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Background: Intraoperative blood salvage (IBS) is regarded as an alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion excluding the risks associated with allogeneic blood. Currently, IBS is generally avoided in tumor surgeries due to concern for potential metastasis caused by residual tumor cells in the erythrocyte concentrate.
Methods: The feasibility, efficacy and safety aspects of the new developed Catuvab procedure using the bispecific trifunctional antibody Catumaxomab was investigated in an ex-vivo pilot study in order to remove residual EpCAM positive tumor cells from the autologous erythrocyte concentrates (EC) from various cancer patients, generated by a IBS device.
Results: Tumor cells in intraoperative blood were detected in 10 of 16 patient samples in the range of 69–2.6 × 105 but no residual malignant cells in the final erythrocyte concentrates after Catuvab procedure. IL-6 and IL-8 as pro-inflammatory cytokines released during surgery, were lowered in mean 28-fold and 52-fold during the Catuvab procedure, respectively, whereas Catumaxomab antibody was detected in 8 of 16 of the final EC products at a considerable decreased and uncritical residual amount (37 ng in mean).
Conclusion: The preliminary study results indicate efficacy and feasibility of the new medical device Catuvab allowing potentially the reinfusion of autologous erythrocyte concentrates (EC) produced by IBS device during oncological high blood loss surgery. An open-label, multicenter clinical study on the removal of EpCAM-positive tumor cells from blood collected during tumor surgery using the Catuvab device is initiated to validate these encouraging results.
Hintergrund: Durch COVID-19 kam es weltweit, insbesondere in den ersten Wochen der Pandemie, zu einer Verschiebung und Absage elektiver Operationen in allen chirurgischen Fachdisziplinen. Eine Beschreibung der spezifischen Situation in gefäßchirurgischen Kliniken in Deutschland während dieser Periode ist bislang nicht erfolgt.
Ziel der Arbeit: Zweck der Befragung war die Erfassung der gefäßchirurgischen Leistungserbringung in der Zeit von März 2020 bis Dezember 2020, sowie von logistischen und infrastrukturellen Veränderungen, die sich durch die pandemische Lage ergeben hatten. Hierbei lag der Fokus der Umfrage auf der möglichst realitätsnahen Abbildung der Versorgungssituation anhand der Einschätzung der leitenden Gefäßchirurg*innen.
Material und Methoden: In Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie und Gefäßmedizin (DGG) wurde das leitende ärztliche Personal von gefäßchirurgischen Einrichtungen in Deutschland aufgefordert, an der Umfrage teilzunehmen. Die Beantwortung der Fragen erfolgte anonym.
Ergebnisse: Durch COVID-19 und korrespondierende Maßnahmen kam und kommt es zu relevanten Absagen und Verschiebungen von Operationen, Verlust an Kapazitäten und einer gesteigerten Personalbelastung. Es traten im Beobachtungszeitraum verspätete Versorgungen gefäßchirurgischer Krankheitsbilder und ein gehäuftes Auftreten schwererer klinischer Stadien verglichen mit dem entsprechenden Vorjahreszeitraum auf. Betroffen sind alle Versorgungsstufen, größtenteils dauern diese Veränderungen an.
Diskussion: Um der strukturellen Schwächung und den Einschränkungen in der Patientenversorgung zu begegnen, sind klinische Abläufe, Patientenaufklärung und Priorisierung zu optimieren. Neue Konzepte wie z. B. Telemedizin und engmaschigere klinische Kontrolle sind ggf. sinnvoll. Eine erforderliche Infrastruktur für Notfallmanagement (COVID) darf im Alltag nicht die Versorgungsqualität der gefäßchirurgischen Patient*innen negativ beeinflussen.
Neben einer guten Tanztechnik spielt die Körperform von professionellen Tänzer*innen eine entscheidende Rolle. Im klassischen Tanz gilt eine leptosom-grazile Form mit langen Gliedmaßen bei Frauen als ideal. Dementsprechend ist die Prävalenz von Untergewicht hoch. Dabei ist es nicht ausgeschlossen, dass dieses physische Erscheinungsbild mittels Diäten erreicht wird. Auffällig ist eine höhere Prävalenz von Störungen des Essverhaltens und Essstörungen vor allem bei Tänzerinnen im Vergleich zu nicht tanzenden Vergleichsgruppen. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Untergewicht können hormonelle Störungen, wie Amenorrhoe, Osteoporose oder Leistungseinschränkungen auftreten. Daher ist es wichtig, Tänzer*innen regelmäßig zu untersuchen und präventive Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist die Darstellung der Literatur zu diesem Thema.
Background: Orthodontic root resorptions are frequently investigated in small animals, and micro-computed tomography (μCT) enables volumetric comparison. Despite, due to overlapping histograms from dentine and bone, accurate quantification of root resorption is challenging. The present study aims at (i) validating a novel automated approach for tooth segmentation (ATS), (ii) to indicate that matching of contralateral teeth is eligible to assess orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root resorption (RR), (iii) and to apply the novel approach in an animal trial performing orthodontic tooth movement.
Methods: The oral apparatus of three female mice were scanned with a μCT. The first molars of each jaw and animal were segmented using ATS (test) and manually (control), and contralateral volumes were compared. Agreement in root volumes and time efficiency were assessed for method validation. In another n = 14 animals, the left first upper molar was protracted for 11 days at 0.5 N, whereas the contralateral molar served as control. Following ATS, OTM and RR were estimated.
Results: ATS was significantly more time efficient compared to the manual approach (81% faster, P < 0.01), accurate (volume differences: − 0.01 ± 0.04 mm3), and contralateral roots had comparable volumes. Protracted molars had significantly lower root volumes (P = 0.03), whereas the amount of OTM failed to reveal linear association with RR (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Within the limits of the study, it was demonstrated that the combination of ATS and registration of contralateral jaws enables measurements of OTS and associated RR in μCT scans.
The disruption in blood supply due to myocardial infarction is a critical determinant for infarct size and subsequent deterioration in function. The identification of factors that enhance cardiac repair by the restoration of the vascular network is, therefore, of great significance. Here, we show that the transcription factor Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) is increased in stressed cardiomyocytes and induces a cardioprotective cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells to enhance angiogenesis after ischemia. Single-cell sequencing indicates ZEB2 to be enriched in injured cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of ZEB2 results in impaired cardiac contractility and infarct healing post-myocardial infarction (post-MI), while cardiomyocyte-specific ZEB2 overexpression improves cardiomyocyte survival and cardiac function. We identified Thymosin β4 (TMSB4) and Prothymosin α (PTMA) as main paracrine factors released from cardiomyocytes to stimulate angiogenesis by enhancing endothelial cell migration, and whose regulation is validated in our in vivo models. Therapeutic delivery of ZEB2 to cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart induces the expression of TMSB4 and PTMA, which enhances angiogenesis and prevents cardiac dysfunction. These findings reveal ZEB2 as a beneficial factor during ischemic injury, which may hold promise for the identification of new therapies.
Background: Tisagenlecleucel, an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, has demonstrated efficacy in children and young adults with relapsed/refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in two multicenter phase 2 trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02435849 (ELIANA) and NCT02228096 (ENSIGN)), leading to commercialization of tisagenlecleucel for the treatment of patients up to age 25 years with B-ALL that is refractory or in second or greater relapse.
Methods: A pooled analysis of 137 patients from these trials (ELIANA: n=79; ENSIGN: n=58) was performed to provide a comprehensive safety profile for tisagenlecleucel.
Results: Grade 3/4 tisagenlecleucel-related adverse events (AEs) were reported in 77% of patients. Specific AEs of interest that occurred ≤8 weeks postinfusion included cytokine-release syndrome (CRS; 79% (grade 4: 22%)), infections (42%; grade 3/4: 19%), prolonged (not resolved by day 28) cytopenias (40%; grade 3/4: 34%), neurologic events (36%; grade 3: 10%; no grade 4 events), and tumor lysis syndrome (4%; all grade 3). Treatment for CRS included tocilizumab (40%) and corticosteroids (23%). The frequency of neurologic events increased with CRS severity (p<0.001). Median time to resolution of grade 3/4 cytopenias to grade ≤2 was 2.0 (95% CI 1.87 to 2.23) months for neutropenia, 2.4 (95% CI 1.97 to 3.68) months for lymphopenia, 2.0 (95% CI 1.87 to 2.27) months for leukopenia, 1.9 (95% CI 1.74 to 2.10) months for thrombocytopenia, and 1.0 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.87) month for anemia. All patients who achieved complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery experienced B cell aplasia; however, as nearly all responders also received immunoglobulin replacement, few grade 3/4 infections occurred >1 year postinfusion.
Conclusions: This pooled analysis provides a detailed safety profile for tisagenlecleucel during the course of clinical trials, and AE management guidance, with a longer follow-up duration compared with previous reports.
Patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis show a characteristic gait pattern in which they unload the affected leg and overload the unaffected leg. Information on the gait characteristics of patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis is very limited. The main purposes of this study were to investigate whether the gait pattern of both legs of patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis deviates from healthy controls and whether bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients show a more symmetrical joint load compared to unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients. In this prospective study, 26 patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis, 26 patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis and 26 healthy controls were included. The three groups were matched for gender, age and walking speed. Patients were scheduled for a unilateral total hip arthroplasty on the more affected/more painful side. All participants underwent a three-dimensional gait analysis. Gait kinematics and gait kinetics of patients and controls were compared using Statistical Parametric Mapping. Corrected for speed, the gait kinematics and kinetics of both legs of patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis differed from healthy controls. Bilateral patients had symmetrical knee joint loading, in contrast to the asymmetrical knee joint loading in unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients. The ipsilateral leg of the bilateral patients could be included in studies in addition to unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients as no differences were found. Although patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis show more symmetrical frontal plane knee joint moments, a pathological external knee adduction moment in the second half of stance was present in the ipsilateral leg in patients with unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis. The lateral adjustment of the knee adduction moment may initiate or accelerate progression of degenerative changes in the lateral compartment of the knee.
Um eine gezielte Prophylaxe und Therapie der Urolithiasis zu ermöglichen und um die Rezidivrate zu senken, ist die genaue Kenntnis der Steinzusammensetzung erforderlich. Wegen des hohen Beschaffungspreises sind Röntgendiffraktion und Infrarotspektroskopie nur wenigen Laboratorien vorbehalten, andererseits sollten unspezifisch-chemische Steinanalysenmethoden wegen deren geringeren Sensitivität und Spezifität heute nicht mehr angewendet werden.
In dieser Arbeit wird eine unter dem Mikroskop durchführbare Harnsteinkomponentenanalysenmethode (Harzalith) beschrieben. Es handelt sich um eine mikroskopisch-mikrochemische Harnsteinanalysenmethode. Sie basiert auf der Auswertung mikroskopisch typischer, leicht einprägsamer Farbmuster, die sich je nach Steinzusammensetzung in charakteristischer Weise nach Zugabe des Steinmaterials zum Reagenz innerhalb von Sekunden entwickeln.
Eine Bewertung der mikroskopisch-mikrochemischen Harnsteinkomponentenanalyse gegenüber Röntgendiffraktion, Infrarotspektroskopie und unspezifisch-chemischen Methoden erfolgt anhand von Ergebnissen aus über 10jähriger eigener Anwendungserfahrung.
Folgende Vorteile werden kurz dargestellt:
1. Es werden Steinkomponenten und nicht nur Ionen erfaßt.
2. Es können geringste Steinprobenmengen analysiert werden.
3. Die Ergebnisse der Methode hinsichtlich Richtigkeit, Sensitivität und Spezifität sind in gleicher Größenordnung wie die von Infrarotspektroskopie und Röntgendiffraktion.
4. Die Methode ist einfach zu erlernen, schnell, genau und von leichter Handhabung. Sie ist damit eine echte Alternative gegenüber den anderen apparativ-aufwendigen Harnsteinanalysenverfahren.
Es wird eine neue pH-Indikatormethode zur Harnstoffbestimmung beschrieben. Die Methode zeichnet sich durch gute Präzision und Richtigkeit aus. Der aus 150 Wertepaaren ermittelte Korrelationskoeffizient beträgt mit der DAM-Methode r = 0,9970 und mit der GLDH-Methode r = 0,9971. Die Richtigkeitsversuche charakterisieren die Methode als praxisgerecht. Wegen der schnellen Durchführung ist die Methode auch für Notfall-Laboratorien zu empfehlen.
Der Basismechanismus immunchemischer Reaktionen ist die Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion. Die nachzuweisenden Substanzen haben in der Bestimmungsreaktion Antigen-Funktion. Die zur Bestimmung der Substanz
im Test eingesetzten Antikörper können polyklonalen oder monoklonalen Ursprungs sein.
Polyklonal gebildete Antikörper werden technisch gewonnen durch die Reinigung der Immunglobulinfraktion immunisierter Tiere. Trotz mehrerer Reinigungsschritte wird vielfach nicht ein spezifischer Antikörper gewonnen, sondern eine heterogene Antikörperfraktion, die neben dem spezifischen Antikörper weitere Antikörper mit unterschiedlicher Affinität Avidität und Spezifität gegen die immunchemisch zu analysierende Substanz enthält.
Die technische Gewinnung monoklonaler Antikörper verläuft im ersten Schritt ähnlich der auf polyklonalem Wege; ein Tier wird immunisiert mit dem immundiagnostisch zu bestimmenden Antigen. Es wird jedoch nachfolgend nicht Blut des immunisierten Tieres zur Antikörpergewinnung entnommen, sondern die MHz. In vitro werden im nächsten Schritt Antigen-sensibilisierte B-Lymphozyten aus der Milz mit Myelomzellen der Maus unter Bildung von Hybridzellen fusioniert. Die Hybridzellen werden selektioniert und diejenigen cloniert, die den gewünschten spezifischen Antikörper bilden. Auf diesem Wege können Antikörper einheitlicher Affinität, Avidität und Spezifität in größeren Mengen gewonnen werden.
Die Vor- und Nachteile poly- und monoklonal gebildeter Antikörper für immunchemische Tests werden dargestellt.
Wir erprobten die Verwendung von Primärgefäßen in einem voll selektiven, patientenorientiert arbeitenden Analysensystem. Unter Routinebedingungen wurden die Veränderungen von 18 Blutbestandteilen (Enzyme, Substrate, Elektrolyte) in Serumproben untersucht, die im Probennahmegefäß nach Zentrifugation längere Zeit über dem Blutkuchen aufbewahrt wurden. Innerhalb von 5 Std. waren nur geringfügige und kaum klinisch relevante Differenzen zu beobachten. Um auch im Einzelfall hämolyse- bzw. diffusionsbedingte Veränderungen von Serumbestandteilen auszuschließen, bemühten wir uns um die Entwicklung eines Ventilfilters, der hinsichtlich seiner Handhabung und Funktionalität Routine-Anforderungen genügt und die Geometrie 'des Primärgefäßes nicht verändert.
Gene therapy has garnered increasing interest over recent decades. Several therapies employing gene transfer mechanisms have been developed, and, of these, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have demonstrated viability for use with in vivo gene therapy. Several AAV-based therapeutics have received regulatory approval in the last few years including those for retinal disease, spinal muscular atrophy or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Lately, with the introduction of novel liver-directed AAV vector-based therapeutics for the treatment of haemophilia A and B, gene therapy has attracted significant attention in the hepatology community, with the liver increasingly recognised as a target for gene therapy. However, the introduction of foreign DNA into hepatocytes is associated with a risk of hepatic reactions, with raised ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) being – so far – the most commonly reported side effects. The complete mechanisms underlying the ALT flairs remain to be determined and the long-term risks associated with these new treatments is not yet known. The liver community is increasingly being asked to support liver-directed gene therapy to mitigate potential liver associated harm. In this review, we focus on AAV vector-based gene therapy, shedding light on this promising technique and its remarkable success in haemophilia, with a special focus on hepatic complications and their management in daily clinical practice.
Highlights
• High resolution profile of C. pipiens' sugar diet has been obtained using UHPLC-MS.
• Artificial feeding using ornamental plants provides similar sugar profiles as observed in field collected mosquitoes.
• Metabolomic profiling found secondary metabolites and pollutants of anthropogenic use.
Abstract: Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) mosquitoes search plant sources of sugars to cope with the energetic demand of various physiological processes. The crop as part of the digestive system is devoted to the storage of sugar-based meal obtained from various nectars sources. The profiling of sugars and metabolites in the Culex pipiens’ crop is scarce, and only few studies used Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), which provides broad detection for biomonitoring environmental substances and even contaminants in the sugar diet of mosquitoes populations.
Therefore, sugar and metabolite profiling were performed on crops obtained from mosquitoes exposed to plant nectar under laboratory or natural conditions by Ultra High-Performance LC-MS (UHPLC-MS). This method allowed us a precise quantitative and qualitative identification of sugar diet and associated environmental compounds in the crop of the mosquito C. pipiens. Under laboratory condition, mosquitoes were allowed to feed on either glucose solution, commercially-available flowers or field collected flowers. In addition, we collected mosquitoes from the field to compare those crop metabolomes with metabolome patterns occurring after nectar feeding in the lab.
The sugar quantities and quality obtained from the crops of mosquitoes collected in the field were similar to those crops obtained from mosquitoes that fed on commercially-available flowers and from field collected flowers with a limit of detection of 10 μg/L for sucrose, glucose and sucrose. Next to sugar compounds, we identified 2 types of amino acids, 12 natural products, and 9 pesticides.
Next to the diversity of sugar compounds, we could confirm that secondary metabolites and environmental pollutants are typically up taken from floral nectar sources by C. pipiens. The in-depth knowledge on mosquito–plant interactions may inspire the development and further optimization of mosquito trap systems and arboviral surveillance systems.
Quantitative 7gLp(a)- Bestimmungen im Humanserum wurden mit zwei unterschiedlichen immunelektrophoretischenTechniken - der Raketenimmunelektrophorese (RIE) und dem Zonen- Immunelektrophorese- Assay (ZIA) durchge-führt. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse beider Methoden zeigte im Bereich von 6 -80 mg l dl eine gute Übereinstimmung(r = 0.9919).Lp(a) -Konzentrationen unter 6 mg /dl können mit der Raketen- Technik nicht mehr quantitativ nachgewiesen werden,da nach Laurell (12) Präzipitathöhen kürzer als 5mm nicht mehr proportional zur Konzentration des Antigens sind.Bei dem ZIA dagegen können Lp(a)-Konzentrationen von 1 -6 mg /dl noch gut und reproduzierbar nachgewiesenwerden.
Highlights
• Microstimulation of visual area V4 improves visual stimulus detection
• Effects of V4 microstimulation extend to the other hemifield
• Microstimulation effects are time dependent and consistent with attention dynamics
Summary
Neuronal activity in visual area V4 is well known to be modulated by selective attention, and there are reports on V4 lesions leading to attentional deficits. However, it remains unclear whether V4 microstimulation can elicit attentional benefits. To test this hypothesis, we performed local microstimulation in area V4 and explored its spatial and time dynamics in two macaque monkeys performing a visual detection task. Microstimulation was delivered via chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays. We found that microstimulation increases average performance by 35% and reduces luminance detection thresholds by −30%. This benefit critically depends on the onset of microstimulation relative to the stimulus, consistent with known dynamics of endogenous attention. These results show that local microstimulation of V4 can improve behavior and highlight the critical role of V4 for attention.
In polarized cells, the multidrug resistance protein MRP2 is localized in the apical plasma membrane, whereas MRP1, another multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family member, is localized in the basolateral membrane. MRP1 and MRP2 are thought to contain an N-terminal region of five transmembrane segments (TMD0) coupled to 2 times six transmembrane segments via an intracellular loop (L0). We previously demonstrated for MRP1 that a mutant lacking TMD0 but still containing L0, called L0ΔMRP1, was functional and routed to the lateral plasma membrane. To investigate the role of the TMD0L0 region of MRP2 in routing to the apical membrane, we generated mutants similar to those made for MRP1. In contrast to L0ΔMRP1, L0ΔMRP2 was associated with an intracellular compartment, most likely endosomes. Co-expression with TMD0, however, resulted in apical localization of L0ΔMRP2 and transport activity. Uptake experiments with vesicles containing L0ΔMRP2 demonstrated that the molecule is able to transport LTC4. An MRP2 mutant without TMD0L0, ΔMRP2, was only core-glycosylated and localized intracellularly. Co-expression of ΔMRP2 with TMD0L0 resulted in an increased protein level of ΔMRP2, full glycosylation of the protein, routing to the apical membrane, and transport activity. Our results suggest that the TMD0 region is required for routing to or stable association with the apical membrane.
The tumor necrosis factor family member Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-expressing target cells and is an important cytotoxic effector molecule used by CTL- and NK-cells. In these hematopoietic cells, newly synthesized FasL is stored in specialized secretory lysosomes and only delivered to the cell surface upon activation and target cell recognition. FasL contains an 80-amino acid-long cytoplasmic tail, which includes a proline-rich domain as a bona fide Src homology 3 domain-binding site. This proline-rich domain has been implicated in FasL sorting to secretory lysosomes, and it may also be important for reverse signaling via FasL, which has been described to influence T-cell activation. Here we report the identification of the Src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein PSTPIP as a FasL-interacting partner, which binds to the proline-rich domain. PSTPIP co-expression leads to an increased intracellular localization of Fas ligand, thereby regulating extracellular availability and cytotoxic activity of the molecule. In addition, we demonstrate recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST by PSTPIP into FasL·PSTPIP·PTP-PEST complexes which may contribute to FasL reverse signaling.