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Background: Molecular markers for prostate cancer (PCa) are required to improve the early definition of patient outcomes. Atypically large extracellular vesicles (EVs), referred as "Large Oncosomes" (LO), have been identified in highly migratory and invasive PCa cells. We recently developed and characterized the DU145R80 subline, selected from parental DU145 cells as resistant to inhibitors of mevalonate pathway. DU145R80 showed different proteomic profile compared to parental DU145 cells, along with altered cytoskeleton dynamics and a more aggressive phenotype.
Methods: Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to identify blebbing and EVs protein cargo. EVs, purified by gradient ultra-centrifugations, were analyzed by tunable resistive pulse sensing and multi-parametric flow cytometry approach coupled with high-resolution imaging technologies. LO functional effects were tested in vitro by adhesion and invasion assays and in vivo xenograft model in nude mice. Xenograft and patient tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: We found spontaneous blebbing and increased shedding of LO from DU145R80 compared to DU145 cells. LO from DU145R80, compared to those from DU145, carried increased amounts of key-molecules involved in PCa progression including integrin alpha V (αV-integrin). By incubating DU145 cells with DU145R80-derived LO we demonstrated that αV-integrin on LO surface was functionally involved in the increased adhesion and invasion of recipient cells, via AKT. Indeed either the pre-incubation of LO with an αV-integrin blocking antibody, or a specific AKT inhibition in recipient cells are able to revert the LO-induced functional effects. Moreover, DU145R80-derived LO also increased DU145 tumor engraftment in a mice model. Finally, we identified αV-integrin positive LO-like structures in tumor xenografts as well as in PCa patient tissues. Increased αV-integrin tumor expression correlated with high Gleason score and lymph node status.
Conclusions: Overall, this study is the first to demonstrate the critical role of αV-integrin positive LO in PCa aggressive features, adding new insights in biological function of these large EVs and suggesting their potential use as PCa prognostic markers.
Sulforaphane is a natural substance found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli or cabbage. There are promising results for a number of tumor entities regarding the potential anti-carcinogenic effects of sulforaphane. The experiments designed for this study were performed on prostate carcinoma cells. The aim was to investigate the influence of sulforaphane on the growth behaviour of prostate cancer cells.
Designed as an in-vitro-model, prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and PC3 were used in the study. The experiments can be roughly divided into two categories:
• Regulation of cell growth: After the growth inhibitory effect of sulforaphane has been confirmed (MTT test), the proliferation rate (BrdU assay) and apoptosis rate (apoptosis assay) of the cells were measured under the influence of sulforaphane. Studies on clonogenic growth completed this series of experiments.
• Regulation of the cell cycle: After determining the impact of sulforaphane on the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle assay), the cell cycle-relevant proteins of the cyclin-CDK-axis, the CDK inhibitors p19 and p27 as well as the acetylated histones aH3 and aH4 were analysed (Western Blot).
An additional MTT test was performed to determine a possible induction of resistance by long-term sulforaphane exposure. In addition, the expression profile of CD44 subtypes v4, v5 and v7 under the influence of sulforaphane has been investigated by FACS analysis.
The growth and proliferation rate as well as the clonogenic growth of the prostate carcinoma cells were shown to be inhibited under the influence of sulforaphane in a concentration-dependent manner. Induction of apoptosis has not occurred. The treatment with sulforaphane resulted in a concentration-dependent G2/M arrest of the cell cycle. The level of expression of cyclins A and B and of CDKs 1 and 2 has increased due to sulforaphane exposure. The level of expression of pCDKs has decreased except for a slight increase in pCDK 2 in the DU145 cell line. The CDK inhibitors p19 and p27 were elevated, except for a reduction of p27 in the PC3 cell line. The level of expression of acetylated histones aH3 and aH4 has increased due to sulforaphane treatment. Indications for induction of resistance by long-term use of sulforaphane were not found. Treatment with sulforaphane resulted in an increased expression level of the CD44 subtypes v4, v5 and v7 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
The test results fit into the existing findings. The exact processes and relationships of the modes of action are not yet sufficiently understood. Nevertheless, it can be stated that sulforaphane can trigger anticarcinogenic mechanisms at the molecular level also in prostate cancer. Therefore, sulforaphane could eventually be used in clinical practice, whether prophylactically or therapeutically. Further studies, also in clinical settings on humans, are therefore necessary.