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Background: In the Computer Tomography imaging, examinations for the diagnosis of lesions of the upper abdomen currently use water-soluble, iodinated, non-ionic contrast agents with low molecular weight. One possibility to reduce the time of the examination and X-ray exposure is to increase the injection rate. However, higher injections rates lead to increased hypersensitivity reactions and extravasation rates. Furthermore, cardiac pump function does not always allow for the transportation of such a large volume within one heartbeat. With a contrast agent of higher iodine concentration, the injection rate may be reduced without decreasing the iodine delivery rate while reducing the volume load of the heart.
Aim: to compare the performance and image quality of two injection protocols of contrast medium for multiphasic CT imaging of malignant hepatic lesions; one using Imeron 300 at an injection rate of 5 ml/ sec and the second using Imeron 400 at an injection rate of 3,7 ml/ sec, for multiphasic CT imaging of malignant hepatic lesions, in order to optimise the iodine concentration and injection rate of the contrast agent Imeron in the Multislice Spiral-CT of the upper abdomen.
Materials and methods: the current prospective, single centre, double-blinded, randomised and interindividual comparison study included 50 patients (29 males and 21 females) with a mean age of 63,3 years. Patients were randomised to one of the two injection protocols. Image evaluation included qualitative assessment (technical quality, presence of artefacts and overall contrast quality) and quantitative assessment (measuring the difference in HU between the lesion and the surrounding hepatic tissue). The difference between both protocols was tested for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and the Two-Sample t-test.
Results: there was no statistically significant difference between both protocols regarding the technical quality of images, both in the AP (p = 0,46) and in the venous phase (p = 0,48). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was found regarding the presence of artefacts related to the contrast medium, both in the AP (p = 0,46) and in the venous phase (p = 0,46), as well as regarding the overall contrast quality of images both in the AP (p = 0,50) and in the venous phase (p = 0,48). Quantitative assessment showed no statistically significant difference regarding the difference in HU measurement between the hepatic lesion and the surrounding hepatic tissue, both in the AP (p = 0,36) and in the venous phase (p = 0,92).
Conclusion: in the multiphasic CT imaging of the liver, reducing the injection rate of the contrast medium Imeron from 5 ml/ sec to 3,7 ml/ sec while increasing the iodine strength of the agent from 300 to 400 mg/ml, respectively, and thus keeping the iodine injection flow rate constant, produces similar signal intensities and results in similar technical, image and overall contrast qualities..
Keywords: Contrast-medium, injection rate, iodine concentration, hepatic malignancy, multiphasic CT
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with an onset in early development. ASD has varying degrees of severity and thus affects people differently throughout their lives. Early diagnosis of ASD is essential to provide children with individually-tailored support.8 Eye-tracking may contribute to an earlier diagnosis: Several studies showed differences in eye movements between people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing controls (TD). Different eye movements may contribute to different visual perception that perpetuates to problems in attention, communication and social interaction.
Eye movements are divided into: (1) Fixations (2) Saccades (fast and short eye movements) and (3) Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements (SPEM). SPEM follow the target in a continuous manner. The latter are the subject of the present thesis. SPEM consist of two phases: the open loop phase (= phase of initiation, first 50- 100ms) and the closed loop phase (= phase of maintenance, after about 100ms). SPEM are usually measured by a gain index. It is defined as the ratio of smooth pursuit velocity and visual target velocity and ideally equals to 1.2
In young children, corneal-reflection (CR) eye-tracking is usually applied to quantify eye movement. It allows precise measurements without the use of potentially intrusive devices.
Studies in ASD reported deficits in open loop and closed loop pursuit in children and adults with a mean age of 19.32 (TD) and 20.04 (ASD) years. However, SPEM in preschoolers with ASD remain understudied, although this developmental phase is crucial to the development of non-social and social attentional abilities.
In the present study 66 toddlers and preschoolers (18 to 72 months; ASD: n = 33, TD: n = 33) with matched cognitive abilities and sex were assessed. The main objective was to compare the gain index (Smooth Pursuit Gain = SPG). SPEM were compared between groups with gain index as a dependent measure. We hypothesized that participants with ASD show lower average gain compared to the control group.
We could show a significant group influence on the gain when considering interactions between target velocity and group (p = 0.041). The TD group showed a greater dependence on the increasing object speed than the ASD group with a trend of -0.30 ± 0.11 in the TD group and a trend of -0.13 ± 0.12 in the ASD group. Across groups, the gain decreased with increasing target velocity and dropped faster in vertical than in horizontal trials. Additionally, participants showed a lower SPG in vertical sequences than in horizontal sequences. This supports the general validity of the measure.
Toddlers and preschoolers represent a group that has been subject of little research to date. In addition, there has been only a limited number of studies analyzing SPEM in ASD. To check for a possible group difference without interactions a study with a larger sample size at fixed target velocity and target direction should follow.
Mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs) are membraneless, highly specialized compartments that play an essential role in the post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. This regulation is crucial for maintaining energy production, controlling metabolic functions and ensuring homeostasis in cells. Dysregulation of mitochondrial genes has been linked to various human diseases, including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders as well as certain types of cancer.
MRGs are composed of different RNA species, including mitochondrial precursor RNA (pre-RNA), mature tRNAs, rRNAs and mRNAs complexed with multiple proteins involved in RNA processing and mitoribosome assembly. However, despite the significance of MRGs, their protein composition, structural organization, stability and dynamics during stress conditions remain elusive. In the study reported here, I adopted a three-step approach to address the aforementioned fundamental issues.
First and foremost, I identified the protein composition of MRGs and unveiled their architectural complexity. To characterize the MRG proteome, I applied the cutting-edge TurboID-based proximity labeling approach combined with quantitative mass spectrometry. Proximity labeling was conducted on 20 distinct MRG-associated human proteins, resulting in the identification of more than 1,700 protein-protein interactions. This expansive dataset enabled me to create a comprehensive network, providing valuable insights into both the (sub)architecture as well as the core structure of MRGs in-depth.
Secondly, I investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of MRGs under various mitochondrial stress conditions. To monitor the morphological alterations and compositional changes of MRGs, I utilized time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy and proteomics, respectively. In this analysis, I applied IMT1, the first specific inhibitor that selectively targets mitochondrial transcription. Using this methodology, I pinpointed precise conditions that triggered MRGs’ disassembly during stress, followed by their reassembly when nascent RNA production was restored. The results of this examination elucidate that MRGs are highly dynamic and stress adaptive structures, capable of rapid dissolution and reassembly, a process closely connected to mitochondrial transcription.
Thirdly, I aimed to explore the impact of RNA turnover on MRGs’ integrity during stress, employing confocal fluorescence microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR. I observed that depletion of MRG proteins associated with RNA degradation counteracts MRGs’ disassembly under stress conditions, a phenomenon attributed to the accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). These results emphasize the critical role of pre-RNA turnover in maintaining MRG integrity and reveal that MRGs can be stabilized by dsRNA.
Taken together, the comprehensive investigation reported in this thesis has substantially broadened and deepened our understanding of MRGs’ complexity. By identifying their molecular structure and dynamics, I have gained significant insights into the fundamental characteristics and biological functions of MRGs in cellular processes. This knowledge contributes to the identification of disease-related pathways linked to mitochondrial gene expression and may inspire future studies to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Inflammation is a crucial host defense mechanism activated in response to injury or infection. Its primary goal is to eliminate the source of the disturbance, repair the damaged tissue, and restore homeostasis. Inflammatory processes can be recognized through increased blood flow, higher vascular permeability, and the recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the tissue. A pathogen-induced inflammation triggers various pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Local tissue cells and Toll-like receptors call upon innate immune cells like neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocytes to respond to the intruder. They move across the endothelium and respond to local signals by releasing mediators or cytotoxic compounds, phagocytosing, or polarizing. To study local pathogen-induced inflammation, a zymosan-induced inflammation model was used in the hind paws of mice, which caused a Toll-like receptor 2 mediated inflammation. Multi-Epitope-Ligand-Cartography (MELC) was used for multiple sequential immunohistochemistry with 40 different antibodies on the same tissue. Bioinformatic analysis and graphical representation revealed a specific inflammatory architecture consisting of three major areas based on macrophage polarization and their cellular neighborhoods: a core region containing the pathogen, a pro-inflammatory region containing M1-like macrophages, and a region containing anti-inflammatory cells. This discovery highlights the coexistence of pro- and antiinflammatory processes during an ongoing inflammation and challenges the concept of a gradual temporal transition from pro- to anti-inflammation. Flow cytometry of the whole paw was performed to support and refine the MELC results. Eosinophils were used as a specific immune cell population to investigate their role in the inflammatory structure. They were found to be present in all three inflammatory regions, adapting their cytokine profile according to their localization. Depleting eosinophils reduced Interleukin 4 (IL-4)- levels, increased edema formation, and mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities during inflammation resolution. In the absence of eosinophils, pro- and anti-inflammatory region could not be determined in the inflammatory architecture, neutrophil numbers increased, and efferocytosis and M2-macrophage polarization were reduced. IL-4 administration restored these regions, normalized neutrophil numbers, efferocytosis, M2-macrophage polarization, and resolution of zymosan-induced hypersensitivity. The results show that eosinophils expressing IL-4 support the resolution of inflammation by enabling the development of an anti-inflammatory framework that encloses pro-inflammatory regions.
Inflammation is a regulated reaction of the body to control a threat such as infection or injury. An efficient resolution of inflammation is critical to prevent the development of chronic inflammation and to restore tissue homeostasis. Macrophages (Mf) play a crucial role in the onset, but also in the resolution of inflammation, because they phagocytose and eliminate pathogens and tissue debris. Efficient efferocytosis, i.e. the engulfment of apoptotic cells, represents an important trigger for the onset of the resolution response and contributes to the pro-resolving reprogramming of Mf. Despite the importance of post- transcriptional modes of regulation during the resolution phase and translational control as a key node modulating gene expression in immune cells, relevant translational alterations remain largely elusive.
In the present study, I aimed to identify translationally regulated targets in inflammatory primary murine Mf upon resolution-promoting efferocytosis. To this end, I used total RNA-sequencing as well as de novo proteomics analyses to determine global transcriptional and translational changes. Sequencing data confirmed that efferocytosis induced a pro-resolution signature in inflammatory Mf and pointed towards translational regulation because the related integrated stress response was enriched upon efferocytosis. While changes of gene expression between efferocytic and non-efferocytic Mf appeared rather small at the transcriptional level, I observed considerable differences at the level of de novo synthesized proteins. This finding suggests a regulation at the level of translation. Furthermore, the tight connection between translational and metabolic changes was confirmed by enriched metabolism-associated terms of targets upregulated by efferocytosis at both RNA and de novo protein level. Interestingly, analysis of translationally regulated targets in response to inflammatory stimulation showed reduced translation for most targets, with only little impact of efferocytosis. Among those targets, I identified pro-resolving matrix metallopeptidase 12 (Mmp12) as a novel candidate, which showed translational repression during early inflammation and translational increase during the resolution phase. Noteworthy, a first indicator for a potential translation regulatory component of Mmp12 were the extremely high mRNA levels and not overly high de novo protein levels. Validation experiments recapitulated a slight elevation of Mmp12 mRNA expression and a significant downregulation of MMP12 intracellular protein levels in inflammatory Mf, as observed in the RNA-seq and de novo proteomics datasets. To investigate whether the discrepancy in mRNA and protein expression were due to changes in translation, I applied polysomal fractionation analysis to determine the translational status of Mmp12. Inflammatory Mf displayed a significantly lower relative Mmp12 mRNA abundance in the late polysomes compared to naïve Mf, suggesting reduced translational efficiency upon inflammatory stimulation. Consequently, extracellular MMP12 levels in the supernatant of inflammatory Mf decreased, although with a slight delay.
The functional impact of attenuated Mmp12 translation upon inflammatory stimulation was assessed in migration assays. While siRNA-mediated knockdown of Mmp12 did not alter Mf migration on uncoated plates, it increased migration 3-fold on matrigel/elastin-coated plates. Importantly, the increase in migrated distance driven by siMmp12 could be lowered by the addition of exogenous recombinant MMP12 protein. In line with reduced Mmp12 translation and MMP12 protein in inflammatory Mf, I observed a significant increase in cell migration on matrigel/elastin-coated plates, while it remained unaltered on uncoated plates. Consequently, Mf elastase MMP12 degrades elastin, thereby cell migration along elastin fibers is diminished. In inflammatory Mf, Mmp12 is translationally downregulated, thereby enhancing the migratory capacity.
In summary, the present study identifies a substantial contribution of translational regulation in the course of inflammation shown by high changes between inflammatory naïve and efferocytic Mf at the de novo proteomic level. Specifically, I was able to determine the translational regulation of pro-resolving Mmp12, which is repressed during early inflammation and recovers during the resolution phase. Functionally, translational control of MMP12 emerged as a strategy to alter the migratory properties of Mf, enabling enhanced, matrix- dependent migration of Mf during the early inflammatory phase, while restricting migration during the resolution phase.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play essential roles in mediating inflammation and its resolution. PUFA metabolites generated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) - soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) axis are known to regulate macrophage activation/polarization but little is known about their role in the resolution of inflammation. Monocytes were isolated from murine bone marrow or human peripheral blood and differentiated to naïve macrophages (M0). Thereafter cells were polarized using LPS and IFNγ (M1), IL-4 (M2a), or TGFβ1 (M2c). Gene expression was analyzed by RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Phagocytosis of zymosan and oxo-LDL were also assessed in vitro. Zymosan-induced peritonitis combined with immune cell profiling was used to evaluate the resolution of inflammation in vivo. The expression of sEH was comparable in M0, M1 and M2a macrophages but markedly elevated in M2c polarized cells. The increase in sEH expression elicited by TGFβ relied on the TGFβ receptor ALK5 and the phosphorylation of SMAD2, which was able to bind to the sEH promoter. In macrophages lacking sEH, M2c polarization was incomplete and characterized by lower levels of pro-resolving phagocytosis associated receptors (Tlr2 and Mrc1), as well as higher levels of the pro-inflammatory markers; Nlrp3, IL-1β and TNFα. Fitting with the failure to upregulate phagocytosis associated receptors, the uptake of zymosan and ox-LDL was less efficient in M2c macrophages from sEH-/- mice. The latter animals also demonstrated a retarded resolution of inflammation (zymosan-induced peritonitis) in vivo with fewer resident macrophages and recruited macrophages. PUFA profile analysis indicated decreased sEH substrates e.g., 11, 12-EET, as well as increased sEH products e.g., 11, 12-DHET, indicating an increased sEH activity in M2c macrophages. Taken together, our data indicates that sEH expression is required for the effective M2c polarization of macrophages and thus the resolution of inflammation.
Pericytes are capillary-associated mural cells involved in the maintenance and the stability of the vascular network. This thesis aims to investigate the role of pericytes in the heart in the context of ageing and disease. We highlight the malignant effects of the remodelling in the heart and stress the focus on the role of cardiac pericytes in this context. We show that ageing reduces pericyte coverage and that myocardial infarction (MI) causes an activation of these cells. Single-nuclei and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of murine hearts further revealed that the expression of the Regulator of G-protein signalling 5 (Rgs5) is reduced in cardiac pericytes both in ageing and transiently at day 1 and day 3 after MI. The loss of RGS5 in pericytes drives an entropic state of these mural cells characterized by morphological changes, excessive extracellular deposition and enhanced Gaq mediated GPCR signalling. The deletion of RGS5 in pericytes causes cardiac systolic dysfunction, induces myocardial fibrosis, and drives the activation of cardiac fibroblasts in a TGFb-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results describe the importance of pericytes maintaining cardiac homeostasis, identify RGS5 as a key regulator of this process and propose pericytes as crucial mediators of cardiac fibrosis and possible therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the most common type of aortic aneurysm, which is defined as a dilation of the abdominal aorta over 3.0 cm or more. Surgical repair is the golden standard for the treatment of AAA, in which open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are the main approaches. Technically speaking, the lesion segment of aueurysm is completely replaced by a graft during OSR, while in EVAR, the lesion is insulated by a stentgraft. EVAR is a less invasive treatment than OSR and shows a lower early mortality rate, although the long-term advantages of EVAR over OSR remain inconclusive.
Endoleak, especially the type II endoleak (T2EL), is a common complication after EVAR. According to research, 16-28% of the patients develop a T2EL after EVAR, and it accounts for nearly three in four of all types of endoleaks. Around 30-50% of the T2EL resolved spontaneously during the follow-up, however, it still causes a secondary intervention in many patients. Therefore, it is critical to monitor endoleaks after repair.
Patent aortic branches in the stent-overlapped area and vasa vasorum have been identified as potential sources of blood flow in T2EL. However, the mechanisms of biological changes or remodeling of the aneurysm sac after the repair are still not clear, but they have been considered to play an important role in the development of endoleaks. Unfortunately, it is impossible to obtain a tissue sample of the aortic wall in patients who underwent EVAR.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that inhibit the expression of target message RNA (mRNA). miR-29b/29c, miR-155, and miR-15a are miRNAs associated with regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) components, inflammation, and proliferation, respectively. All four miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers of AAA, not only in aneurysm tissue but also extracellular as circulating miRNAs. However, it is still unknown whether they can reflect the biological changes after AAA repair. Thus, we conducted a prospective study to investigate the changes in expression of circulating miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-155, and miR-15a before (T0), 3 days (T1), and 3 months (T2) after AAA repair.
A total of 39 patients were recruited for this study, 17 of whom were repaired by OSR and 22 of whom were repaired by EVAR. Four patients failed the T2 follow-up due to the Covid-19 pandemic. No significant changes were found in the expression of miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-155, and miR-15a. There were also no obvious differences between OSR and EVAR. However, the T1 expression of miR-15a was significantly lower in patients without endoleak after EVAR than in those who developed endoleak after EVAR and those who were repaired by OSR. Unfortunately, these differences did not persist to the T2 follow-up, and no other differences were found among these patients.
In summary, miR-15a is a miRNA that significantly changes in AAA patients. This study demonstrates that the expression of circulating miR-15a is lower in patients without endoleak three days after EVAR, compared to those who had endoleak after EVAR and those who underwent OSR. The results suggest that miR-15a might be involved in the early aortic remodeling after EVAR as an indicator of endoleak.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is precipitated by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Chemokines have been identified as major conductors of the islet infiltration by autoaggressive leukocytes, including antigen-presenting cells and islet autoantigen-specific T cells. We have previously generated a roadmap of the gene expression in the islet microenvironment during T1D in a mouse model and found that most of the chemokine axes are chronically upregulated during T1D. We focused our attention on CXCL10/CXCR3, CCL5/CCR5, CXCL16/CCR6, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, and XCL1/XCR1. First, we found that the absence of CCR6 and of CX3CR1 diminished T1D incidence in a mouse model for T1D. Further, the XCL1/XCR1 chemokine axis is of particular interest, since XCR1 is exclusively expressed on convention dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1) that excel by their high capacity for T cell activation. Here we demonstrate that cDC1 expressing XCR1 are present in and around the islets of patients with T1D and of islet-autoantibody positive individuals. Further, in an inducible mouse model for T1D, we show that XCL1 plays an important role in the attraction of highly potent dendritic cells expressing XCR1 to the islets. XCL1-deficient mice display a diminished infiltration of XCR1+ cDC1 and subsequently also a reduced magnitude and activity of islet autoantigen-specific T cells. XCR1-deficient mice display a reduced magnitude and activity of islet autoantigen-specific T cells. A 3D-visualization of the entire pancreas reveals that both XCL1-deficient mice and XCR1-deficient mice indeed maintain most of their functional islets after induction of the disease. Thus, the absence of XCL1 results in a profound decrease in T1D incidence. The XCR1-deficiency also reduces T1D incidence, even if in a less drastic way compared to XCL1-deficiency. An interference with the XCL1/XCR1 chemokine axis might constitute a novel target for the therapy for T1D.
Aim: The cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) along with the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are responsible for the metabolism of a multitude of metabolites important for the maintenance of tissue function. Defects in this system have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. These enzymes are known to produce vasoactive lipids that modulate vascular tone. The aim of this study was to identify the consequence of a loss in endothelial POR for vascular function.
Methods and Results: To identify the endothelial contribution of the POR/CYP450 system to vascular function, we generated an endothelial-specific, tamoxifen-inducible POR knockout mouse (ecPOR-/-). Under basal condition ecPOR-/- already exhibited endothelial dysfunction in aorta and mesenteric vessels (acetylcholine-dependent relaxation, LogEC50 -7.6M for CTR vs. -7.2M for ecPOR-/- in aorta) and lower nitric oxide levels in the plasma (CTR: 236.8 ±77.4; ecPOR-/- 182.8 ±34.1 nmol/L). This dysfunction was coupled to attenuated eNOS function detected by the heavy arginine assay and decreased eNOS phosphorylation on S1177. Furthermore, insulin-induced phosphorylation of the eNOS activator, AKT, was also attenuated in the aorta from ecPOR-/- mice as compared to control mice. CYP450-dependent EET production was lower in plasma, lung and aorta of ecPOR-/- mice and this was accompanied with increased levels of vasoconstriction prostanoids (lipidomics of aorta, plasma and lung freshly isolated from CTR and ecPOR-/- mice). MACE-RNAseq from these aortas also showed a significant increase in genes annotated to eicosanoid production. In an in vivo angiotensin II model, acute deletion of POR increased the blood pressure as measured by telemetry and tail cuff (137.4 ± 15.9 mmHg in WT; 152.1 ± 7.154 mmHg in ecPOR-/-). In a rescue experiment using the NSAID naproxen, the increase in blood pressure induced by deletion of endothelial POR was abolished.
Conclusion: Collectively, in endothelial cells POR regulates eNOS activity and orchestrates the metabolic fate of arachidonic acid towards the vessel dilating EETs and away from deleterious prostanoids. In the absence of POR this endothelial regulation is compromised leading to vascular dysfunction.
Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for numerous metabolic processes. Not surprisingly, hypoxia and the resulting adaptations play a pivotal role in pathophysiology, e.g., in cancer or in inflammatory diseases. Of note, myeloid cells are known to accumulate in hypoxic regions such as tumor cores or rheumatoid arthritis joints and may contribute to disease progression. While most studies so far concentrated on transcriptional adaptation by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 1 and 2 under short term hypoxia, prolonged oxygen deprivation and alternative post-transcriptional regulation are rather poorly investigated.
Consequently, the aim of the study was to generate a comprehensive overview of mRNA de novo synthesis and degradation and its contribution to total mRNA changes in monocytic cells in the course of hypoxia.
To this end, I used thiol-linked alkylation for the metabolic sequencing of RNA (SLAM-Seq) to characterize RNA dynamics under hypoxia. Specifically, I labeled monocytic THP-1 cells under normoxia (N), acute hypoxia (AH; 8 h 1% O2), or chronic hypoxia (CH; 72 h 1% O2) with 4-thiouridine (4sU), which allows for transcriptome-wide identification of de novo synthesized mRNAs and estimation of their half-lives. Total mRNA expression analyses revealed that most changes occurred under CH. Considering that HIF accumulation and resulting transcriptional regulation was shown to decline again under CH, I further analyzed the impact of RNA stability on gene expression. I observed a global reduction in RNA half-lives under hypoxia, indicative for the attenuation of energy-consuming protein synthesis upon oxygen deprivation. Moreover, I observed a subgroup of hypoxic destabilized transcripts with resulting decreased mRNA expression under CH, which consisted of 59 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs. This might prevent futile production of new mitochondria under conditions, where mitochondria are even actively degraded to prevent production of detrimental reactive oxygen species.
While stability-regulated transcripts were mainly destabilized under hypoxia, the vast majority of differentially de novo synthesized transcripts were upregulated.
Functional analyses revealed not only hypoxia, but also cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory response as top enriched terms, corroborating findings on total mRNA level. Focusing on hypoxia-altered cholesterol metabolism, I observed an 9 accumulation of early and a decrease in late cholesterol precursors, which are separated by several oxygen-dependent enzymatic steps. Although total cholesterol levels were only slightly reduced, my data indicate locally lowered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol levels under hypoxia, which cause feedback activation of the ER cholesterol-sensing transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and induction of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes. Interestingly, a broad range of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), mainly known for their antiviral function, was also induced under hypoxia with similar kinetics as SREBP2 targets, suggesting an immunometabolic crosstalk. While the availability of certain cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates as well as a direct involvement of SREBP2 seemed rather unlikely to cause hypoxic ISG induction, changes in intracellular cholesterol distribution appeared crucial for the hypoxic induction of chemokine-ISGs. Mechanistically, I found that MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling contributes to enhanced hypoxic ISG induction, likely sensitized by changes in cholesterol dynamics. Importantly, hypoxia amplified induction of chemokine-ISGs in monocytes upon treatment with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein via TLR4 similarly as after addition of infectious virus, which might contribute to systemic inflammation in hypoxemic patients with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Taken together, I comprehensively analyzed RNA dynamics in hypoxic monocytes. Specifically, I identified RNA stability as a modulating mechanism to limit production of mitochondria under oxygen-restricted conditions. Moreover, I characterized the immunometabolic crosstalk between disturbed cholesterol homeostasis and spontaneous induction of interferon (IFN)-signaling in hypoxic monocytes, which might contribute to systemic inflammation in severe cases of COVID-19.
Tinnitus is a symptom experienced by most people at least once in their lifetime. In most documented cases, a new onset of chronic tinnitus can be chronologically correlated with hearing loss. However, tinnitus can also occur in people with (apparently) normal hearing and remains without a traceable preceding cause. Despite the frequency of occurrence of tinnitus, the pathophysiological mechanisms are still not fully understood. A currently proposed hypothesis focuses on a "hidden" hearing loss called synaptopathy as a pathomechanism of tinnitus in normal hearing subjects. In the present study, the objective was to test whether finestructure audiometry or measurement of otoacoustic emissions can reveal possibly overlooked hearing impairment in presumed normalhearing individuals with chronic tinnitus. Thus, a hearing loss not audiologically detectable by the usual methods would supplement or replace the presumed synaptopathic pathomechanism. Another objective was to attempt to replicate the existing findings of another research group on synaptopathy as cause for tinnitus in normal hearing people. Schaette and McAlpine (2011) were able to demonstrate a significant difference in wave I amplitudes between groups of normal hearing subjects with and without chronic tinnitus by deriving clickevoked auditory brainstem potentials, thus supporting the hypothesis of synaptopathy18.
For the present study, a cohort of normal-hearing subjects consisting of a group of tinnitus subjects (N = 15) and a control group (N = 14) was tested. Manual puretone audiometry with 11 test frequencies was conducted to determine hearing performance. Inclusion criteria were defined as air conducted hearing thresholds of 10 dB HL or lower. A deviation at a test frequency of 15 dB HL or less was tolerated. Data of tinnitus characteristics, such as pitch and intensity, were collected by presentation and matching of comparative tones, quality and subjective disturbance by questionnaire. Furthermore, data was obtained from both test groups by Békésy gliding frequency audiometry (794 test frequencies), as well as DPOAE measurement (36 test frequencies) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry (derivation of early auditory evoked potentials). The results showed a correlation of the determined tinnitus comparison pitch with the frequency location of the largest deviation (impairment) from the normal hearing curve in the Békésy gliding frequency audiometry (p = 0.032). All further analyses of the finestructure hearing curve (steepness of hearing loss, slope, number of hearing loss dips) showed no statistically significant relationship between the morphology of the fine-structure hearing curve and tinnitus characteristics. Finestructure measurement revealed areas of hearing loss that were not mapped in manual puretone audiometry. These "undetected" hearing losses would have led to the exclusion of 12 of 29 subjects (41.4 %) if the finestructure hearing curve had been used as an inclusion criterion. A direct comparison of the mean finestructure hearing curves of both test groups showed a statistically significant better mean hearing performance of the tinnitus group (p < 0.05) in 3 different test frequency ranges (1.5 kHz, 3 kHz, 7 kHz) with a maximum of 4 dB HL. Analy-sis of the mean amplitudes of wave I of the ABRs showed, contrary to expectation, a weak trend toward higher amplitudes in the tinnitus group (p = 0.06). According to Schaette and McAlpine (2011), synaptopathy pathogenesis should have resulted in an opposite trend, i.e., a decrease in wave I amplitude in the tinnitus group. As a secondary finding, a weak trend between wave I amplitude and subjectively perceived disturbance of tinnitus was demonstrated (p = 0.06). Statistical analysis of the parameters determined from the DPOAE measurements did not reveal any significant differences between the tinnitus group and control group. Direct comparison of the DPOAE and finestructure hearing curves, revealed a significant difference in the differences of the frequencyspecific measurements around 2.4 kHz (p = 0.007).
The results of the study suggest that in previous studies with supposedly normal hearing tinnitus subjects there were unrecognized hearing losses that either went unrecognized by the screening by manual puretone audiometry, or subjects with previously aboveaverage hearing experienced a subtle spontaneous decrease in their hearing as tinnitus pathogenesis. This assumption is also supported by the fact that there is a significant correlation between the frequency range of the greatest hearing loss in the finestructure hearing curves and the tinnitus frequency.
The suspected pathomechanism of synaptopathy in "normal hearing" subjects with tinnitus could not be confirmed. The correlation between wave I amplitudes and subjectively perceived disturbance by tinnitus, indicated by the data of this study, should be investigated in more detail in future studies. Further research with more accurate measurement methods and larger subject groups is needed to clarify the hypothesis "Genesis of chronic subjective tinnitus without hearing loss".
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic called for rapid responses in face of unprecedented challenges. In this context, earning more about the causative agent SARS-CoV-2 becomes imperative. Therefore, clinical virus isolates were studied with focus on infectivity, replication kinetic, and caspase activity.
Firstly, clinical specimens collected from patients were tested for infectivity in cell culture. Combined with polymerase chain reaction results, a formula predicting infectivity in cell culture based on abundance of viral RNA was developed. Additionally, analysis of different specimen types, sources, and material, elucidate the question of infectivity. Here, infectivity was demonstrated in specimens derived from different parts of the respiratory tract, including specimens collected from deceased persons. A protocol for virus isolation on human airway epithelium in air-liquid interface culture was established.
Secondly, replication kinetics of 20 clinical isolates were compared, including a subset of seven sequenced isolates. All isolates replicated in the colon epithelial cell culture model. Within the subset, differences between isolates carrying the D614G amino acid exchange and with original spike protein were observed.
Lastly, elevated caspase activity was demonstrated in two cell culture models including human airway epithelium in air-liquid interface culture.
Subsequently, caspase inhibition by small-molecule compound Emricasan and its effects on the cytopathic effect observed in cell culture were studied. Here, increased cell survival in a colon epithelial cell line was shown with unimpaired virus replication. Elevated caspase activity was identified as early marker of infection and validated by testing across 20 clinical virus isolates.
This study offers information on infectivity that can help shape the understanding of transmission risk. As such, parts of the data collected here were used for validation of rapid antigen tests. The insights gained by studying caspase activity contributed in part to the development of a drug screening method by Bojkova et al.,41 thus aiding routine laboratory workflow. It was demonstrated that Emricasan exhibits no antiviral effect, while the finding of increased cell survival in cell culture could give rise to further research on prevention of tissue damage.
IL-38 is the latest discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family and has been added to the IL-36 subfamily. Since its discovery in 2001, increasing evidence suggests predominantly anti-inflammatory properties of IL-38, which are most likely exerted through three potential receptors, the IL-1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1), IL-36 Receptor (IL-36R) and the IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein Like 1 (IL-1RAPL1). However, to this date detailed knowledge of IL-38 functioning remains to be examined. Importantly, how IL-38 is processed, secreted from cells and the exact mechanisms of target receptor binding and intracellular signaling are not fully understood. Further, IL-38 has been associated with regulatory functions in autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis. At the same time however, connections between B cells as indispensable part of immunity and IL-38 remain rare.
In this study we examined the influence of IL-38 in peripheral human blood B cells differentiating into antibody secreting cells using a three-step in vitro differentiation process. We first show that all potential IL-38 binding receptors are present on peripheral blood B cells on a gene expression level and remain detectable throughout B cell differentiation. Next, while B cells treated with exogenous IL-38 depict no differences in early B cell activation markers, the process of B cell differentiation revealed significant alterations in B cell phenotype created by IL-38 treatment. Predominantly on day 7 of the differentiation process, IL-38 treated B cells showed significantly reduced CD38 expression which depicts an important step in development towards plasma cells. We hypothesize that IL-38 acts antagonistically on the IL-1R1 pathway reducing Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression and consequently decreasing CD38 expression. Further IL-38 reduced early antibody production while increasing IgM secretion at the end stages of differentiation. Next, we repeated the differentiation assays under the influence of additional IL-21 stimulation to further enhance plasma cell development. In these experiments, the impact of IL-38 on B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production were reduced, indicating a comparatively moderate relevance of IL-38 for B cell differentiation. We then examined how proliferation and cell death were impacted by exogenous IL-38 during B cell differentiation. IL-38 treatment alone significantly reduced B cell survival which was further augmented by IL-21 stimulation. We conclude that IL-38 and IL-21 act synergistically in promoting B cell apoptosis, also depicting an anti-inflammatory property of IL-38. Finally, using a siRNA we successfully performed an IL-38 knockdown experiment of human blood B cells reducing IL-38 expression to 44% measured on day 4 of B cell differentiation. In these experiments we observed reversed tendencies of CD38 expression compared to exogenous IL-38 treatment. Here, IL-38 knockdown cells showed increased CD38 expression indicating endogenous regulatory properties of IL-38 in B cell differentiation.
Our project, for the first time proves direct effects of IL-38 on human B cells. The results support previous research of IL-38 to act anti-inflammatory as it seems to modulate B cell differentiation, survival, and immunoglobulin production in a down-regulatory manner. These findings pave way for more detailed research on the connection between B cell homoeostasis and IL-38 function.
Facial expression recognition is linked to clinical and neurofunctional differences in autism
(2022)
Background: Difficulties in social communication are a defining clinical feature of autism. However, the underlying neurobiological heterogeneity has impeded targeted therapies, and requires new approaches to identifying clinically relevant bio-behavioural subgroups. In the largest autism cohort to date, we comprehensively examined difficulties in facial expression recognition, a key process in social communication, as a bio-behavioural stratification biomarker, and validated them against clinical features and neurofunctional responses.
Methods: Between 255 and 488 participants aged 6-30 years with autism, typical development and/or mild intellectual disability completed the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces task, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and/or the Films Expression Task. We first examined mean-group differences on each test. Then we used a novel intersection approach that compares two centroid and connectivity-based clustering methods to derive subgroups based on the combined performance across the three tasks. Measures and subgroups were then related to clinical features and neurofunctional differences measured using fMRI during a fearful face-matching task.
Results: We found significant mean-group differences on each expression recognition test. However, cluster analyses showed that these were driven by a low-performing autistic subgroup (~30% of autistic individuals who performed below 2SDs of the neurotypical mean on at least one test), while a larger subgroup (~70%) performed within 1SD on at least 2 tests. The low-performing subgroup also had on average significantly more social-communication difficulties and lower activation in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus than the high-performing subgroup.
Limitations: Findings of autism expression recognition subgroups and their characteristics require independent replication. This is currently not possible, as there is no other existing data set that includes all relevant measures. However, we demonstrated high internal robustness (91.6%) of findings between two clustering methods with fundamentally different assumptions, which is a critical pre-condition for independent replication.
Conclusions: We identified a subgroup of autistic individuals with expression recognition difficulties and showed that this related to clinical and neurobiological characteristics. If replicated, expression recognition may serve as bio-behavioural stratification biomarker and aid in the development of targeted interventions for a subgroup of autistic individuals.
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest transmembrane receptor family encoded in the human genome. GPCRs mediate the effect of a wide diversity of stimuli including light, odorants, ions, lipids, small peptides, and hormones. GPR182 is a GPCR for which no endogenous ligand has been identified yet. In the absence of an identified ligand, GPR182 remained poorly understood, and its biological functions had remained elusive. The presented work shows that GPR182 is highly and specifically expressed in microvascular endothelial cells. Phylogenetically, GPR182 is closely related to the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3). Here, I show that GPR182 binds the chemokines CXCL10, -12 and -13. Similarly to other so-called atypical chemokine receptors, GPR182 is not coupled to G-proteins but is rather constitutively internalized following β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Consistent with potential scavenger functions, we detected increased concentration of the chemokines which bind the receptor in the plasma of Gpr182 deficient mice. Finally, we show that GPR182 plays an essential role in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow niche. In summary, the data indicate that GPR182 is a novel member of the group of atypical chemokine receptors, which plays an important role in the chemokine/chemokine receptor network.
The Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) as well as the T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) are rare types of malignant lymphomas. Both NLPHL and THRLBCL are frequently observed in middle-aged men with THRLBCL presenting frequently with an advanced Ann-Arbor stage with B-symptoms and associated with more aggressive courses.3 However, due to the limited number of tumor cells in the tissue of both NLPHL and THRLBCL, limited numbers of studies have been conducted on these lymphomas and current results are mainly based on general molecular genetic studies.
In order to obtain a better understanding for these disease forms as well as possible changes in their nuclear and cytoplasmatic sizes, the following study relied on the comparison of the different NLPHL forms and THRLBCL in terms of nuclear size and nuclear volume. This was carried out using both 2D and 3D analysis. During the 2D analysis of nuclear size and nuclear volume no significant differences could be presented between those groups. However, the 3D analysis of NLPHL and THRLBCL pointed out a slightly enlarged nuclear volume in THRLBCL. Furthermore, the analysis indicated a significantly increased cytoplasmatic size of THRLBCL compared to NLPHL forms. Nevertheless, differences occurred not only between the tumor cells of both disease forms, but also the T cells presented a larger nuclear volume in THRLBCL. B cells, which were considered as the control group, did not demonstrate any significant differences between the different groups. The presented results suggest an increased activity of T cells in THRLBCL, which is most likely to be interpreted as a response against the surrounding tumor cells and probably limits the proliferation of the tumor cells. Based on these results, the importance of 3D analysis is also evident due to the fact that it is clearly superior to 2D analysis. For a better understanding of both disease forms, it is therefore recommended to use the 3D technique in combination with molecular genetic analysis in future research.
Background and Aim: Genome-wide association studies revealed a strong association between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), highlighting one of its most common CHIP-driving mutations-TET2 (ten-eleven translocation 2), as a target for CHIP related CVD research. Our lab has established the generation of self-organizing cardiac organoids (SCO), which demonstrate the cellular composition and organization of the native human heart, and mimics human myocardial responses to stress stimulation. This project aims to examine whether SCOs would be an appropriate CHIP model and decipher promising drugs for cardiovascular CHIP treatment.
Methods: To study TET2-mutant cardiovascular CHIP, we set up the TET2 cardiac-CHIP model through a knockdown (KD) of TET2 in myeloid cells that infiltrated our lab-made SCO. Immunofluorescence and qPCR were performed to ascertain TET2-KD myeloid cell infiltration, SCO fibrosis, and apoptosis assessments. SCO fibrosis was further analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, and cardiac contractile frequency and amplitude were determined by calcium flux analysis. Finally, RNAseq was performed to analyze transcriptomic changes in drug/vehicle-treated TET2-KD myeloid cells and the TET2 cardiac-CHIP model.
Results: The TET2 cardiac-CHIP model resulted in significantly increased inflammation in SCO, accompanied by fibrosis and more cleaved Caspase-3, causing cardiomyocytes apoptosis and promoting the release of cTNT. The shortlisted drugs revealed a reduction of proliferation in TET2-KD myeloid cells, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a higher apoptosis level. Furthermore, the TET2 cardiac-CHIP model treated with selected drugs showed a remarkable decline in TET2-KD myeloid cell infiltration and pro-inflammation cytokines, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, and lowered cTNT levels, while drug control groups were not affected. Moreover, the drug treatment groups improved the heartbeat frequency and amplitude accessed by the calcium transient assay. RNAseq data also validated the above findings.
Conclusions & Discussion: Our results indicate that SCOs are an efficient pre-clinical model for studying and validating CHIP genes and drug interactions. Our data revealed that TET2-KD myeloid cells invade SCO and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and the release of cTNT. In this regard, our TET2 cardiac-CHIP model matches the inflammatory phenotype previously characterized in CHIP patients. Nevertheless, this phenotype could be rescued using positive drug candidates (Clopidogrel, R406, and Lanatoside C) selected by this project, emphasizing the significant value of our TET2 cardiac-CHIP model for drug screens and pre-clinical validation studies. Furthermore, among these three drug candidates, we found Lancatoside C, as proved by FDA/EMA, showed an unmet possibility for clinical therapeutic demand, insinuating potential benefit in repurposing Lanatoside C for the treatment of TET2-mutant cardiovascular CHIP.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically begins in childhood and is associated with the cardinal symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. In a significant number of cases, ADHD persists into adulthood and leads to profound psychosocial impairment and costs to the population. The course of the disorder and the severity of psychosocial impairment are further influenced by the presence of comorbidities. The risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities such as affective disorders, personality disorders and substance use disorders is increased compared to the general population. Studies also indicate that ADHD is associated with a higher burden of somatic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, asthma and migraine. In the last decades, there has been a growing body of research that identified sex-related differences in ADHD, but there is still insufficient evidence on specific issues. In addition to the sex-ratio, which is more balanced in adulthood compared to childhood, there are also indications that differences exist at the symptom level and that the comorbid disorders that occur more frequently in ADHD also seem to differ in men and women, although the studies are not yet clear on this. Using resting-state analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we aimed to address the question of whether we can detect sex differences in ADHD and selected comorbidities (substance use disorder, depression, obesity) based on altered functional connectivity profiles. A central role for the pathogenesis of ADHD is the dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission, specifically altered reward processing, as an expression of impaired impulse control. In the present study, we focused on a neuroanatomical hub, namely, the external part of the globus pallidus (GPe), which we defined as a "region of interest" for the analyses performed. There is growing evidence that the globus pallidus not only plays a role in the extrapyramidal motor system, but also integrates cognitive and reward-related information, functions that are impaired in ADHD. In a first step, we looked for sex differences in ADHD patients (n=137) and separately in healthy controls (HC) (n=45), then we compared a similar group of HC and ADHD patients to compare sex-differences in ADHD patients and HC. In a second step, we investigated whether the neural basis of comorbidity patterns differed between male and female patients. Analysis of the images of 182 participants was performed using the SPM-based CONN toolbox V 18.b. When comparing subjects with ADHD and HC, we observed an interaction between the GPe and the middle left temporal gyrus, with the effect being more pronounced in healthy subjects. When analyzing the large ADHD sample, an interaction between the GPe and the frontal pole/middle right frontal gyrus was observed. The connectivity between the GPe and the frontal and temporal brain areas appeared to be more pronounced in female ADHD patients than in males, with the sex-effect being reversed and more pronounced in healthy subjects. The results suggest that in patients with ADHD there is a loss of sex-specialization in GPe-connectivity. Males with ADHD and depression showed lower functional connectivity between the GPe and parts of the occipital cortex than females with ADHD and depression. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate sex-specific functional connectivity networks using a seed-based connectivity analysis of the external globus pallidus in adult ADHD patients with and without comorbidities. The study serves to improve our knowledge of GPe involvement in ADHD and sex-specific recruitment of this network. Taken as a whole, this study contributes to our understanding of the neurobiological correlates of ADHD and suggests possible differences between males and females with ADHD centered on altered connectivity with the GPe, helping to provide a different perspective on current research and new ideas for further studies.