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The reversible one-electron insertion into mono- and 1,4-di-substituted benzene derivatives is favored by dialkoxyboron and especially by dialkylboron groups. The assumption that it should be the symmetric e2u benzene molecular orbital which is occupied in the resulting radical anions can be supported by comparison of ESR coupling constants.
The sodium salt of the most simple polynitro-substituted hydrocarbon anion. Na⊕⊖C(NO2)3, (for a hazard warning cf. [***]) crystallizes from ether solutions without and with addition of 18-crown-6 either in a polymer band. [(Na⊕⊖C(NO2)3)dioxane]∞, or as a solvent- separated ion pair, [(Na⊕/18-crown-6)(THF2]⊕[(Na⊕/18-crown-6)(O2N-C⊖(NO2)2)2]⊖. The Na⊕ cations are each 8-fold coordinated in hexagonal bipyramidal arrangement. According to extensive quantum-chemical calculations based on the structure coordinates, the formation of these novel salts can be traced back to the charge distribution in the anions ⊖C(NO2)3. which due to negatively charged oxygen centers are favorable complex ligands. The structure determining effects of solvation are discussed.
For the first time, 107,109Ag ENDOR measurements in solution are reported. In addition, the formation of the known paramagnetic contact ion pair [Ag⊕(PR3)2(R2H2C6O2·⊖] on reduction of 3,5-di(tert-butyl)-o-benzoquinone in THF solution containing soluble silver salts and triphenylphosphine is studied by cyclic voltammetry.
Conditions for ENDOR measurem ents of organosulfur radical cations are discussed and tested. The one electron oxidation of a variety of aromatic sulfur com pounds comprising benzene-1,2-dithiole, 1,4-dithiine, thianthrene and diphenylsulfide derivatives as well as 33S isotope-marked bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)disulfide is accomplished using the oxygen-free, powerful and selective AlCl3/H2CCl2 reagent. Partly with substantial structural changes, paramagnetic M⊕ species of 1,2-benzodithiete, 1,4-dithiine, thianthrene and diphenyl sulfide result. Their temperature-dependent ENDOR signal patterns provide numerous information e.g. on radical cation structure and dynamics, on the rather high sulfur spin populations or on the spin rotation interaction dominated relaxation behaviour. Accordingly, to obtain optimum ENDOR effects in organosulfur radical cations low temperature measurements are required, and especially for still undiscovered 33S ENDOR couplings, small g factor anisotropies and 33S spin densities appear to be necessary.
Ion pairs of 1,10-phenanthrolin-5,6-dione radical anion [M · ⊖Me⊕n] ·⊕(n−1) with Me⊕n = Mg⊕⊕, Ca⊕⊕, Sr⊕⊕, Zn⊕⊕, Cd⊕⊕, Pb⊕⊕ and La⊕⊕⊕ are advantageously prepared in aprotic DMF solution containing appropriate metal salts Me⊕nX⊖ by using the ‘mild’ single-electron reducing agent tetra(n-butyl)ammonium-boranate R4N⊕BH4⊖ . For comparison, the ‘naked’ radical anion with the largely interaction-free [K⊕(2.2.2)-cryptand]⊕ counter cation is chosen, which is formed on reduction with potassium in THF solution of (2.2.2)-cryptand. Addition of excess Na⊕[B(C6H5)4]⊖ to the reduction solution only yields a solvent-separated ion pair (M · ⊖)DMF ··· (Na⊕)DMF, whereas in the presence of multiply charged counter cations Me⊕n the respective contact ion pair radical cations [M · ⊖Me⊕n] · ⊕(n−1) are formed. Their g values decrease with increasing nuclear charge of Me⊕n and their metal-s-spin densities increase with the effective counter cation charge n⊕/rMe⊕n. The ESR /ENDOR data recorded suggest Me⊕n complexation by the δ⊖OC -COδ⊖ chelate tongs and the ion pair stability, which is modified by the dielectric properties of the solvent used, may be rationalized by the Coulombic attraction between the radical anion M · ⊖ and the counter cations Me⊕n.
Reduction of naturally occurring para-and ortho-benzoquinone derivatives M to their respective radical anions M·⊖ can be accomplished under largely aprotic conditions either by cautious low-temperature reaction in THF containing an excess of (2.2.2) cryptand at a potassium mirror or by using the "mild" single electron transfer reagent tetrabutylammonium boranate R4N⊕BH4⊖ in DMF. On addition of soluble alkali tetraphenylborates Me⊕[B(C6H5)4]⊖ , their hitherto unknown radical ion pairs [M·⊖ Me⊕]· and/or triple ion radical cations [Me⊕M·⊖Me⊕]·⊕ form, which might be of biological relevance in molecular carrier and "turn off -turn on" switch processes. On addition of metal perchlorates Me⊕n(ClO4⊖)n with multiply charged counter cations Me⊕n the respective paramagnetic species [M·⊖Me⊕n]·(n-1)⊕ result. Assuming exclusive one-electron transfer reductions without any redox fragmentation reactions, ESR, ENDOR and GENERAL TRIPLE spectra are presented and discussed for the following radical anions and radical ion pairs: mitomycin C (M·⊖ and [M·⊖Mex⊕]·(x-1)⊕ with Me⊕ = Li⊕, Na⊕), streptonigrine (M·⊖ and [M·⊖Lix⊕]·(x-1)⊕), Entobex® (M·⊖ and [M·⊖Me⊕n]·(n-1)⊕ with Me⊕n = Li⊕, Na⊕, Cd⊕⊕, (H5C6)2Tl⊕) as well as brucinequinone ([M·⊖ Me⊕n]·(n-1)⊕ with Me⊕n = Li⊕, Cd⊕⊕, Pb⊕⊕, La⊕⊕⊕).
The radical anion of dimesityltetraketone (ERed, I = -0.40 V) is easily generated in THF by potassium mirror/[2.2.2]-cryptand reduction. Its contact ion pairs with Na⊕, Cs⊕ and Ba⊕⊕ counter cations, prepared in THF solution by single electron transfer from the respective metals, are characterized by their ESR/ENDOR spectra, which exhibit temperature-dependent metal couplings of aNa⊕ = 0.061 mT (190 K), aCs⊕ = 0.021 mT (190 K), and aBa⊕⊕ = 0.145 mT (295 K).
The structurally different radical anions M⊖ of peralkylated 1-sila-2,5-diazacyclopentane-3,4-dithione and of tetrakis(isopropylthio)-p-benzoquinone are generated by reduction with potassium/2.2.2-cryptand under aprotic conditions in THF solution. On addition of Li⊕B(C6H5)4⊖, both form hitherto elusive sulfur-containing contact ion pairs, which are characterized by their ESR/ENDOR spectra.
Cyclovoltammetric measurements of solutions containing the rather basic tetra-(2′-pyridyl)pyrazine allow to detect even traces of water and thus can be used as a touchstone for aprotic (cH⊕ < 1 ppm) conditions. On exchange of the “innocent” tetrabutylammonium R4N⊕ as supporting electrolyte cation by “interactive” ones such as Li⊕) or Na⊕, considerable changes in the reduction potentials are observed due to ion pair formation.
Tetraphenyl-p-benzoquinone, according to its single crystal structure, shows some steric congestion: its quinone ring is distorted by 7° to a chair conformation, and its phenyl substituents are twisted around their CC axes between 46° and 72°. The half-wave reduction potentials of -0.57 and -1.25 V in acetonitrile confirm negligible π interaction of the phenyl substituents. Addition of alkalimetal tetraphenylborate salts lowers the second reduction potential due to contact ion formation, which can be confirmed by UV/VIS spectra recorded under aprotic conditions. Extensive ESR/ENDOR investigations prove the formation of the following species in THF solution: Tetraphenyl-p-benzosemiquinone radical anion contact ion pairs [M·⊖ Me⊕solv]' (Me⊕: Li⊕, Na⊕, Rb⊕, Cs⊕) and contact triple ion radical cations both with identical cations [M·⊖ (Me⊕solv)2]·⊕ (Me⊕: Li⊕, Na⊕, Cs⊕) and different cations [M·⊖ (Li⊕solv)(Me⊕solv)]·⊕ (Me⊕: Na⊕, Cs⊕). Addition of crown ethers can lead to external solvation of the Me⊕ counter cations, whereas cryptands form internal solvation complexes. The radical anion of 2,6-diphenyl-p-benzosemiquinone adds cations at its phenyl-free molecular half. The radical anion salt [tetraphenyl-p-benzosemiquinone·⊖ (Na⊕(tetrahydropyrane) 2)] could be crystallized and its structure determined at 200 K. In agreement with the Hirota sign rules for contact radicals in solution, the Na⊕ ion is found 62 pm above the π plane and 29° outside the axis of the CO bound, which is elongated due to one-electron reduction by 5 pm to 127 pm.
The one-electron transfer to large π-delocalized hydrocarbons provides an interesting possibility to crystallize solvent-separated ion-pair salts containing optimally solvated cations. Accordingly, the reduction of 9.9′-bianthryl in aprotic 1.2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solution at a sodium metal mirror allows to grow dark blue, brick-like crystals of its radical anion and threefold DME-solvated sodium cation. The structure of the radical anion is very similar to that recently published for the neutral molecule. According to AM 1 enthalpy hypersurface calculations based on the structural data, the torsion angle between 60° and 120° is determined by the lattice packing and the negative charge is -π-delocalized predominantly within only one anthracene subunit. The counter cation [Na⊕(DME)3], reported only three times so far, shows a sixfold propeller-like coordination of approximate D3 skeletal symmetry with contact distances Na⊕···O between 232 and 243 pm and angles ≮ONa⊕O varying between 69° and 159°. Due to the small repulsion between the chelating DME molecules, the isodesmically calculated Na⊕ solvation enthalpy is more negative than that of the analogous tetrahydrofuran complex [Na⊕(THF)6] - as confirmed by the laboratory experience that salts of less stable anions are preferentially crystallized from a strongly cation solvating DME solution.
The photoelectron (PE) spectra of bis(dialkylamino) acetylenes R2N-C≡C-NR2 and of tetrakis(dialkylamino) allenes (R2N)2C=C=C(NR2)2 with R = CH3, C2H5 exhibit characteristic ionization patterns which are assigned to π radical cation states of the two molecular halves twisted against each other. The low first ionization potentials between 7.0 eV and 7.7 eV stimulated attempts to oxidize using AlCl3 in H2CCl2 or D2CCl2. The hyperfine structured ESR spectra observed can be unequivocally assigned to the ethylene radical cations R2N-HC=CH -NR2˙⊕ which are formed from the obviously non-persistent species R2N-C≡C-NR2˙⊕ via a hydrogen transfer. During the oxidation of the dialkylamino-substituted allenes no paramagnetic intermediates could be detected, presumably due to a rapid dimerisation of the allene radical cation (R2N)2C=C=C(NR2)2˙⊕.
Novel radical anions of trimethylstannyl substituted naphthalenes and their ESR spectra are reported. Both 119 Sn and 117 Sn coupling can be assigned unequivocally. The perturbation of π systems by R3X substituents of group IV b elements X = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb is discussed with respect to photoelectron ionization potentials, charge transfer excitations, half-wave reduction potentials and ESR spin distribution.
UV/VIS and ESR spectra of electron transfer reaction products in aprotic (cH⊕ < 0,1 ppm) solution can be measured in an especially designed and sealed glass apparatus and provide information on unknown facets of the microscopic pathway through the network of interdependent equilibria. For tetraphenyl-p-benzoquinone in tetrahydrofuran, single-electron reduction by a sodium metal mirror produces a red solution and, unexpectedly, after addition of 2.2.2. cryptand, contact with a potassium metal mirror generates a green (!) one. For both, ESR/ENDOR spectra prove the presence of tetraphenyl-p-benzoquinone radical anion. UV/VIS measurements provide the clue: In the equilibrium revealed by repetetive spectra recording, M·⊖solv + Me⊕solv ⇄ [M·⊖···Me⊖]solv, the radical anion is green (vm = 16900 cm-1) and the contact ion pair red (vm=18900 cm-1 ). On ion pair formation, therefore, the excitation energy of the radical anion increases by 0.25 eV.
In an especially designed and sealed glass apparatus, a combination of UV/VIS and ESR spectroscopy measurements are performed to follow electron transfer reactions in aprotic (cH⊕ < 0,1 ppm) solution. For the sodium metal reductions of the tetracyano-substituted title compounds, the novel technique provides the following detailed information: 1,2,4,5- tetracyanobenzene is uniformly reduced to its radical anion, for which additional geometryoptimized MNDO calculations predict an already significant cyanine disortion. For 7,7,8,8- tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, UV/VIS band shape analysis allows to detect in the saturated THF reduction solution the 16300 cm-1 absorption of the donor/acceptor complex formed in the equilibrium TCNQ·⊖ + TCNQ ⇆ {TCNQ·⊖···TCNQ}, which according to a literature search has been crystallized and structurally characterized in paramagnetic salts such as [Me2⊕ (TCNQ·⊖)2(TCNQ)].
The reduction potentials of 40 aromatic nitro compounds Rπ(NO2)n with Rπ = benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene and carbazole and n = 1 to 4 nitro groups are determined by cyclic voltammetry in DMF under aprotic conditions. The perturbation by the strongly electron accepting substituents can be rationalized via correlation with HMO eigenvalues. Based on reversibility criteria, the electrochemical behaviour is discussed and the compounds are classified with respect to reversible or irreversible one-electron transfer as well as up to 4 (quasi)-reversible reduction steps. The CV data measured can be used to predict redox reactions of aromatic nitro compounds in inert solvents.
1,4-Bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzene has been crystallized both by vacuum sublimation and from «-heptane solution, which each yielded colourless plates with identical monoclinic unit cell dimensions (P2/n, Z = 4). The conformation of C[ symmetry shows the two (H3C)3SiO-substituents to be conrotationally twisted around the O-( C6H4)-O axis by dihedral angles o f ± 60°. According to the photoelectron spectroscopic ionisation pattern and its Koopmans’ assignment, IEVn = -εJAM 1, by AM 1 eigenvalues, the gas phase structure should also be of C, symmetry. The results of geometry-optimized MNDO , AM 1 or PM 3 calculations for the monosubstituted derivative H5C6-OS i(CH3)3 are compared with respect to the quality of their fit to the measured data.
Crystals of lemon yellow dipotassium nitranilate and of yellow disodium nitranilate dihydrate have been grown and their structures determined at 290 and 200 K. The six-member- ed, O2N-disubstituted rings show a pronounced cyanine distortion with all four CO bonds identical and the two (OCC(NO2)CO)⊖ chains connected by single CC bonds of each 156 pm length. In the anhydrous K⊕ salt, the ring is planar, but in the Na⊕ hydrate salt it exhibits a twist conformation. Quantum chemical calculations allow to reproduce the structure in every detail, demonstrate strong charge alternation along the cyanine chains with considerable delocalization into the O2N acceptor substituents, and suggest that the rather long connecting CC bonds contain positively charged carbon centers on both ends. In addition, metal ion coordination effects as well as the rather high pKa value of nitranilic acid are rationalized.
Chelate complexes of 1,2-dimesitoylbenzene radical anion with alkali metal cations exhibit in aprotic solution extremely large ESR /ENDOR metal coupling constants. For rationalization, structures of both the neutral molecule (H3C)3H2C6 - CO - C6H4 - CO - C6H2(CH3)3, in which the two carbonyl groups are twisted out of the benzene ring plane by dihedral angles of ± 3̄7̄°, and a sodium contact ion quadruple have been determined. One of the dimers [dimesitoylbenzeneH⊖ (Na⊕H2N H2C - CH2NH2)]2, although generated by Na metal mirror reduction of 1,2-dimesitoylbenzene in aprotic DME solution with added ethylendiamine for better electron transfer, surprisingly contains two 245 pm short (!) hydrogen bridges ⊖O ··· (H)O and in addition two solvation bridges e ⊖O ··· Na⊕(H2NH2C - CH2NH2) ··· O⊖. Results of MNDO calculations based on the experimental coordinates support the proposed concept.
From the electron and proton transfer equilibria network of quinones in solution a novel intermediate can be prepared by deprotonation of 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroquinone to its monoanion using sodium metal. The sodium salt crystallizes in polymer strings connected via O⊖···(H)O hydrogen bridges, which are capped additionally by twofold dimethoxy-ethanesolvated Na⊕ countercations. The single crystal structure determination reveals one of the shortest O⊕ ··· HO distances observed so far of only 246 pm. MNDO calculations further confirm the assignment of hydroquinone monoanion building blocks in the polymer chain. For structural comparison as well as for attempts of its sodium reduction, 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-p- benzoquinone has been synthesized. Its single crystal structure is reported, which does not show any cyanine distortion.