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The Bay of Diego-Suarez, considered to be one of the finest and largest natural harbours in the world, is located towards the northernmost tip of Madagascar in the Antsiranana province. Despite its historical and current use as a port, much of its convoluted perimeter is still somewhat untouched, harbouring pristine shorelines and subtidal coral reefs. The position of the bay between other regions in which high marine biodiversity has already been revealed suggests that it may also harbour high biodiversity. However, the relatively long coastline and limited connectivity of the bay with the Indian Ocean, in combination with existing anthropogenic activities, potentially make its marine environments susceptible to a range of environmental impacts including sedimentation, nutrification and pollution. The Frontier-Madagascar Marine Research Programme (FMMRP) became involved in conducting marine ecological survey work in the Bay of Diego-Suarez, north Madagascar, in April 2005, having relocated from its previous base at Anakao in southwest Madagascar. The rationale for the survey programme stemmed from the affiliation of the FMMRP with the Malagasy organisations Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées (ANGAP) and Service d’Appui a la Gestion de l’Environnement (SAGE), who were interested in identifying areas of the bay with particularly healthy coral reef systems. Additional environmental interest in the bay has arisen as a result of its proximity to surrounding terrestrial protected areas such as the newly managed Ramena complex, incorporating Orangea and Montagne des Français, and also Montagne d’Ambre. Since its relocation to the Diego-Suarez area, the FMMRP has compiled over two years’ worth of marine ecological data relating to benthic community composition, fish species abundance and population size structure, frequency of algae and invertebrate indicator species, and physical environmental parameters. Thus there exists an extensive dataset for the Bay of Diego-Suarez, from which details of the current condition of its marine habitats can be investigated and a baseline for temporal monitoring can be established. The primary purpose of this report is to signify the initial detailed dissection of the dataset and demonstrate the conclusions that can be made regarding the ecological status of coral reef systems within the bay. This has mostly involved the examination of benthic data, focusing upon variations in percentage cover of substrata and coral community characteristics as useful structural indicators of reef condition. Additionally, the report includes an assessment of the abundance and distribution of sea urchins and their relation to benthic community patterns, as a demonstration of the ability to interrelate different aspect of the FMMRP dataset to enhance the conclusions that can be drawn. Benthic community data were obtained from 380 line intercept transects conducted in different sectors of the Bay of Diego-Suarez between October 2005 and December 2007, representing a combined distance of 7,600 m. Sediment occupied the greatest overall proportion of the benthos (around 38%), especially in the western areas of the bay. Overall mean hard coral cover was around 15%, and tended to co-vary with other ‘hard’ substrata such as rock and rubble. In total, 38 scleractinian coral genera were recorded during survey work, in addition to a number of unidentified genera. The coral communities of the bay were dominated by Acropora and Porites spp., which comprised around 33% and 20% of total recorded hard coral cover, respectively. Hard coral cover and generic diversity appeared to be positively related. These indicators were greatest in the northeast area opposite the mouth of the bay, reaching mean values of around 37% and 6.8 genera, respectively. Here, the hard coral community was dominated by Acropora spp. and comprised a relatively high proportional cover of Galaxea spp. In the northwest of the bay, coral cover was approximately half as great and consisted primarily of species belonging to the genera Porites and Millepora. Habitats in this area were highly similar in terms of their overall coral community composition. Hard coral cover and diversity were generally lower in the southern portion of the bay, especially in more immediate proximity to the population centre of Diego-Suarez (around 2% and 1.5- 5.5 genera, respectively). Coral community composition was considerably more variable than in the northern portion of the bay. v After sediment and ‘hard’ substrata, seagrass formed the next major interplaying component of the benthic environment (around 10% overall proportional cover). The easternmost areas adjacent to the mouth of the bay were characterised by high seagrass cover, whic h reached around 48%. Little or no seagrass was encountered elsewhere, except at one locality in the northwest (around 13% cover). Macroalgae cover was low and less variable, reaching a maximum value of around 10% adjacent to Diego-Suarez. There were no differences between island and mainland sites in terms of overall benthic substratum characteristics, yet soft coral cover was significantly greater amongst island sectors. Sea urchin abundance data were obtained from 498 belt transects conducted between April 2006 and December 2007, representing a total area of 49,800 m2. A total of 6 species were recorded, of which Diadema setosum comprised by far the greatest relative abundance (96%) and observation frequency (55%). The greatest population densities of this species were encountered in the more exposed areas in the west and northwest, reaching around 1.5 m-2, and very few individuals were recorded in the eastern reaches. Data suggest a possible seasonal increase in D. setosum densities, corresponding with an increase in water temperature towards the end of the year. No significant correlation existed between D. setosum population density and coral cover, although these seemed to be inversely related in the central northern area of the bay. There was also no significant correlation with macroalgae cover. However, D. setosum density was positively and negatively associated with rubble and seagrass cover, respectively. There was a lack of a clear pattern amongst sectors with respect to overall benthic community characteristics, let alone between the density of D. setosum and benthic substratum composition. In conclusion, a relatively detailed map of benthic community composition has been produced for the Bay of Diego-Suarez, which shall be useful in elucidating the primary factors determining the condition of marine environments within the bay and developing effective sustainable management strategies. Further analysis, incorporating additional components of the FMMRP dataset, is required in order to further clarify our understanding of the key issues surrounding the current status of these coral reef systems. It is hoped that continued survey work will enable important long-term ecological monitoring of the marine environment of the bay and assessment of the effectiveness of any management initiatives that may be implemented.
Since independence, the government of Botswana has practiced an exclusive language policy in which only English has been used in government circles at the exclusion of all the 26 languages represented in the country, with a limited use of the national language, Setswana. However, in recent years more positive statements have been heard in Parliament, opening up to recognize the use of other languages in education and society. These statements have provided a conducive environment for Non-governmental organizations to develop other languages for use in education and out-of-school literacy. This paper focuses on the work of one such organization. It reports on a project this organization is undertaking to revive the language and culture of the Wayeyi people in North Western, and Central Botswana. It gives findings on attitudes towards Shiyeyi as a language of instruction for literacy and shows how the preference expressed for Shiyeyi has great potential for a literacy program.
In response to rising anti-Semitism worldwide, including in some of the strongest democracies, the U.S. Congress passed the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004. On October 16, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the legislation into law (Public Law 108-332). The Act requires the U.S. Department of State to document and combat acts of anti-Semitism globally. To advance these goals, the Act mandated a one-time report on anti-Semitic acts, which the U.S. Department of State submitted to the U.S. Congress in January 2005. The Act also established within the U.S. Department of State an Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism. On May 22, 2006, Gregg Rickman was sworn in by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as the first Special Envoy.The U.S. Department of State’s January 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism surveyed anti-Semitic incidents throughout the world. The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the annual Report on International Religious Freedom include country-by-country assessments of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement. The Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism contributes to the anti-Semitism sections of these annual surveys, pursuant to the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act. Both reports have revealed that incidents of anti-Semitism have become more frequent in recent years. Consistent with the U.S. Department of State’s commitment to assess and counter anti-Semitism, this report is provided to the U.S. Congress to further assess contemporary anti-Semitism by exploring anti-Semitic themes and practices. This report is meant to be used as a resource for increasing understanding of and informing public discourse about contemporary forms of anti-Semitism and for shaping policies to combat anti-Semitism worldwide.
Fahrtabschnitt MSM 07/1 Transit Rostock - Las Palmas. Fahrtabschnitt MSM 07/2a Auf der Transitreise zwischen Las Palmas de Canaria und Walfischbai wird die Wirkung unterschiedlicher biogeochemischer Grundbedingungen auf Produktions/ Abbau-Gleichgewichte in den primären Ebenen des pelagischen Ökosystems untersucht. Auf einem Schnitt über den Äquator stehen die physikalischdynamischen Prozesse im äquatorialen Stromsystem im Vordergrund. Vor dem Kunene-Fluß sollen die benthischen Besiedlungsmuster mit funktionellen Mustern der Austauschdynamik zwischen Sediment und Wasser in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Fahrtabschnitt MSM 07/2b Die deutsche IMBER-Initiative (GIMBER) untersucht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen biologischen Ökosystemkomponenten, biogeochemischen und physikalischen Prozessen und menschlichen Einflüssen auf marine Ökosysteme. Im Benguela- Auftrieb wird untersucht, wie Effekte struktureller Unterschiede der primärproduzierenden Gemeinschaft (Flagellaten-/Diatomeen-plankton) weiter in das Nahrungsnetz propagieren und die trophischen Beziehungen in höheren Ebenen beeinflussen. Für wichtige pelagische Gruppen wie Copepoden, Euphausiaceen, gelatinöses Zooplankton, Fischlarven und mesopelagisches Nekton werden mit modernsten Methoden Daten zu Abundanz, Vertikalverteilung, Nahrungsspektren, Trophodynamik und physiologischen Raten erhoben. Sie bilden die Grundlage für trophische und biogeochemische Modelle im Rahmen des geplanten GIMBERProgramms und sollen Aufschluss über zu erwartende Folgen eines Regimewechsels in heimischen Gewässern geben. Synopsis Fahrtabschnitt MSM 07/3 Der dritte Fahrtabschnitt ist besonders auf die Durchführung von physiologischen Experimenten an Bord des Schiffes zugeschnitten. Aufbauend auf die großflächigere hydrographische und planktologische Aufnahme im Untersuchungsgebiet während des vorangegangenen Fahrtabschnittes sowie aktuellen Satellitenbildern zur Temperatur- und Chlorophyll-a Verteilung werden Organismen für die Experimente gefangen. Dabei werden in aussichtsreichen Gebieten kurze, küstennormale Schnitte bearbeitet, auf denen verschiedene Netze mit unterschiedlichsten Maschenweiten zum Einsatz kommen. Verschiedene Gruppen von Plankton werden untersucht: Copepoden, Euphausiaceen und Fischlarven stehen im Mittelpunkt. Über die in-situ Verteilung der Organismen werden Untersuchungen mit einem undulierenden Videoplanktonrekorder (OKI) Auskunft geben. Zum Abschluss der Stationsarbeiten wird ein Süd-Nord-Schnitt auf 11°30´O, der sich von 19 bis 14° S erstrecken soll. Die lange Überfahrt aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet nach Mindelo, Kapverden, wird für intensive physiologische Untersuchungen an Bord genutzt werden.
Als ursprünglicher Felsbewohner fühlt sich der anpassungsfähige Steinmarder in Dörfern und Städten wohl. Dort fi ndet er ausreichend Nahrung und vielfältige Unterschlupfmöglichkeiten. So erstaunt es nicht, dass Marder ins Siedlungsgebiet ausweichen, wenn sie auf dem Land kein Revier festigen können. Da der Steinmarder ein nachtaktiver Einzelgänger ist, kreuzt er unseren Weg nur selten. Der hervorragende Kletterer hält sich aber gerne in unseren Dachgeschossen auf, sei es zur Aufzucht von Jungen oder um sich tagsüber zu verstecken. Diese Publikation zeigt die Problematik von Mardern in Siedlungsräumen auf, gibt Lösungsvorschläge und Verhaltensmaßnahmen.
Un moment de ma vie
(2008)
Mit Interesse habe ich den "Spiegel" Nr. 39/08 gelesen und war besonders angetan vom Beitrag "Goethes allmächtige Fee" über Ghibellino sowie dessen Interview. 2003 war sein inzwischen so gelesenes wie umstrittenes Buch "Goethe und Anna Amalia - Eine verbotene Liebe?" erschienen (3. Aufl., Weimar 2007); die akademische Wissenschaft, besonders die wie immer weltfremden Weimarer jener Institute mit den stets wechselnden Namen, protestierte. Ulrike Krenzlin wertet Ghibellinos Buch in den "Weimarer Beiträgen" 4/2007 als zumindest debattenwürdig und ernstzunehmend. So denke ich auch. Sehr ernst sogar!...
Waldränder brauchen Pflege. Sie werden sonst gleichförmig oder wachsen ins offene Land. Wertvolle Waldränder sind buchtenreich, unregelmäßig und artenreich, mit vorgelagertem Strauchgürtel und Krautsaum. Von Waldrandaufwertungen und Pflege eingriffen profitieren die Waldwirtschaft, Landwirtschaft und Natur. Dieses Merkblatt beschäftigt sich mit der Aufwertung und Pflege von Waldrändern
Mit den Schaubuden-Attraktionen vergangener Zeiten würde man in unseren reizund bilderüberfluteten Zeiten bei den Bevölkerungsschichten, die ehedem den Großteil der Besucher stellten, wahrscheinlich wenig Anklang finden. "Was uns verloren gegangen ist, ist die sympathische, lebenswarme, vielleicht ein bisschen kindliche und naive, im Grunde aber doch sehr herzerfrischende Verwunderung." Trotzdem lebt er weiter, der soeben und im Folgenden noch oft eindringlich dokumentierte Schaubuden-Zauber. Eine Art Erinnerung an etwas, das nie wirklich gesehen, erlebt wurde, eine Erinnerung, die sich aus Rudimenten eigener und fremder Bilder, Erfahrungen, Wünsche und Vorstellungen zusammensetzt. ...
The Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) is a large tribe of worldwide distribution with approximately 26 genera and 230 species. Fourteen genera and 113 species are found in the Neotropical region. Knowledge of the tribe in the Neotropics is fragmentary, necessitating further studies that address taxonomy, biology, and geographical distribution patterns. This study surveyed the Oryctini of the Brazilian Amazon. The composition of the group in the study area consisted of 7 genera, 18 species and 2 subspecies found in 7 states, 91 municipal districts, and approximately 167 specific localities. States with larger number of species are Amazonas and Pará, with 17 and 13 species respectively. Heterogomphus eteocles Burmeister, Heterogomphus aidoneus (Perty), Heterogomphus telamon Burmeister, Megaceras crassum Prell, and Megaceras laevipenne Prell are reported for the first time from the study area. Megaceras laevipenne is reported for the first time from Brazil. The taxonomy, descriptions, distribution maps, and biological and ecological data are provided for all species. A character analysis is provided as well as an identification key for all oryctine species that occur in the Brazilian Amazon.
Bibliografie Meinrad Inglin
(2008)
Es existiert bisher keine vollständige Bibliografie Meinrad Inglins. Diese Arbeit ist ein Ansatz dazu. Ich verweise auf die grundlegende, recht ausführliche Publikation von Beatrice von Matt mit dem Titel: „Meinrad Inglin. Eine Biographie“, Atlantis Verlag, Zürich, 1976. Die hier vorliegende Bibliographie beinhaltet die Primärwerke, listet die Adaptionen auf und umfasst in der Sekundärliteratur eine Reihe bis heute erschienenen Publikationen und Artikel über den Autor und dessen Werke.
Ziel des Projekts „Fischfreundliche Renaturierung am Bodensee“ (FIREBO) war es, den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Substrate und Substratmischungen, die bei Renaturierungen Anwendung finden können, auf Fische und bodenlebende wirbellose Tiere zu ermitteln. Diese limnologischen Ergebnisse sollen in die Optimierung künftiger Renaturierungsmaßnahmen münden. So wurden zum Niedrigwasserstand im März 2006 in Friedrichshafen-Fischbach (Baden-Württemberg) und Hard (Vorarlberg) jeweils fünf Probeflächen angelegt, die aus Substraten unterschiedlicher Korngrößen bestanden. Diese Flächen wurden zwischen April und Oktober zweiwöchentlich beprobt. Nach Auswertung der Daten konnten an den zwei Probestellen am Nord- und Südufer des Bodensees zum einen unterschiedliche Artenzusammensetzungen trotz gleicher Eigenschaften der verbauten Substrate nachgewiesen werden. Zum anderen bestanden Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Flächen in Bezug auf ihre Artenvielfalt. Die im Gewässerboden lebenden Organismen (Makrozoobenthos) die maßgeblich zur Unterscheidung der Orte beitrugen, waren Dreikantmuschel (Dreissena polymorpha), Wasserassel (Asellus aquaticus) und die Zuckmückengruppe der Orthocladiinae. Mit höheren Häufigkeiten kamen diese in Hard vor, während die Eintagsfliege Centroptilum luteolum und die Zuckmücken häufiger in Fischbach auftraten. Die Arten in Hard waren vornehmlich Besiedler von gröberen Steinen und Blocksteinen, wohingegen in Fischbach die Feinsubstratbewohner dominierten. Generell wurde eine Tendenz der meisten Arten zu den Grobkiesflächen festgestellt, wobei durchaus Ausnahmen zu verzeichnen waren. So wurden etwa von Asellus aquaticus die höchsten Häufigkeiten und Biomassen auf den Mittelkiesflächen mit Blöcken nachgewiesen. Flohkrebse waren ebenfalls häufig auf diesen Flächen zu finden, wobei der große Höckerflohkrebs Dikerogammarus villosus zudem auch andere verschieden zusammengesetzte Substrate, wie Grobkies mit Blöcken als Lebensraum nutzte. Im Allgemeinen waren die reinen Mittelkiesflächen eher schlechter besiedelt. Blöcke auf den Flächen steigerten die Häufigkeiten und Biomassen. Eine Datenanalyse der acht häufigsten Fischarten lies eine Aussage über die Vorlieben verschiedener Fischgruppen zu. So bevorzugten die bodennah lebenden Arten grobes, heterogenes Material wie Grobkies, Gerölle oder Blöcke. Über der Sedimentoberfläche schwimmende Arten zeigten unterschiedliche Präferenzen und die vier Freiwasserarten, zu denen ausschließlich Karpfenartige gehörten, zeigten einen Trend in Richtung der feineren, homogenen Substrate wie Mittelkies aber auch Mittelkies mit darauf liegenden Blöcken. Für künftige Renaturierungen können aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse Mischungen grober Substrate empfohlen werden. Allerdings darf diese Aussage nicht zu pauschalisierten Verfahren führen. Vielmehr spielen die lokalen Substratverhältnisse, der natürliche oder der Referenzzustand eine sehr wichtige Rolle für die Auswahl der jeweils optimalen Substratklasse. Darüber hinaus sollten neben der Substratwahl auch die Schaffung geeigneter Uferstrukturen (beispielsweise Seehaag, Buchten) berücksichtigt werden. Dies kann durch die Auswahl von Substraten, die durch die Kräfte des Sees selbst organisiert werden können, zumindest teilweise unterstützt werden.
Classificatory changes are made for some taxa of New World Melolonthinae based on the examination of specimens (including type specimens) and a reevaluation of some of the characters used to justify previous classification decisions. Blepharotoma angustata (Blanchard) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Aplodema Blanchard. The Neotropical members of the genus Heteronyx Guérin-Méneville are transferred to the genus Blepharotoma resulting in the following new combinations: Blepharotoma boliviana (Moser), Blepharotoma corumbana (Moser), Blepharotoma cuyabana (Moser), Blepharotoma heynei (Moser), and Blepharotoma schencklingi (Moser). The genus Blepharotoma is transferred from the tribe Liparetrini to the tribe Sericoidini. The genus Aplodema and the junior synonym Haplodema Harold are transferred from the tribe Liparetrini to the tribe Sericoidini and synonymized with the genus Sericoides Guérin-Méneville. Sericoides magellanica (Blanchard) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Aplodema and placed as a senior synonym of Apterodema acuticollis Fairmaire (new synonymy). Ampliodactylus (new genus) is described for two southern South American species: Ampliodactylus marmoratus (Curtis) (new combination) and Ampliodactylus vestitus (Philippi) (new combination). The genus Chremastodus Solier is placed in synonymy with the genus Macrodactylus Dejean (Macrodactylini) and Chremastodus pubescens Solier is placed as a junior synonym of Macrodactylus chilensis Solier (new synonymy). Macrodactylus crassipes Philippi and Macrodactylus nigrinus Philippi are placed as junior synonyms of Macrodactylus farinosus Philippi (new synonymies). The genus Astaenosiagum Martínez is placed in synonymy with the genus Pristerophora Harold (Macrodactylini). Pristerophora longipes (Philippi) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Astaenosiagum and Schizochelus ursulus Philippi is placed as a junior synonym of this species (new synonymy). Pristerophora paulseni (new species) is described. Pristerophora picipennis (Solier) is placed as a senior synonym of Schizochelus breviventris Philippi (new synonymy) and Schizochelus serratus Philippi (new synonymy). Pusiodactylus (new genus) is described for two southern South American species: Pusiodactylus mondacai (new species) and Pusiodactylus flavipennis (Philippi) (new combination). The genus Paulosawaya Martínez and D'Andretta is placed in synonymy with the genus Clavipalpus Laporte (Macrodactylini) resulting in the new combination Clavipalpus ornatissima (Martínez and D'Andretta). The following replacement names are proposed for three junior secondary homonyms the genus Plectris LePeletier and Serville: Plectris evansi (new name) for Plectris cinerascens Moser (junior secondary homonym of Plectris cinerascens (Blanchard)), Plectris katovichi (new name) for Plectris bonariensis Frey (junior secondary homonym of Plectris bonariensis (Bruch)), and Plectris tacoma (new name) for Plectris comata (Blanchard) (junior secondary homonym of Plectris comata (Blanchard)).
Rwanda entered independence following a transition marked by violent internecine conflict. The conflict was stoked by the departing colonial rulers as they sought to place control of the levers of state in the hands of an ethnic majority, which they had hitherto marginalised in favour of a minority they now sought to exclude. It carried on into the country’s post-colonial politics. For nearly three decades Rwanda’s postcolonial rulers presided over an ethnocracy that perpetuated the negative colonial legacy of ethnic division. They systematically practiced a politics of exclusion and repression that placed the country’s long-term stability under threat, eventually led to civil war, and culminated in the genocide of 1994. After the genocide and the defeat and overthrow of the ancien regime of ethnic supremacists, the new ruling elite - most of whom had spent nearly three decades in exile or been born there - embarked on re-building a collapsed state and re-ordering the country’s politics. The last fourteen years have witnessed deliberate efforts to re-orient the country away from three decades of politics of division and exclusion under the First and Second Republics, towards a system which privileges national reconciliation and unity, equity, and inclusion. This paper examines developments in post-1994 Rwanda against the background of pre-1994 politics and society, and the factors that led to and facilitated the war that culminated in the genocide and eventual overthrow of the Second Republic. It provides insights into the efforts and achievements made by the new ruling elites in pursuit of long-term peace and stability. A great deal, however, remains inadequately explored, including political organisation and the role of political parties, economic reform and management, and the reform and management of the security sector, all of which are the focus of on-going research.
1 Introdução Os falantes da língua Xingoni são os descendentes do grupo etnolinguístico oriundo das migrações dos Nguni. No mfecane, causado pelas guerras do Shaka Zulu e Dingiswayo, numerosas populações foram movimentadas em vastas zonas geográficas de África Austral. Essas ondas demográficas chegaram até a província de Cabo Delgado. Xingoni é a variante de referência, falada nos distritos de Montepuez, Nangade, Meluco, Mueda, Muidumbe e Nangade. Existe a probabilidade da existência de mais falantes do Xingoni na província do Niassa, no distrito de Milepa e na província de Tete, concretamente no distrito de Angônia. Fora do território nacional, o Xingoni é também falado no Malawi e na Tanzânia. Também se ouve falar duma língua Xingoni na Zâmbia. Dado que a língua Xingoni pertence às línguas moçambicanas menos estudadas, achei oportuno convidar um grupo de falantes ao workshop “Descubra a sua língua” que teve lugar em Abril deste ano. Juntaram-se aos outros participantes e desenvolveram actividades que culminaram na produção desta versão experimental daquilo que mais tarde se possam tornar “Algumas Notas gramaticais sobre a língua Xingoni.” O modelo da descrição segue os mesmos princípios que norteavam as notas gramaticais das línguas Emakhuwa, Etakwane, Imarenje e Ekoti. Espero que essas notas possam servir de modelo e inspiração para elaborar mais descrições gramaticais nas línguas menos estudadas. Oliver Kröger Assessor linguístico da SIL Moçambique Nampula, dia 3 de Agosto de 2006