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Johann Christoph Gottsched hatte als Aufklärer ein zentrales Ziel: Die Bildung der Frau. Denn, wie Steffen Martus in seiner Studie zur Epoche der Aufklärung schreibt, "an Töchtern, Ehefrauen und Müttern erprobte man, wie sich die neue Weltweisheit mit einer neuen Lebenshaltung verbinden" lässt. Wenn der Mensch tatsächlich von Natur aus vernunftbegabt ist, und zwar unabhängig von Stand, Geschlecht und ethnischer Herkunft, dann muss man Frauen auch zu Gelehrten, Dichterinnen oder gar zu Doktorinnen erziehen können. So argumentierten viele Intellektuelle in der Zeit. [...] Wie aber verhielt sich die Programmatik der weiblichen Aufklärung zur sozialen Realität? Welche Chancen hatten gebildete und dichtende Frauen wirklich, gab es die Möglichkeit zur Selbstfindung und Selbstverwirklichung? Oder handelt es sich letztlich nur um Männerphantasien, um leere Gedankengebäude von Akademikern, denen Frauen als intellektueller Spielball dienten? Ich denke, dass gerade die Rolle einer 'femme de lettre', einer gebildeten, selbstbewussten Frau in der Frühaufklärung in der Tat sehr ambivalent war: Man begegnet ihr mit Bewunderung, Anerkennung und Staunen – vom "Wunderthier" wie in einem Kuriositätenkabinett ist oft die Rede -, aber auch mit Misstrauen und Missgunst, Polemik und Sexismus. Diese Ambivalenz lässt sich am Beispiel einer Autorin besonders gut zeigen: Christiana Marianna von Ziegler - Verfasserin saftiger Satiren und sanfter Schäferlyrik, selbstbewusste Salonière und treusorgende Professorengattin, fromme Kantatendichterin und emanzipierte Aufklärungsfeministin.
Two new species of hangingflies, Terrobittacus rostratus sp. nov. and Terrobittacus angustus sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Yunnan, southwestern China, increasing the species number of Terrobittacus Tan & Hua, 2009 to six. Terrobittacus rostratus sp. nov. differs from its congeners by wings devoid of markings and epandrial appendages slightly longer than half the length of the gonocoxites. Terrobittacus angustus sp. nov. can be recognized by wing markings along R5 distally. A key to species of the genus is updated to include the two new species.
The genus Austrotinodes contains 55 species, largely distributed in the Neotropics, with a few species occurring in the Australian Region. In Brazil, 10 species have been recorded, mainly in the southern and southeastern regions. Herein, we describe 13 new species from Brazil, all of them named in memory of great Brazilian scientists: Austrotinodes absaberi sp. nov., A. adolfolutzi sp. nov., A. berthalutzae sp. nov., A. chagasi sp. nov., A. costalimai sp. nov., A. cruzi sp. nov., A. donagrazielae sp. nov., A. gusmaoi sp. nov., A. lattesi sp. nov., A. lenti sp. nov., A. santosdumonti sp. nov., A. vanzolinii sp. nov. and A. vitalbrazili sp. nov. Additionally, we give new distribution records for A. amazonensis Flint & Denning, 1989, A. longispinum Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010, A. paraguayensis Flint, 1983 and A. taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010. We also provide new diagnoses and illustrations for A. amazonensis and A. paraguayensis, to facilitate identification of those species.
A taxonomic overview for the fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder (= Argynnis Fabricius) and its placement within the Heliconiinae (Nymphalidae) is presented. Taxonomic accounts, type images, and relevant literature for the 25 subspecies within the Speyeria atlantis (Edwards) and Speyeria hesperis (Edwards) complexes and the 16 nominate Speyeria species are included. Errors in nomenclature are identified, taxonomic, life history, and distributional information are updated, and type locality information is discussed. Images of primary type specimens for all 16 Speyeria species and the 25 subspecies in the atlantis - hesperis complexes appear together in color here for the first time. One new combination of a species-subspecies is created: Speyeria hesperis hanseni Emmel, Emmel, and Matoon, 1998, new combination, which was previously Speyeria atlantis hanseni Emmel, Emmel, and Matoon.
Nomenclatural errors associated with the nymphalid butterfly, Speyeria atlantis greyi Moeck, have persisted in the literature and electronic databases. We present here a synonymy of the various combinations and misspellings associated with it and clearly indicate the correct name and spelling based on Moecks (1950) original description. Additionally, color images of the holotype and allotype specimens are published herein for the first time.
We provide the current holdings of Meropeidae in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA). To date, FSCA holds a well-curated collection of extant meropeids representing 17 U.S. states and Western Australia (n = 316 Merope tuber Newman, fi ve Austromerope poultoni Killington). Merope tuber records from Vermont, Texas, and South Carolina are published here for the fi rst time. A total of 298 pinned M. tuber and four pinned
A. poultoni; six M. tuber specimens preserved in 95% ethanol; and 12 M. tuber and one A. poultoni sputter-coated with gold-palladium for SEM are available for researchers interested in studying this unique family of insects.
A recent investigation was conducted to assess the threat of insect venom hypersensitivity to deployed U.S. service members operating in the region. In parallel with this study, a checklist of medically important Hymenoptera was assembled from limited fi eld collections as well as a comprehensive review of the literature and information provided by electronic databases. We compiled names of 14 families comprising 396 species of Hymenoptera capable of stinging humans. This is the first such checklist for Afghanistan, and should aid future taxonomic work and provide reference information for public health-related entomology in this region.
In the first years of cinematography, the exhibitors mostly used magic lantern slides to project films titles before the film’s projection. In Europe and in the United States, around 1902–1903, motion pictures started to be sold with edited titles on films, and edited subtitles on multi shot films. From around 1907, as the length and number of shots, subtitles and words increased, there was a kind of competition between the subtitle and the lecturer to explain the films to the audiences. In the transitional period – 1907–1916 –, the trade press and scenario manuals constantly debated subtitle usefulness and limits. On one hand the dream of cinematography as a universal language was incompatible with this device, and the strong ideal of the titleless film advocated that moving pictures should tell stories by themselves, without the aid of any external narration, like theatre plays. On the other hand, there were more realistic approaches: subtitles were unavoidable, as they were essential to make a film understandable. The main recommendation, however, was to use them very sparingly, and only when it was absolutely necessary, because they might spoil suspense by giving a summary of the action in advance, they were also considered to have an adverse impact on the “reality effect”, to be exterior to the story and to interrupt the flow of images. Despite the reluctances and ambivalences towards it, as the industry organized itself in the 1910’s the subtitle was retooled, and became conventional and largely used for the construction of the classical narrative film.
The spider diversity of the family Anyphaenidae in premontane, low evergreen montane and cloud forest from the Chocó region of Ecuador is examined. A total of 287 adult specimens were collected and 19 morphospecies were identified based on male specimens. Thirteen new species are described and one new genus is proposed. Five new species are described in the genus Katissa Brescovit, 1997: Katissa kurusiki sp. nov., K. puyu sp. nov., K. tamya sp. nov., K. yaya sp. nov. and K. guyasamini sp. nov. The new genus Shuyushka gen. nov. is proposed and includes three species: Shuyushka achachay gen. et sp. nov., S. moscai gen. et sp. nov. and S. wachi gen. et sp. nov. Finally, five species are described in the genus Patrera Simon, 1903: P. hatunkiru sp. nov., P. philipi sp. nov., P. suni sp. nov., P. shida sp. nov. and P. witsu sp. nov. New records are provided for Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 and Josa nigrifrons Simon, 1897.
During four field trips in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from 2010 to 2018, the author collected data of a total of 55 species (see Tab. 2 in Appendix). This study provides first insights into new or rare species in this ecoregion. Ischnura fountaineae and Cordulia aenea were found for the first time in Armenia. We also highlight the rediscovery of some species that were mentioned in the older literature but had not been confirmed since. An autochthonous population of Lestes macrostigma was discovered in Azerbaijan sixteen years after the single previous record by Dumont (2004). Original information is provided on the distribution of some rare species encountered in these countries. Finally, the identification of a puzzling Cordulegaster sp. observed in south Armenia is discussed briefly.
New genera and problematic species in African Lithosiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae)
(2012)
This paper deals with some problematic species in the subfamily Lithosiinae. Two new monospecific genera are proposed: Parafrasura gen. nov. and Palaeugoa gen. nov. The former presents the following autapomorphies: tegumen strong and large; uncus long and slightly claviform; typical scaphium-gnathos complex. The latter presents as autapomorphies the disposition of the bands of the wings pattern, and the male genitalia shape. Asura naumanni Kühne, 2005 is considered incertae sedis within Lithosiinae and Asura phaeosticta Kiriakoff, 1958 is transferred to Euproctis Hübner, [1819] (Lymantriidae) (comb. nov.).
1. Die Lehre des Buddhismus ist die Lehre von Ursache und Wirkung. Buddha sagt:"Wer das bedingte Entstehen versteht, versteht Dharma, wer den Dharma versteht, versteht das bedingte Entstehen". Dharma ist die Lehre des Buddha. Dharma bedeutet "Wahrheit", "Gesetzmäßigkeit", "Naturgesetzt". Die gesamte Lehre von Buddha handelt von Menschen, von uns und von der Natur. Buddha hat ein andermal gesagt: "Die Lehre über das Entstehen in Abhängigkeit ist sehr tiefgründig und subtil". Nur mit dem Intellekt können wir es nicht "verstehen." Wörter sind leider nur ein lineares intellektuelles Mittel, was begrenzt ist....
A new genus and species of axiid shrimp, Montanaxius mediumquod gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on three specimens collected from hexactinellid sponges from a seamount in the southwest Indian Ocean. The new genus is characterized by a laterally denticulate rostrum, short lateral carina, absence of submedian carina, a prominent toothed median carina, round pleomere pleura 2–5, pleurobranchs on second to fourth pereopods, and the presence of a male first pleopod and appendix interna on pleopods 3–5. It most closely resembles Levantocaris Galil & Clark, 1993 and Planaxius Komai & Tachikawa, 2008, but differs from the former by being gonochoristic, having a strongly elevated gastric region and well-developed eyes, and from the latter by its toothed median carina and the presence of a median telson spine.
New field sampling was carried out in June 2011 in northern Moldova, the most unstudied area in the Republic of Moldova. A total of 19 Odonata species was recorded during a field trip, with Libellula fulva and Gomphus flavipes new for Moldova. The presence of species of European concern is discussed. Photos of all visited habitats are included. The fauna of Moldova mostly consists of species which are able to survive in biotopes with high anthropogenic pressure.
During summer field work in 2005 and 2009 data on the distribution of dragonflies were obtained on the territory of Moldova. In August 2005, 9 species were recorded for the middle part of the Dniester river (surroundings of Sakharna). Between 28 June and 4 July 2009 dragonflies were studied in almost all parts of the country - 25 species were observed. Four species (Lestes macrostigma, Coenagrion ornatum, Coenagrion scitulum, Orthetrum brunneum) were recorded for the first time in Moldova. For many species the knowledge of their Moldovan distribution was improved. The habitats of every species were described, illustrated and preliminary maps of species distribution were prepared. Literature data were also analysed and a check list of Moldovan dragonflies was created containing 37 species. The presence of several species (including Nehalennia speciosa) in Moldova needs confirmation.
Cave research in Hungary has developed a lot in the last decade. As a part of this progress, enchytraeid specimens were collected from Hungarian caves and were subsequently characterized by comparative morphological and molecular taxonomic analyses. Molecular phylogenetic studies based on ITS, CO1 and H3 sequences and morphological results confirmed that these specimens represented two species new to science. The descriptions of Fridericia baradlana sp. nov. and Fridericia spelaeophila sp. nov. are presented in this paper.
The Tallahatta Formation, Lisbon Formation, and Gosport Sand are the three lithostratigraphic units that make up the lower-to-middle Eocene Claiborne Group. In Alabama, these marine units are among the most fossiliferous in the state and a long history of scattered reports have attempted to document their fossil diversity. In this study, we examined 20 931 elasmobranch and bony fish elements, including otoliths, derived from Claiborne Group units in Alabama and identified 115 unequivocal taxa. Among the taxa identified, one new species is described, Carcharhinus mancinae sp. nov., and Pseudabdounia gen. nov. is a new genus erected to include two species formerly placed within Abdounia Capatta, 1980. New taxonomic combinations proposed include Pseudabdounia claibornensis (White, 1956) gen. et comb. nov., Pseudabdounia recticona (Winkler, 1874) gen. et comb. nov., Physogaleus alabamensis (Leriche, 1942) comb. nov., and Eutrichiurides plicidens (Arambourg, 1952) comb. nov. We also report the first North American paleobiogeographic occurrences of Aturobatis aff. A. aquensis Adnet, 2006, Brachycarcharias atlasi (Arambourg, 1952), Eutrichiurides plicidens comb. nov., Galeorhinus louisi Adnet & Cappetta, 2008, Ginglymostoma maroccanum Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997, Gymnosarda sp., Mennerotodus sp., Rhizoprionodon ganntourensis (Arambourg, 1952), Stenoscyllium aff. S. priemi Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997, Trichiurus oshosunensis White, 1926, and the first North American occurrence for a fossil member of the Balistidae Risso, 1810. Our sample also included 26 taxa that represented first paleobiogeographic occurrences for Alabama, including Abdounia beaugei (Arambourg, 1935), Albula eppsi White, 1931, Ariosoma nonsector Nolf & Stringer, 2003, Anisotremus? sp., Anomotodon sp., Brachycarcharias twiggsensis (Case, 1981), Burnhamia daviesi (Woodward, 1889), Eoplinthicus yazooensis Capetta & Stringer, 2002, Galeorhinus ypresiensis (Casier, 1946), Gnathophis meridies (Frizzell & Lamber, 1962), Haemulon? obliquus (Müller, 1999), Hypolophodon sylvestris (White, 1931), Malacanthus? sulcatus (Koken, 1888), Meridiania cf. M. convexa Case, 1994, Palaeocybium proosti (Storms, 1897), Paraconger sector (Koken, 1888), Paralbula aff. P. marylandica Blake, 1940, Phyllodus toliapicus Agassiz, 1844, Propristis schweinfurthi Dames, 1883, Pycnodus sp., Pythonichthys colei (Müller, 1999), Scomberomorus stormsi (Leriche, 1905), Signata stenzeli Frizzell & Dante, 1965, and Signata nicoli Frizzell & Dante, 1965, and the first Paleogene occurrences in Alabama of a member of the Gobiidae Cuvier, 1816. A biostratigraphic analysis of our sample showed stratigraphic range extensions for several taxa, including the first Bartonian occurrences of Eoplinthicus yazooensis, Jacquhermania duponti (Winkler, 1876), Meridiania cf. M. convexa, Phyllodus toliapicus, and “Rhinobatos” bruxelliensis (Jaekel, 1894), range extensions into the late Ypresian and Bartonian for Tethylamna dunni Cappetta & Case, 2016 and Scoliodon conecuhensis Cappetta & Case, 2016, the first late Ypresian records of Galeorhinus louisi, the first Lutetian occurrence of Gymnosarda Gill, 1862, and a range extension for Fisherichthys aff. F. folmeri Weems, 1999 into the middle Bartonian. Larger biostratigraphic and evolutionary trends are also documented, such as the acquisition of serrations in Otodus spp., possible population increases for the Rhinopterinae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 and Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1973 in the Bartonian, and the apparent diversification of the Tetraodontiformes Berg, 1940 during the same stage. This study helps better our understanding of earlyto-middle Eocene elasmobranch and bony fish diversity, paleobiogeography, and biostratigraphy in the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America.