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From 1945 to the early 1960s, the US government undertook numerous atomic and hydrogen bomb tests. These full-scale explosions were recorded on film from various angles, and at different speeds. Indeed, it soon became required to obtain images of the very first milli-seconds of the expanding phase of the atomic fireball. Ultrahigh-speed cameras able to produce such images were specifically developed for that purpose. This article explores the different “media-temporalities” that intersect in those images. I focus on the “micro-processes happening on a technical level that are very fast,” and more specifically the ones that go into the “Rapatronic camera” designed by Harold Edgerton (head of the US national defense contractor company EG&G) to record the atomic fireball early formation. The scientific slow-motion films and high-speed photographic images operate at the junction of the micro-scale temporality of the atomic explosions’ early phases, and the macro-scale temporality of the political and ecological implications of these explosions. I argue that these films are the objects and inscriptions of micro-temporalities, macro-history and geological times.
The paper presents a reconsideration of settlement pattern and defensive systems in south-eastern Italy during the Bronze Age, on the ground of the archaeological data coming from the excavations at Coppa Nevigata. In particular, the transformations of the defensive lines of the settlement are discussed, which were strictly linked to both defensive and offensive strategies and their changes. Moreover, the paper seeks to examine some related problems, such as the possible origin for the model of complex fortification lines in southern Italy, the pattern(s) of fortified settlement in the Eastern Adriatic and matters related to the social organisation of the Bronze Age southern Italian communities that built the fortification lines.
Die archäologische Forschung zu befestigten Anlagen der Vorgeschichte, vor allem zu jenen Komplexen der Bronze- und Eisenzeit Mitteleuropas, basierte in der Vergangenheit maßgeblich auf Postulaten, die sich von Analogien zu antiken Quellen ableiteten. Demnach waren Befestigungen vor allem Ausdruck zentralisierter Sozialsysteme, errichtet auf Weisung von Führungspersönlichkeiten, die an der Spitze einer Hierarchie standen und mit den Befestigungen ihre Zentralorte gegen feindliche Übergriffe absicherten. In dem Beitrag wird jedoch gezeigt, dass sowohl die Notwendigkeit einer hierarchischen Sozialstruktur zur Errichtung von Fortifikationen als auch die vermutete zentralörtliche Funktion von Befestigungen im Lichte ethnographischer Quellen durchaus keine Universalien darstellen.
Movies are brilliant choices to be subjects of discourse analysis since they bear resemblance to real-life phenomena. Lion of The Desert is one of the movies that actualizes the use of the English language as the dialogue and presents Islamic historical values as its content. Among a myriad of sub-disciplines of discourse analysis, this paper attempts to investigate speech act phenomena in the utterances of Omar Mukhtar, the main character of the movie. The discourse analysis is conducted on his utterances in order to extract the types of speech acts he employs. Primary data sources include the movie video file and its script. We execute several procedural steps of extracting the data, commencing with watching the movie while reading its script; re-watching it to identify the aspects like voice, intonation, and mimics; interpreting, and classifying the types of speech acts in accordance with the classification procedure of John R. Searle’s speech act theory. The findings revealed four types of speech acts, namely, representative, directive, commissive, and expressive, being identified and classified in Mukhtar’s utterances. The most frequently used type of speech act was representative, which is performed in 56 utterances, followed by a directive act which appears in 53 utterances. Commissive and expressive speech acts emerge in 9 and 7 utterances respectively.
This article explores the liturgical functions of cross-shaped staurothekes, reliquaries of the True Cross, in twelfth-century Sicily. These luxurious objects were once at the centre of the devotion of the growing Christian communities on an island undergoing dramatic social changes. This contribution examines the figuration of these crosses and the messages they conveyed to their audiences, focusing on documented processions as displays of public piety. To this end, the contents of two liturgical manuscripts from Palermo, evidence in contemporary pictorial arts and coinage, and the urban layout of the Norman capital will shed light on the reception of the symbol of the cross in the cosmopolitan, yet increasingly intolerant Sicilian kingdom.
Diese Magisterarbeit befasst sich mit der archäologischen Fundsituation von Terrakottafiguren der Nok-Kultur in Zentralnigeria (1500 v. Chr. – 1 n. Chr.). Seit 1928 werden solche anthropomorphe und zoomorphe Skulpturen aus gebranntem Ton im Verbreitungsgebiet entdeckt. Nur wenige stammen jedoch aus systematischen Ausgrabungen. Mit Beginn der Frankfurter Forschungen 2005 (seit 2009 im Rahmen eines DFG-Langfristprojekts in Zusammenarbeit mit zwei nigerianischen Universitäten und der NCMM in Nigeria) erweiterten sich die Erkenntnisse zum Kontext der Figuren und der assoziierten Funde stetig.
Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen acht Befunde mit Terrakottafragmenten von sechs Nok-Fundstellen. Sie werden dank der Frankfurter Daten beschrieben, analysiert und im Hinblick auf den finalen Umgang mit den Funden interpretiert. Unter den intentional angelegten Befunden sprechen bestimmte Kriterien für einen profanen Charakter der Niederlegungen, andere sprechen für rituelle Deponierungen. Letztere sind vermutlich im Rahmen von Aktivitäten angelegt worden, welche mit der Glaubenswelt der prähistorischen Gesellschaft in Verbindung stehen. (An English summary is included.)
Am Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften ist der Generationenwechsel in vollem Gang. Außer den Professoren Jan-Waalke Meyer, Hans-Markus von Kaenel und Wulf Raeck ist auch die Kustodin der archäologischen Sammlungen, Ursula Mandel, in Ruhestand gegangen. Erfreulich für das Institut und die Goethe-Universität: Alle vier Stellen konnten neu besetzt, eine Lichtenberg-Professur konnte verstetigt werden, so dass insbesondere die Vorderasiatische Archäologie, die Archäologie der römischen Provinzen und Numismatik und die Klassische Archäologie nun neu in die Zukunft blicken. Der UniReport stellt »die Neuen« vor, die die Frankfurter Archäologie künftig mit prägen werden.
Despite the fact that the fortification in Sântana-Cetatea Veche has been known since the 18th century and various local scholars have taken a direct interest in the site, the first excavations only started much later. The fortification was correctly attributed to the Bronze Age only in the second half of the 20th century. Until then, those interested in the issue of the great fortifications in Banat believed that the ramparts had been constructed during the Avar Period. New research on the fortification in Sântana was initiated in 2008. The northern side of the third fortification system was tested in 2009, and its construction system was documented on that occasion. The fortification system in question consisted of an earthen rampart, a wall made of wood and clay built upon the crest of the rampart, and a defense ditch. At the same time we noted that the erection of the earthen rampart had disturbed a cemetery in use in that area. The present article focuses on the dating of the third system of fortification excavated in 2009 and on the presentation of the contexts from which radiocarbon data have been collected. The results indicate that the cemetery disturbed by the construction of the fortification was used at the end of the 15th century BC and that the fortification was certainly in use during the 14th century BC.
Zu den zentralen Fähigkeiten, die im Rahmen eines musikwissenschaftlichen Studiums erworben werden, gehört die Verschriftlichung musikalischer Einsichten. Das eigene Hörverhalten zu reflektieren und dabei Hörerfahrungen schriftlich zu fixieren, ist ein wichtiges Teilziel innerhalb des langwierigen und komplexen Lernprozesses, der das Schreiben über Musik zum Inhalt hat. Studierende in der Entwicklung dieser Fähigkeit anzuleiten und zu unterstützen gehörte zu den Zielen zweier Lehrprojekte, die im Wintersemester 2015/16 am Institut für Musikwissenschaft der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt durchgeführt wurden und über die hier berichtet werden soll.
Beide Projekte fanden im Rahmen der propädeutischen Pflichtveranstaltung »Einführung in die musikalische Analyse« statt – das heißt im Seminar »Hören und Analysieren: Klaviermusik des 20. Jahrhunderts« von Marion Saxer. Die 32 TeilnehmerInnen belegten das Seminar innerhalb des ersten Studienjahres. Zu beiden Lehrprojekten wurde Datenmaterial erhoben und ausgewertet. Von je 20 Studierenden im Haupt- und Nebenfach liegen jeweils anonyme Rückläufe zu den Projekten vor.
Beide Lehrprojekte beanspruchen keinesfalls den Rang empirischer Untersuchungen, es handelt sich tatsächlich lediglich um erste »Sondierungen«, wie im Titel des Beitrags angedeutet, die neben der Anbahnung des Schreibens über Musik zugleich das Ziel verfolgten, etwas über die Hörweisen der Studienanfänger im Fach Musikwissenschaft zu erfahren. Einige Aspekte jener anfänglichen Sondierungen erscheinen jedoch so interessant, dass sie an dieser Stelle in die Diskussion um das Hören in der musikwissenschaftlichen Lehre eingebracht werden sollen.
Highlights
• The Munich Procedure, developed for p-XRF data, standardises coefficient corrections.
• It ensures consistent, reproducible data, benefiting specialists in various industries.
• The protocol, documented as R-Skript, enhances accuracy and transparency of p-XRF data.
• Establishing a common baseline fosters discussion and improves the overall understanding of p-XRF.
Abstract
The Munich Procedure, a protocol presented as R code and initially developed on the basis of archaeometric portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) data, offers adaptability and standardisation to evaluate coefficient corrections. These corrections are derived from linear regressions calculated by comparing p-XRF values with laboratory chemical analyses of the same sample set. The versatility of this procedure allows collaboration and ensures consistent data structure. Not tied to specific instrumentation, this approach helps to universally improve the accuracy of p-XRF data, benefiting specialists in a variety of industries. By providing a common baseline for performance evaluation, it enables discussion across different applications.
The Nok Culture of Central Nigeria is known for its sophisticated terracotta figurines initially described in the 1950s by the British archaeologist Bernard Fagg. Since 2009, the Nok Culture has been the subject of research at the Goethe University Frankfurt within the scope of a long-term project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). This book is the outcome of a PhD thesis that involved pXRF analysis of features associated with the Nok Culture, namely stone-pot-arrangements and pit features.
Stone-pot-arrangements are considered to be burials, indicated by arranged and modified stones associated with complete pots and, in a few cases, a necklace made of stone beads. However, the absence of bones and other skeletal remains meant that their interpretation as burials was unresolved. The interpretation of pits or pit-like structures, of various shapes and sizes, also remained inconclusive.
Employing pXRF analysis succeeded in revealing traces of a decomposed body, supporting the hypothesis of stone-pot-arrangements being interments. Together with the analysis of pits, new ideas about the formation and use of Nok sites were advanced. These culminated in a 'patchwork model' that assumes a repetitive cycle of utilising land for farming, settlements and burials, followed by abandonment and subsequent re-visiting and re-use of the formerly abandoned land.