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Despite antagonizing attempts from the tobacco industry, passive inhalation of tobacco smoke is known to be cancerogenic and toxic to human health for decades. Nonetheless, millions of non-smoking adults and children are still victims of second-hand smoke. Accumulation of particulate matter (PM) in confined spaces such as the car are particularly harmful due to high concentrations. We here aimed to analyze the specific effects of ventilation conditions in the setting of a car. By the use of the measuring platform TAPaC (tobacco-associated particulate matter emissions inside a car cabin), 3R4F reference cigarettes, Marlboro red, and Marlboro gold were smoked in a car interior with a volume of 3.709 m3. Seven different ventilation conditions (C1–C7) were analyzed. Under C1, all windows were closed. Under C2–C7, the car ventilation was turned on power level 2/4 with the air directed towards the windshield. Only the passenger side window was opened, where an outer placed fan could create an airstream speed of 15.9–17.4 km/h at one meter distance to simulate a driving car. C2: Window 10 cm opened. C3: Window 10 cm opened with the fan turned on. C4: Window half-opened. C5: Window half-opened with the fan turned on. C6: Window fully opened. C7: Window fully opened with the fan turned on. Cigarettes were remotely smoked by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter and a cigarette smoking device. Depending on the ventilation condition the cigarettes emitted different mean PM concentrations after 10 min under condition C1 (PM10: 1272–1697 µg/m3, PM2.5: 1253–1659 µg/m3, PM1: 964–1263 µg/m3) under C2, C4, and C6 (PM10: 68.7–196.2 µg/m3, PM2.5: 68.2–194.7 µg/m3, PM1: 66.1–183.8 µg/m3) C3, C5, and C7 (PM10: 73.7–139 µg/m3, PM2.5: 72–137.9 µg/m3, PM1:68.9–131.9 µg/m3). Vehicle ventilation is insufficient to protect passengers from toxic second-hand smoke completely. Brand-specific variations of tobacco ingredients and mixtures markedly influence PM emissions under ventilation conditions. The most efficient ventilation mode to reduce PM exposure was achieved by opening the passenger´s window 10 cm and turning the onboard ventilation on power level 2/4. In-vehicle smoking should be banned to preserve innocent risk groups (e.g., children) from harm.
Die Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche stellt die Bildungsarbeit in Schulen, Kirchgemeinden und in der Gedenkstättenpädagogik vor neue Herausforderungen. Der Artikel beschreibt vor diesem Hintergrund Digitalisierungsprojekte an der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main, die sich mit virtuellen Realitäten, ambivalenten Narrativen und fiktiven Entscheidungssituationen beschäftigen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erhalten dabei das Judentum und die bildungstheoretischen Anliegen einer Didaktik der Multiperspektivität.
Two new species of Perinereis with single bar-shaped paragnaths on area VI (Group 1) from the rocky shores of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, are described with barely (Subgroup 1A) or largely (Subgroup 1B) expanded proximal region of dorsal ligule in posterior parapodia. Perinereis malabarensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the morphologically similar 1B species P. euiini Park & Kim, 2017 by the paragnath count in area I, the laterally isolated paragnaths in area III, and the length of the dorsal cirrus and dorsal ligule. Additionally, P. misrai sp. nov. is more similar to 1A species P. falsovariegata Monro, 1933 and P. villalobosi Rioja, 1947, but differs by the paragnath count in areas III–V and VII–VIII, the isolated paragnaths in area III, and the number of rows in the anterior band of areas VII–VIII. The morphological characters of the current 44 species within Perinereis G1 are compared, and an identification key to the species belonging to this group is also provided.
The taxonomic status of recently described Isophya taxa from Serbia (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae)
(2024)
During recent decades, increasing research of the taxonomy of the genus Isophya resulted in taxonomic descriptions of several new species. The delimitation of these species is mainly based on oscillographic song analysis of the male song in combination with morphological characters, such as the shape of male cerci, tegmina and ovipositor. In the present paper, we used an integrative taxonomic approach in order to resolve the status of four recently described Isophya taxa from Serbia. Based on our molecular and bioacoustic analyses, all analyzed taxa belong to a single species: Isophya modestior. The majority of the morphological characters used to differentiate the taxa showed strong intra- and interpopulational variability, proving that describing new species within the genus Isophya should not rely on morphological characters alone, but needs to consider bioacoustic analyses as the main tool and a larger series of specimens.
A collection of 1149 otoliths of the Ypresian and Ypresian–Lutetian transition (early Eocene) from 18 sites across five states in the eastern and southern regions of the USA was analyzed. In total, 33 otolith-based taxa are documented, of which 27 are identified at the species level. Nine of these are introduced as new species: “Conger” biaculeatus sp. nov., Bauzaia gibbosa sp. nov., Ampheristus brevicaudatus sp. nov., Symmetrosulcus virginicus sp. nov., Neobythites longesulcatus sp. nov., “Neobythites” pamunkeyensis sp. nov., “Neobythites” stringeri sp. nov., Waitakia dorsogibbosa sp. nov., and “Haemulon” ypresiensis sp. nov. The assemblages are distinct when compared to their younger Eocene counterparts in America. This distinction is primarily characterized by the high proportion of the newly introduced species or exclusive Ypresian species. Additionally, we highlight the presence of 10 amphi-Atlantic species originally described in European deposits. Significantly, the composition of the otolith collection supports the interpretation of a shallow-water environment for the sampled sites during the Ypresian. This ecological setting appears to persist into the subsequent middle and late Eocene within the same geographic region.
Sparse sensor networks for Lamb wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) can detect defects in plate-like structures. However, the limited number of sensor positions provides little information to characterize the unknown scatterer. This can be achieved by full wavefield analysis e.g. using Laser Doppler vibrometry measurements.
This paper proposes deconvolution processing that enhances the acoustic wavefield interpretation by increasing the temporal resolution of the underlying ultrasound signals. Applying this preprocessor to the whole wavefield allows improved non-destructive assessment of the defect. This approach is verified experimentally through a case study on an isotropic aluminum plate with four cracks.
The article presents the results of numerical and experimental investigations of guided wave propagation in aluminum plates with variable thickness. The shapes of plate surfaces have been specially designed and manufactured using a CNC milling machine. The shapes of the plates were defined by sinusoidal functions varying in phase shift, which forced the changes in thickness variability alongside the propagation path. The main aim of the study is to analyze the wave propagation characteristics caused by non-uniform thickness. In the first step, the influence of thickness variability on the time course of propagating waves has been analyzed theoretically. The study proves that the wave propagation signals can be determined based on knowledge about the statistical description of the specimen geometry. The histograms of thickness distribution together with the a priori knowledge of the dispersion curves were used to develop an iterative procedure assuming that the signal from the previous step becomes the excitation in the next step. Such an approach allowed for taking into account the complex geometry of the plate and rejecting the assumption about the constant average thickness alongside the propagation path. In consequence, it was possible to predict correctly the signal time course, as well as the time of flight and number of propagating wave modes in specimens with variable thickness. It is demonstrated that theoretical signals predicted in this way coincide well with numerical and experimental results. Moreover, the novel procedure allowed for the correct prediction of the occurrence of higher-order modes.
The topic of the article is the status of translation and homophony in philosophy, psychoanalysis and philology. The article focuses on the question of how translation is carried out using the basic principle of equivalence of meaning by homophony and what effects this can produce. The analysis of two case studies by Freud and Lacan shows that homophonic transfer from one language to another can be extremely productive for the subjective traversal of a phantasm. It is then shown that this is not, however, of purely subjective interest. Werner Hamacher has sketched the future of philology starting from such homophonic translations; Lacan has tried to advance to another theory of language through homophonic formations.
Die TPTZ-Citrat-Methode für die Eisenbestimmung im Serum bzw. Plasma zeichnet sich durch verschiedene Vorteile gegenüber anderen handelsüblichen Methoden aus.
1. Der Eisennachweis wird nur zu 2% durch Kupfer falsch-positiv gestört.
2. Die Farbreaktion erfolgt in Citratpuffer bei einem pH von 2,1 bis 2,5. Dieses Milieu ist günstig für die Freisetzung von Eisen aus der Transferrinbindung und gleichzeitig optimal für die Farbentwicklung. Es verhindert in der Regel Proteinpräzipitation, so daß ohne Enteiweißung gemessen werden kann. Die Freisetzung von Eisen aus Hämoglobin wird minimiert. Die Automation dieses Eisentests ist unproblematisch.
3. Die TPTZ-Citrat-Methode ist kostengünstig im Vergleich zu handelsüblichen Tests. Auf Reagenzienbasis reduziert sich der Preis pro Analyse auf 1/4 bis 1/10.
Insgesamt 311 Stämme gramnegativer harnwegspathogener Enterobacteriaceen und Nonfermenter, davon 200 Isolate aus frischem Urin der täglichen Routine und 111 ausgewählte, bezüglich ihrer Identifikation problematische Keime aus der Stammsammlung des Zentrums der Hygiene, Frankfurt/Main, wurden mit den Systemen RAS-ID-Gramne9, und API 20 E bzw. NE, vergleichend getestet. Das RAS~ID-Gramne9-System benutzt 10 biochemische Reaktionen zur Identifizierung gramnegativer Bakterien sowie 10 Chemotherapeutika zur Resistenzbestimmung. Von den 200 Routinestämmen zeigten 196 (98%), von den 111 Stämmen aus der Stammsammlung 98 (88,3 %) Übereinstimmung. Die gute Übereinstimmung und die schnelle und einfache Handhabung läßt das RAS-ID-Gramne9-System für die Identifizierung harnwegs-pathogener Routinekeime als kostengünstige Alternative zu anderen aufwendigeren Identifizierungssystemen erscheinen.
Das Virus der Frühsommermeningoenzephalitis (FSME) und Borrelia burgdorferi als Erreger der Lyme-Borreliose sind die klinischbedeutsamsten durch Zecken übertragenen Infektionserreger in Europa. Der vorliegende Fall beschreibt eine serologisch gesicherte. Doppelinfektion mit dem FSME-Virus und Borellia burgdorferi bei einer 69jährigen deutschen Patientin nach einem Zeckenstich in einem österreichischen Endemiegebiet. Klinisch bestand zum Zeitpunkt der Krankenhausaufnahme eine ausgeprägte Somnolenz und ein hochgradiges Doppelbildsehen. Ein passive Immunisierung gegen FSME war postexpositionell erfolgt, konnte eine Infektion jedoch nicht verhindern. Eine Doppelinfektion durch beide Erreger wurde durch den serologischen Nachweis von spezifischen IgG und IgM Antikörpern gegen das FSME-Virus und im weiteren Verlauf auch gegen Borrelia burgdorferi im ELISA beziehungsweise im rekombinanten Immunoblot gesichert. Obwohl Doppelinfektionen durch die beiden genannten Erregerselten sind, sollten sie bei zeckenübertragenen Erkrankungen mit untypischem Verlauf in der Differentialdiagnose berücksichtigt werden.
Im vorliegenden Fall wird von einer Fehldiagnose auf der Grundlage eines falsch-reaktiven Anti-HCV-Tests und eines falsch-reaktiven HCV-Nukleinsäureamplifikationstests (NAT) berichtet, die bei einem 58-jährigen chirurgischen Oberarzt im Rahmen einer arbeitsmedizinischen Vorsorgeuntersuchung im krankenhauseigenen Labor gestellt wurde und zu einem knapp zweimonatigen Berufsverbot führte. Basis dieser Fehldiagnose war ein wiederholt schwach reaktiver HCV-Antikörper-ELISA, der mit einem Nukleinsäureamplifikationstest, der ebenfalls schwach positiv ausfiel, überprüft wurde. Ein Antikörperbestätigungs- bzw. Ergänzungstest (Immunoblot) wurde nicht durchgeführt. Die Fehldiagnose ist jedoch nicht durch einen Testfehler, sondern durch ein Missverständnis entstanden, indem beim Kliniker zwei Laborindizien zu einem Beweis aufsummiert wurden.
Die steigende Zahl von Pilzinfektionen, die Entwicklung und Einführung neuer anti-mykotischer Substanzen sowie die Möglichkeit der Resistenzentwicklung unter Therapie mit Antimykotikahaben in der Vergangenheit zu einem ständig wachsenden Bedarf an standardisierten Verfahren zur Empfindlichkeitstestung von pathogenen Pilzen geführt. Hierbei entstand unter anderem eine Vielzahl kommerzieller Testverfahren, bei denen mit Hilfe vorgefertigter Testkits eine einfache und schnelle Durchführung der Empfindlichkeitsprüfung erzielt werden soll. Eine dieser Methoden, welche in manchen Laboratorien in Deutschland angewendet wird, ist das so genannte LD 2Ring-Verfahren, welches auf dem Prinzip der Agardiffusion beruht unter Verwendung vorgefertigter, antimy-kotika-beschichteter Papierringe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieses Verfahren auf seine Reproduzierbarkeit bei der Testung von zehn Qualitätskontrollstämmen hin überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine starke Schwankungsbreite und somit eine schlechte Reproduzierbarkeit, so dass dieses Verfahren zwar für die Bearbeitung von wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen, nicht jedoch für die Routinetestung als geeignet angesehen werden kann. Des Weiteren erfolgte eine Untersuchung auf das Vor-liegen eines so genannten "minor error", man erhält für einen sensiblen Stamm das Ergebnis "resistent", "major error", man erhält für einen intermediären Stamm das Ergebnis "sensibel", und "very major error", man erhaält für einen resistenten Stamm das Ergebnis "sensibel". Hierbei kam es in 16,25% der untersuchten Fälle zum Vorliegen eines "minor errors". Ein "major error" wurde nicht beobachtet
Background: Novel treatments are needed to control refractory status epilepticus (SE). This study aimed to assess the potential effectiveness of fenfluramine (FFA) as an acute treatment option for SE. We present a summary of clinical cases where oral FFA was used in SE.
Methods: A case of an adult patient with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) who was treated with FFA due to refractory SE is presented in detail. To identify studies that evaluated the use of FFA in SE, we performed a systematic literature search.
Results: Four case reports on the acute treatment with FFA of SE in children and adults with Dravet syndrome (DS) and LGS were available. We report in detail a 30-year-old woman with LGS of structural etiology, who presented with generalized tonic and dialeptic seizures manifesting at high frequencies without a return to clinical baseline constituting the diagnosis of SE. Treatment with anti-seizure medications up to lacosamide 600 mg/d, brivaracetam 300 mg/d, valproate 1,600 mg/d, and various benzodiazepines did not resolve the SE. Due to ongoing refractory SE and following an unremarkable echocardiography, treatment was initiated with FFA, with an initial dose of 10 mg/d (0.22 mg/kg body weight [bw]) and fast up-titration to 26 mg/d (0.58 mg/kg bw) within 10 days. Subsequently, the patient experienced a resolution of SE within 4 days, accompanied by a notable improvement in clinical presentation and regaining her mobility, walking with the assistance of physiotherapists. In the three cases reported in the literature, DS patients with SE were treated with FFA, and a cessation of SE was observed within a few days. No treatment-emergent adverse events were observed during FFA treatment in any of the four cases.
Conclusions: Based on the reported cases, FFA might be a promising option for the acute treatment of SE in patients with DS and LGS. Observational data show a decreased SE frequency while on FFA, suggesting a potentially preventive role of FFA in these populations.
Key points
* We summarize four cases of refractory status epilepticus (SE) successfully treated with fenfluramine.
* Refractory SE resolved after 4–7 days on fenfluramine.
* Swift fenfluramine up-titration was well-tolerated during SE treatment.
* Treatment-emergent adverse events on fenfluramine were not observed.
* Fenfluramine might be a valuable acute treatment option for SE in Dravet and Lennox–Gastaut syndromes.
Purpose: Seizures pose a significant burden in patients with primary and secondary brain tumors during the end-of-life period. A wide range of 6 to 56% of clinically observed epileptic seizures at the end of life has been reported. We aimed to analyse the incidence of epileptic seizures at the end of life in brain tumor patients more accurately using not only clinical but also electrophysiological findings.
Methods: This retrospective, single center study included brain tumor patients who died during the stay on the ward or within 7 days after discharge between 01/2015 and 08/2020. Clinical observation of seizures derived from the original medical records and EEG findings (within 45 days prior to death) were analyzed to determine the incidence of seizures in that period.
Results: Of the 68 eligible patients, 50 patients (73.5%) suffered from seizures within 45 days prior to death, of which n = 24 had a status epilepticus. The diagnosis of seizures/ status epilepticus was determined either by the presentation of clinical signs in 45 patients and if not, by the detection of a (possible) non-convulsive status epilepticus in the EEG of five patients.
Conclusion: In the presence of neurologically trained staff and with the frequent use of routine EEG, we were able to identify seizures and to distinguish status epilepticus from encephalopathy/ hypoactive delirium. We detected a higher incidence of seizures and status epilepticus at the end of life in neurooncological patients than previously reported.
The article investigates the results obtained from numerical simulations and experimental tests concerning the propagation of guided waves in corroded steel plates. Developing innovative methodologies for assessing corrosion-induced degradation is crucial for accurately diagnosing offshore and ship structures exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The main aim of the research is to analyze how surface irregularities affect wave propagation characteristics. An investigation was conducted for antisymmetric fundamental mode A0. Specifically, the study examines the asymmetrical wavefronts generated by nonuniform thickness in damaged specimens. Initially, numerical analysis explores the impact of thickness variation on wave field symmetry. Corroded plates with varying levels of degradation are modeled using the random fields approach, with degradation levels ranging from 0 % to 60 %. Subsequently, the research investigates how the standard deviation of thickness distribution (from 5 % to 20 % of the initial thickness) and excitation frequency (from 50 to 150 kHz) influence recorded signals and the shape of reconstructed wavefronts. Each scenario compares wavefront symmetry levels estimated using rotational and bilateral symmetry degrees as indicative parameters. The numerical simulations are complemented by experimental tests conducted on plates with three different degradation levels. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed wave field analysis approach for assessing structural integrity, as evidenced by the agreement between numerical predictions and experimental observations.