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A pergunta que move o presente artigo é: como a categoria trabalho social deveria ser incluída no marco de uma teoria social para que, dentro dela, abra uma perspectiva de melhoria qualitativa que não seja utópica? Para dar conta desse problema complexo, o autor sugere num primeiro passo, mais metodológico, o emprego da distinção entre crítica externa e imanente para o propósito de uma crítica das relações de trabalho existentes. Num segundo passo, o autor procura mostrar que o trabalho social só poderá assumir legitimamente este papel de uma norma imanente se ele for conectado às condições de reconhecimento na moderna troca de realizações (Leistungen). São reconstruídas duas condições a partir de Hegel e de Durkheim: uma organização justa do trabalho social necessita remunerar suficientemente o trabalhador para prover-lhe condições socialmente dignas de sobrevivência e precisa estar estruturado de modo a que suas tarefas permitam ao indivíduo trabalhador perceber nelas uma contribuição para a coletividade e relacioná-la com o restante dos trabalhos socialmente necessários.
O presente estudo teórico tem como objetivo relacionar uma discussão sobre o trabalho em equipe interdisciplinar nos serviços públicos de saúde com os principais conceitos do filósofo contemporâneo Axel Honneth, dentre eles aquele que denominou Luta por Reconhecimento. Para tanto, partimos da revisão da noção de sujeito na teoria honnethiana, sobretudo a partir do diálogo que faz com a psicanálise de Donald Winnicott. Destacamos que se trata de um sujeito eminentemente social, cuja constituição depende do reconhecimento do outro em relação a sua alteridade e da legitimação do seu pertencimento a um grupo social. Mostramos que esse reconhecimento se dá através de um processo de luta, essencial para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de amar e se relacionar com o outro. Em seguida, defendemos que o trabalho em equipes interdisciplinares pode ser um espaço para o reconhecimento dos profissionais, tal como discutido por Honneth. Consequentemente, as equipes podem facilitar o desenvolvimento de trabalhos criativos e inovações na organização da assistência oferecida aos pacientes.
Recent developments in Hungary and Poland have made democratic backsliding a major issue of concern within the European Union (EU). This article focuses on the secondary agents that facilitate democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland: the European People’s Party (EPP), which has continually protected the Hungarian Fidesz government from EU sanctions, and the Hungarian ruling party Fidesz, which repeatedly promised to block any EU-level sanctions against Poland in the Council. The article analyses these agents’ behaviour as an instance of transnational complicity and passes a tentative judgment as to which of the two cases is normatively more problematic. The analysis has implications for possible countervailing responses to democratic backsliding within EU member states.
Current work on populism stresses its relationship to nationalism. However, populists increasingly make claims to represent ‘the people’ across beyond national borders. This advent of ‘transnational populism’ has implications for work on cosmopolitan democracy and global justice. In this paper, we advance and substantiate three claims. First, we stress populism’s performative and claimmaking nature. Second, we argue that transnational populism is both theoretically possible and empirically evident in the contemporary global political landscape. Finally, we link these points to debates on democracy beyond the state. We argue that, due to the a) performative nature of populism, b) complex interdependencies of peoples, and c) need for populists to gain and maintain support, individuals in one state will potentially have their preferences, interests, and wants altered by transnational populists’ representative claims. We unpack what is normatively problematic in terms of democratic legitimacy about this and discuss institutional and non-institutional remedies.
The European Union is currently challenged by right-wing populism and economic stress. To understand the nature of these challenges, we need to take an interdisciplinary approach in which empirical studies of politics are combined with studies of the normative implications of European policy-making. To this end, I draw attention to the right to free movement, which is pivotal both for European politics and liberal political philosophy. I show that even though transnational rights, such as the free movement for people, products and money, are normatively sound and desirable, enhancement of free movement may challenge the heterogeneity among the national models of rights and societal commitments. The risk is that the national institutions as a political arena face difficulties in coping with current political challenges such as right-wing radicalism, social inequality, environmental regulation, immigration and financial insecurity. On the other hand, I argue that we should be aware that the transnational rights might in some countries enhance human rights, which national parliaments have not been able to accommodate.
As women's labor-force participation and earnings have grown, so has the likelihood that wives outearn their husbands. A common concern is that these couples may be at heightened risk of divorce. Yet with the rise of egalitarian marriage, wives' relative earnings may be more weakly associated with divorce than in the past. We examine trends in the association between wives' relative earnings and marital dissolution using data from the 1968–2009 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that wives' relative earnings were positively associated with the risk of divorce among couples married in the late 1960s and 1970s, and that this was especially true for wives who outearned their husbands, but this was no longer the case for couples married in the 1990s. Change was concentrated among middle-earning husbands and those without college degrees, a finding consistent with the economic squeeze of the middle class over this period.
There has been a burgeoning interest in the sociology of the Frankfurt School as well as the oeuvre of Theodor W. Adorno since the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald J. Trump. The objectives of this study are to both illustrate the enduring importance of Adorno and to provide an important theoretical outline in making sense of Trump’s 2016 United States presidential campaign. Using Adorno’s understudied textual analysis of the radio addresses of Martin Luther Thomas and data from Trump’s 2016 US presidential campaign, we find that Trump’s own discourse can be condensed into three of Adorno’s rhetorical devices: (1) the lone wolf device or anti-statism/pseudo-conservatism, reflecting his criticism of "special interests" and his appraisal of business and (self-)finance; (2) the movement device, which amounted to glorification of action; and (3) the exactitude of error device which amounted to xenophobic, ethnonationalist hyperbole.
Os modelos de democracia propostos pelo liberalismo e pelo republicanismo comunitarista são criticados a partir da perspectiva da política deliberativa tal como concebida pela teoria do discurso. Associando ao processo democrático conotações normativas mais fortes do que o modelo liberal, porém mais fracas do que o modelo republicano, a teoria do discurso articula elementos de ambas numa forma nova.
This paper analyzes two contemporary, „third-generation“ perspectives within critical theory - Nancy Fraser’s and Axel Honneth’s - with the aim of examining the degree to which the two authors succeed in grounding the normative criteria of social critique in the perspectives of ’ordinary’ social actors, as opposed to speculative social theory. To that end, the author focuses on the influential debate between Fraser and Honneth Redistribution or Recognition? which concerns the appropriate normative foundations of a „post-metaphysical“ critical theory, and attempts to reconstruct the fundamental 29 disagreements between Fraser and Honneth over the meaning and tasks of critical theory. The author concludes that both critical theorists ultimately secure the normative foundations of critique through substantive theorizations of the social, which frame the two authors’ „reconstructions“ of the normativity of everyday social action, but argues that post-metaphysical critical theory does not have to abandon comprehensive social theory in order to be epistmologically „non-authoritarian“.
G. A. Cohen argues that John Rawls’s focus on the basic structure of society as the exclusive subject of social justice is misguided. I argue that two understandings of the notion of basic structure seem to be present in the literature, either in implicit or in explicit terms. (1) According to the first, the basic structure is to be equated with a given set of institutions: if they endorse the right principles of justice, the basic structure of society is just; (2) According to the second, a society has a just basic structure if and only if its institutional web manages to realize the relevant principles of justice as well it can. In (2), the institutional structure is not a given: different social circumstances call for different institutional solutions in order to achieve a just basic structure overall. The first part of the paper make a case for (2), and explores some of its normative implications. The second part asks which consequences this understanding may have for the idea of a global basic structure.
This paper contributes to the clarification of the concept of “typicality” discussed in contemporary philosophy of physics by conceiving the nomological status of a typical behaviour such as that expressed in the Second Law of Thermodynamics as a “minutis rectis law”. A brief sketch of the discovery of “typicality” shows that there were ideas of typical behaviour not only in physics but also in sociology. On this basis and in analogy to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is shown that the nomological status of sociological laws such as Gresham’s Law can also be conceived as “minutis rectis laws”.
Técnica e liberdade
(2000)
Argumenta-se que o dilema entre técnica e liberdade permanece como tal, como dilema não resolvido, enquanto não se conseguir repensar a questão por uma perspectiva que alcance mais longe e mais fundo do que a tradição antropocêntrica do pensamento ocidental. As concepções de autores como Marcuse, Habermas e Marx são examinadas por um prisma que incorpora sugestões de Heidegger.
O artigo apresenta brevemente as possíveis implicações da recusa da clonagem, do DGPI e da eugenia liberal para o formalismo da ética discursiva, pois tal recusa poderia sugerir a eleição de um modo de vida privilegiado, (uma vida humana baseada na “inteireza do patrimônio genético”). Apresentamos os elementos do formalismo ético de Habermas e os argumentos centrais de sua crítica às intervenções eugênicas. Sugerimos que a defesa habermasiana da manutenção da indisponibilidade do patrimônio genético (por seu papel na autocompreensão ética do humano como ser livre e autônomo) situa essa matéria da filosofia moral na tensão entre a ação comunicativa, no qual o debate deveria ter sede, e a ação instrumental, que ameaça monopolizar as decisões sobre o tema.
Técnica, corpo e coisificação: notas de trabalho sobre o tema da técnica em Theodor W. Adorno
(2008)
Trata-se aqui de umas notas de trabalho sobre o tema da técnica em Theodor W. Adorno. O ensaio Educação após Auschwitz e um conjunto de aforismos que compõem o livro Minima moralia são tomados como fontes principais, mas também como roteiro de investigação. As críticas de Adorno à técnica aparecem em vários registros e privilegiamos, nos marcos de nossa reflexão, as relacionados ao corpo e à produção da consciência, elementos que se combinam diversamente nas obras pesquisadas, mas que encontram seu desiderato na crítica ao mundo administrado e aos destinos da subjetividade. Nossos resultados mostram que nas reflexões de Adorno o profundo processo de embrutecimento do humano e a supressão de quaisquer traços de particularidade aparecem intimamente relacionados com o crescente processo de tecnificação, o que por sua vez engendra uma certa pedagogia dos gestos e do corpo. Sugere-se, neste sentido, que a técnica mais refinada não necessariamente leva a um aumento das possibilidades humanas, mas, talvez encaminhe, tendencialmente, a uma escravização do corpo por meio da incorporação dos processos reificadores da tecnificação.
O objetivo do presente texto é repensar a aporia pela qual o livro “Dialética do Esclarecimento” é anunciado, a saber, a autodestruição do esclarecimento ou a procura da liberdade pela racionalidade, mas que culmina em uma regressão. Nossa argumentação perfaz dois caminhos: primeiramente, apresentamos a relação existente na obra entre um tipo de antropologia com bases freudianas e uma leitura da sociologia de Marx. Concebemos a noção de uma estrutura psíquica permeável às condições sócio-históricas do ser humano ocidental. Tal condição é imprescindível para a saída da aporia intimamente relacionada a uma antropologia psíquica ligada a um modo histórico da cultura e sociedade. Na sequência, propomos ainda um paralelo entre a possibilidade de um esclarecimento efetivo por meio do resíduo mítico presente na racionalidade técnica apresentada por Horkheimer e Adorno e a assunção da situação humana de desamparo na visão de mundo religiosa, modo freudiano para se alcançar uma posição mais “científica” em relação à realidade. Nesse contexto, utilizaremos rapidamente parte da teoria de Weber como meio para relacionarmos o esclarecimento à religião no que ambos têm em comum, isto é, a defesa contra o sofrimento, a angústia e o desamparo. Talvez seja por meio da assunção do desamparo na racionalidade situada na visão religiosa de mundo, ou ainda, a assunção do mito na racionalidade técnica do esclarecimento, que permitirá o futuro desenvolvimento de uma “antropologia dialética”, o que resultaria na saída da aporia enquanto condição histórica da racionalidade humana.
Una historia filosófica de la identidad estadounidense: Balance de propuestas y su crisis actual
(2018)
Este trabajo de síntesis crítica, realiza un balance de los principales aportes de pensamiento que han favorecido la configuración de la identidad estadounidense y su reformulación periódica. Se sistematizan las escuelas, según su transición de teólogos-políticos (como los puritanos, carismáticos y trascendentalistas, con aportes tipo pactismo bíblico, libre albedrío, caridad pietista, destino manifiesto, etc.), pasando por filósofos pragmáticos (como los constituyentes, democratizadores y reconstructores, con recursos como libre-pensamiento -free masonry & whigs-, federalismo, pragmatismo, etc.), hasta académicos socio culturales (sobre todo, de Estudios culturales, vía nociones de consenso, v.g. fronterismo, excepcionalismo y crisol cultural; así como artificios de hecho diferencial –a raíz de la fuga de cerebros de la Escuela de Frankfurt, Normale Annales, Birmingham, etc.-, con categorías de clase, status y conflicto social, metámeros etnoculturales, constructos de género, etc.). El estudio llega hasta la crisis actual, sin soluciones generalmente aceptadas y bajo la amenaza transoccidental.
In cases in which there is the possibility of massive human losses, the threshold likelihood of their occurrence, and the non-excessive costs of their prevention, we ought to act now. This is all the more definitely the case because it may well be that this is the time-of-last-opportunity to head off one or more potential disasters, all of which may still be preventable by sufficiently rapid reductions in carbon emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel. It is unfair that the present generation should incur as heavy a burden as it does of seizing the last opportunity for prevention of disasters like large sea-level rises, but the unfairness is not sufficient to make the burden unreasonable to bear, especially since it is not in fact as heavy as often believed.
Background: This study investigates the willingness of men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Research in the HIV/AIDS field typically relies on clinical and epidemiological studies, thereby often excluding social dimensions of the illness as well as factors explaining its prevention. The current study analyzes HIV-prevention through an interdisciplinary theoretical approach. It aims to comprehensively understand the mechanisms associated with the willingness to take PrEP among MSM in terms of psychological, social, behavioral, cultural, and demographic factors. Methods: We analyze data from the survey “Gay Men and AIDS” conducted in Germany in 2013 prior to market approval for PrEP. Analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS 25.0, while results were visualized using the R programming language. Results: We find that perceived risk of infection, social norms (anticipated HIV-stigma), practices (e.g. regular condomless sex), and socio-demographic factors (young age, being single) all have a positive effect on the willingness to take PrEP, while education reveals a negative, and income no effect. Conclusions: Results indicate that beyond well-established socio-psychological mechanisms of health behavior, social factors play a crucial role in understanding the willingness of PrEP uptake. This study enriches existing health behavior theories with sociological concepts such as social norms and social practices.
Unemployment and political trust across 24 Western democracies: evidence on a welfare state paradox
(2021)
Set against the backdrop of the Great Recession, the paper explores the interplay of unemployment experiences and political trust in the USA and 23 European countries between 2002 and 2017. Drawing on harmonized data from the European Social Survey and the General Social Survey, we confirm that citizens’ personal experiences of unemployment depress trust in democratic institutions in all countries. Using multilevel linear probability models, we show that the relationship between unemployment and political trust varies between countries, and that, paradoxically, the negative effect of unemployment on political trust is consistently stronger in the more generous welfare states. This result holds while controlling for a range of other household and country-level predictors, and even in mediation models that incorporate measures of households’ economic situation to explain the negative effect of unemployment on trust. As expected, country differences in the generosity of welfare states are reflected in the degree to which financial difficulties are mediating the relationship between unemployment and political trust. Overlaying economic deprivation, however, cultural mechanisms of stigmatization or status deprivation seem to create negative responses to unemployment experiences, and these render the effect of unemployment on political trust increasingly negative in objectively more generous welfare states.