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Happy Ends, soviel gilt im Zeichen der Negativitätsästhetik als ausgemacht, sind ästhetisch verächtlich. Mit guten Gründen, wie es scheint: Die eben noch rechtzeitige Ankunft des rettenden Boten, das Durchschauen von Verwechslung und Irrtum in letzter Minute, die schon nicht mehr erhoffte Umkehr des auf Abwegen Wandelnden – dies sind, wenn nicht geradezu konstitutive, so doch gattungstypische Handlungsverläufe trivialer, bloß unterhaltender, kitschiger – kurz, als ästhetisch geringerwertig geltender Kunst.
Motive und Argumente der Ablehnung gehören zum topischen Repertoire der Trivialliteraturforschung: Was an solchen Produkten der Kunst und der Literatur so bedenklich ist, ist nicht das gute Ende selbst, zu dem sie führen, sondern vielmehr der ermäßigte Preis, zu dem sie es tun. Das gute Ende, zugleich mit Spannung erhofft, tritt ein als ein so nicht erwartetes, als ein in den Bedingungen seiner Möglichkeit nicht motiviertes, als sorgfältig geplante Zufälligkeit. Es sei darauf angelegt, heißt es, ein Glücksverlangen zu befriedigen, zu befriedigen aber nur im Hier und Jetzt des illudierenden Spiels. Und alle Wiederholung, zu der es das Bedürfnis errege, könne nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, daß es, nach Maßgabe besonnen-nüchterner Vernunft, 'realistischerweise' nicht hatte eintreten können. Eben dadurch verweise es die wahre Befriedigung des Glücksverlangens ins Reich illusionärer Utopie, daß es die Gegebenheiten, die jener tatsächlich entgegenstehen, als weniger bedrängend und bedrohlich erscheinen lasse. Die Ablehnung des Happy End als Gattungsstereotyps ist also begründet in einer Interpretation seiner Funktion. Aber ist die so geartete Funktionsbestimmung notwendig und unausweichlich?
Intoxication of class II chloroplasts of spinach with Cu(II) leads to inhibition of millisecond luminescence. The degree of inhibition depends on Cu (II) -concentration. The investgation of the pH dpendence of the inhibition curve of luminescence revealed that (1) there is an inhibition site of copper on the donor side of photosystem II, (2) copper (II) does not act as an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, (3) a protonation equilibrium is involved in the inhibition mechanism, and (4) copper (II) binds to a dissociated residue of a membrane protein.
On the basis of the two-center shell model a theory is developed for the excitation of loosely bound nucleons in heavy ion collisions. These nucleons move in the two-center shell model potential generated by all the nucleons and are described by molecular wave functions. The model is applied to calculate the cross sections for the elastic and inelastic 13C-13C scattering. The cross sections show intermediate structures caused by the excitation of quasibound resonances in the molecular nucleus-nucleus potential. NUCLEAR REACTIONS 13C(13C,13C) molecular wave functions, dynamical two-center shell model, quasimolecular resonances, radial and Coriolis coupling, coupled channel calculations for σ(θ).
Studies of syntax in first language acquisition have so far concentrated on the propositional side of the sentence, i.e. on the occurrence and interplay of semantic roles like agent, benefactive, objective, etc. and their syntactic expression. The modality constituent, however, has received little attention in the study of child language. This may be due in part to the impetus more recent research in this field has received from studies of the acquisition of English, a language with poor verb morphology as compared to synthetic languages. The research to be presented in this paper is concerned with an early stage of the acquisition of Modern Greek as a first language, a language with a particularly rich verb morphology. Since modality, aspect, and tense are obligatorily marked on the main verb in Mod. Greek, this language offers an excellent opportunity for studying the development of these fundamental categories of verbal grammar at an earlier stage than in more analytic languages. [...] As this paper is concerned with the semantic categories of verbal grammar mentioned above as weIl as with their formal expression, only utterances containing a verb will be considered. For reasons of space we shall further limit ourselves to those utterances containing a main verb. Such utterances divide into two classes, modal and non-modal. [...] In spite of Calbert's claim (Calbert 1975) that there are no strictly non-modal expressions, affirmative and negative statements as well as questions not containing a modal verb will be considered as non-modal. As will be shown below, modal and non-modal expressions are formally differentiated at the stage of language acquisition studied.
Exposite produce chemiluminescence when heated to 50 - 70 °C or treated with nucleophilic substances at room temperature. Initiation by Piperidine in Dimethylsulfoxide allows to determine 5 nmol of Phenyloxirane in 5 ml samples.
The reactions of diluted aqueous solutions of SO2 resp. HSO3-ions with MnO4-or Ce4+ ions in the pH range 1-4 produce chemiluminescence in the spectral region of 450-600 nm. Measurements of the time course of the light emission and their simulation on an analog computer led to a reaction scheme in which a recombination product of primarily formed HSO3 radicals -of a lifetime of about 1 second -appears as precursor of electronically excited SO2 molecules. The participation of singlet oxygen can be excluded because at least the reaction with Ce4+ ions proceeds also in the absence of oxygen.
Es wird eine Aufnahmeeinrichtung beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, im Bereich Botanik unter konstanten Beleuchtungsverhältnissen sowie während der Tages- und Nachtphasen Zeitrafferaufnahmen zu machen, ohne das Wachstum der Pflanzen zu stören. Kernstück der Anlage sind drei Xenon-Blitzlampen in Verbindung mit einem magneto-optischen Kurzzeitverschluß.
The He(I) photoelectron spectra of the following molecules with S·̱·̱̱·̱·̱·̱̱·̱N multiple bonds ... are assigned by radical cation state comparison between the chemically related compounds as well as by MO models based on CNDO calculations. From the ionisation energies of the O=S=O/HN=S=O pair a parameter απSN can be deduced, which proves to be useful in the discussion of other SN compounds like R3C-N=S=O and RN=S=NR.
Inner-shell ionization induced by nuclear Coulomb excitation in collisions of very heavy ions
(1978)
K- and L-shell ionization of 238U with Xe and U projectiles is investigated. Internal conversion following nuclear Coulomb excitation which is particularly important for deformed heavy nuclei is compared with direct ionization of inner-shell electrons in superheavy quasimolecules. Both processes exhibit different impact-parameter dependences. As a result of internal conversion, about 0.1-0.3 K holes per central collision are created.
We show that information about quasimolecular electronic binding energies in transient atomic systems of Z=Z1+Z2 up to 184 can be obtained from three sources: (1) the impact-parameter dependence of the ionization probability; (2) the ionization probability in head-on collisions as a function of total nuclear charge Z; (3) the delta-electron spectrum in coincidence with K-vacancy formation in asymmetric collisions. Experiments are proposed and discussed.
Aside from material collected and annotated during my trip to Ecuador in April and May 1973, mentioned in the frrst part of the present paper (1975), the author has been able to study Aphyllophorales and agarics collected by Dumont and others, deposited at The Botanical Garden in New York. The results are presented in the following pages. A few species from limitrophous regions are added. The first article in this series was published in Beiheft 51 zur Nova Hedwigia, pp. 239-246, 1975.
Two equations for the macroscopic part W of the statistical operator are considered:
1. the master equation W = — MW, t
2. the exact equation W = — J K(t — r) W (r) dr.
It follows from the physical equivalence of the solutions together with a stability assumption and the assumption that there is a time τ* after which also the derivatives of the solutions are equivalent, that τ* is the life-time of the kernel K and that Conversely, the equivalence of the solutions follows from assumptions on the life-time of the kernel K together with a stability assumption and a smoothness assumption on the initial statistical operator W(0).
The temporal development of macroobservables is described within a correlation-functionformalism. The results are exact for a certain class of initial ensembles. The same problem is discussed with the help of the linear-response-formalism. The results agree under certain conditions which should be fulfilled for macroobservables.
The master operators B which cause the entropy production dH/dt = - k-1 dS/dt to become extremal for fixed statistical operators W are constructed and discussed. There are boundaries of the set B of master operators, B = {B | Σ B2vu = b} for which the problem is solvable yielding minimal entropy production, while no solution exists in the set B without any constraints. Operators with maximal entropy production must be extremal points of B.
Considered are the classes QL (quasilinear) and NQL (nondet quasllmear) of all those problems that can be solved by deterministic (nondetermlnlsttc, respectively) Turmg machines in time O(n(log n) ~) for some k Effloent algorithms have time bounds of th~s type, it is argued. Many of the "exhausUve search" type problems such as satlsflablhty and colorabdlty are complete in NQL with respect to reductions that take O(n(log n) k) steps This lmphes that QL = NQL iff satisfiabdlty is m QL CR CATEGORIES: 5.25