahmen, Interviews und Gespräche in Zeitungen, Rundfunk und Fernsehen dazu beigetragen, dass die Universität Bremen in und außerhalb der Region als Standort einer produktiven kulturwissenschaftlichen DDR- und Deutschlandforschung wahrgenommen wird.
Die Mitglieder des Instituts haben im Berichtszeitraum durch ihre Arbeit auf vielfältige Art und Weise daran mitgewirkt, wie in den Vorjahren einerseits Angebote in die Region zu entwickeln und andererseits die Anstrengungen in Richtung Internationalisierung von Forschung und Lehre zu verstärken. Dabei konnte bestehende Kooperationen genutzt und neue Kooperationspartner gewonnen werden. [...] Darüber hinaus haben Mitglieder des Instituts durch eine rege Publikationstätigkeit (siehe nachfolgende Einzelberichte), vielfältige Vorträge, öffentliche Stellungnahmen, Interviews und Gespräche in Zeitungen, Rundfunk und Fernsehen sowie im Rahmen von Gutachtertätigkeit für politische Institutionen im Berichtszeitraum dazu beigetragen, dass die Universität Bremen in und außerhalb der Region als Standort einer produktiven DDR- und Deutschlandforschung wahrgenommen wird.
Répertoire des archives : sous-série 2 G ; rapports périodiques ; première tranche ; 1895 - 1940
(2008)
Plan Introduction I/ La localisation des dichotomies saussuriennes dans les deux oeuvres 1)le langage 2)la langue 3)la parole II./ Les composantes textuelles 1)L’instance narrative 2)Les descriptions 3)Les procédés de rhétorique III/ Le langage et l’expression littéraire : Entre appropriation et créativité 1)Les techniques narratives locales 2)L’écriture de l’humour comme stratégie de révolte Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CRELAF (Cercle de Reflexion des Etudiants en Littératures Africaines), Département de Littératures Africaines, Université Omar Bongo, Gabon
This report arises from research carried out in Iganga and Namutumba districts in late 2006/early 2007 by the Cultural Research Centre (CRC), based in Jinja. Our research focus was to gauge the impact of using Lusoga as a medium of instruction (since 2005 in "pilot" lower primary classes) within and outside the classroom. This initiative was in response to a new set of circumstances in the education sector in Uganda, especially the introduction by Government of teaching in local languages in lower primary countrywide from February 2007. This followed an experimental period, in selected pilot districts, including Iganga, where fifteen pilot schools had been chosen: all these became part of this study.
Hitze, Trockenheit und Borkenkäfer haben im Sommer 2003 den Bäumen derart zugesetzt, dass örtlich ganze Waldpartien braun wurden. Auf den Fichten wurde je nach Region eine in diesem Ausmass bisher unbekannte Massenvermehrung des Borkenkäfers (Buchdrucker; Ips typographus) beobachtet. Diese Entwicklung hält weiter an. Wie lange sie dauert, hängt von der Witterung der kommenden Jahre ab. Borkenkäfer kommen zu jeder Zeit in allen Wäldern vor. Im Normalfall sorgen ausgeglichenes Wetter und natürliche Feinde dafür, dass sie nicht Überhand nehmen. Die extreme Witterung im Sommer 2003 hat dazu geführt, dass sich die Käfer explosionsartig vermehren konnten. Verschärft wurde die Situation dadurch, dass die Käfer in den Jahren nach dem Sturm Lothar ihre Population aufbauen konnten. Aber auch dort, wo Lothar keine Schäden verursacht hat, haben Käfer große Lücken in den Wald gerissen. Dass auch Laubbäume im großen Stil braun geworden sind, weist zusätzlich darauf hin, dass das extreme Wetter als Hauptgrund für die Waldschäden angesehen werden muss.
In Lango, Northern Uganda, 20 years of war, cattle rustling and HIV/AIDS have resulted in widespread loss of life, population displacement, and loss of property. In spite of this turmoil, some traditional cultural practices, such as widow inheritance, early child marriage, and widow cleansing continued, although they were increasingly seen to conflict with ‘modern’ development thinking, especially when infringing women and children’s rights. External development actors first tried to address this situation by ‘sensitising’ communities, but with limited success. It however soon became evident that clan leaders were instrumental in perpetuating cultural practices: in the early 2000’s, they became increasingly identified as key actors to address harmful traditions and to resolve conflicts. With the many trials faced by local communities, women’s roles in supporting the family institution and upholding cultural values had however expanded too. Several development organisations were established to address the challenges related to these changes and one was the Lango Female Clan Leaders’ Association, with a focus on promoting girls’ education and access to justice for women. This case study examines the role that these female clan leaders have successfully played in tackling current gender- related challenges. It explores the interface between traditional and modern gender concepts and the value of working with cultural resource persons to address cultural challenges. The study involved desk research, field based semistructure interviews, focus group discussions with 30 respondents and key informants, and a validation write-shop, all held in the course of 2008.
In late 2006/early 2007, the Cultural Research Centre (CRC), with financial and technical support from the Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda, carried out research in Iganga and Namutumba districts to gauge the impact of the introduction of the local language as a medium of instruction in ‘pilot’ lower primary school classes. Our research was in response to new circumstances in Uganda’s education sector, with Government introducing teaching in local languages in lower primary classes from February 2007. This was accompanied by a “thematic curriculum”, to develop early childhood skills that are fundamental to continuing educational performance in numeracy, literacy and life skills. This was a departure from the earlier emphasis on the acquisition of facts in various subjects in primary schools, mostly focusing on recall, and mostly taught in English. This nationwide policy followed a pilot initiative in four districts, including Iganga (later split into Iganga and parts of Namutumba districts), where 15 pilot schools had been chosen. Instruction in Lusoga in Primary 1 to 3 classes started there in 2005, following a period of teacher training. From the outset however, parents, teachers, pupils and others raised questions: was teaching in the local language possible, and would it make a positive difference to learning?
Le présent ouvrage représente la version électronique d’un numéro spécial des Cahiers du Centre d’Études et de Recherche en Lettres Sciences Humaines et Sociales, publié en 2001 par la Direction des Presses Universitaires de l’Université de Ouagadougou, pour l’Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR/LAC & UFR/SH)
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