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Background and Objectives: Valuation of life (VOL) represents a construct capturing individuals’ active attachment to their life. The majority of studies on VOL were conducted in North America and Europe where personal autonomy and independence are highly valued, leaving open the question about the relevance of this construct in interdependence-oriented cultures. Using a framework of cross-cultural and life-span theories, the present study compared levels and predictors of VOL between the young-old and old-old individuals from Germany and Japan.
Research Design and Methods: Two hundred fifty-seven Germans and 248 Japanese, matched by age, gender, education, and IADL, answered a 5-item VOL scale and shared information on sociodemographic, social, and health resources.
Results: Germans’ VOL levels were higher than in Japanese participants. Both culture- and age-moderated predictions of VOL: education was significant only in the young-old Japanese, and close social partners mattered in the old-old, not in the young-old. Health determined VOL irrespective of culture and age.
Discussion and Implications: The findings suggest that cultural values and aging processes should be considered to better understand how individuals value their life and to help older adults to feel that his/her life is meaningful and worth living.
In meinem Plädoyer für eine Geschichte der deutschen Konversation möchte ich einige Argumente für die Erforschung der historischen Entwicklung dieses flüchtigen Phänomens (also nicht nur seiner Theorie) im deutschen Kulturraum vorstellen und anhand von einigen Beispielen die Möglichkeiten einer Geschichte der deutschen Konversation zur Diskussion stellen. Man könnte fragen: Wozu eine Geschichte der Konversation, dieser ephemeren Erscheinung, die einen beträchtlichen Teil der menschlichen Kommunikation ausmacht und - von welcher Materialbasis kann so eine Geschichte ausgehen? Erst dank der Konversationsanalyse, die es seit den 1960er Jahren gibt (als zum ersten Mal übertragbare Tonbandgeräte eingesetzt werden konnten), besitzen wir akustische Aufnahmen der freien Gespräche und auch die entsprechenden analytischen Mittel, mit denen auf der Mikroebene linguistische Besonderheiten informeller Gespräche exakt erfasst werden können. Diese Mittel können leider nicht bei der Beschäftigung mit längst vergangenen Gesprächen eingesetzt werden. Die historische Erfassung solcher Konversationen erscheint uns dennoch wichtig.
Linguistische Aspekte in der Übersetzungswissenschaft stoßen hin und wieder auf Ablehnung, obwohl Ausgangspunkt dieser Wissenschaft die Linguistik selbst gewesen war. Sollte allerdings der Blick auf die Bedeutung der Kultur im Übersetzungsprozess gelenkt werden, so kann erkannt werden, dass die Beachtung kultureller Gegebenheiten pragmatischen Ursprungs ist, schon deshalb, weil Kultur und Kommunikation Aktanten sind, die weder in der Pragmatik noch in der Übersetzungswissenschaft wegzudenken sind. Der Übersetzer versteht sich nicht nur als eine Person, der einen Text von einer Sprache in eine andere Sprache überträgt, sondern auch als Kulturvermittler, vor allem dann, wenn es um Texte geht, die kulturelle Aspekte beinhalten. Der Übersetzer ist folglich verpflichtet jede kulturelle Gegebenheit in Ausgangtexten zu erfassen und diese unter Berücksichtigung kultureller Normen und Konventionen der ZS zu übertragen. Von Bedeutung ist, dass die kommunikative Funktion des Textes auch im Translat erfüllt wird. Der kommunikative Akt gilt als vollzogen, wenn die Übersetzung von seinen Lesern intentionsgerecht rezipiert werden kann. Der Übersetzer bewegt sich demnach zwischen einem komplexen Beziehungsgefüge, das aus Pragmatik, Kultur, Kommunikation und Übersetzung besteht. Jedes Bindeglied setzt Wissen und Kompetenzen voraus, die ein Übersetzer erwerben sollte, um seine Übersetzungen als Kommunikationsinstrumente fungieren lassen zu können. Es soll demnach in diesem vorliegenden Artikel zunächst das Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen den unterschiedlichen Bereichen veranschaulicht werden, um anschließend auf die kulturellen Aspekte in Texten eingehen zu können. Auch die aufeinanderfolgenden "Wenden" in den Übersetzungswissenschaft finden Erwähnung, zumal sie einen Aufschluss darüber geben, wie der "Text als Kultur" in den Fokus der Betrachtung rückt und wie die "Kultur im Text" zu verstehen ist. Anhand von Textbeispielen aus dem Alltag und aus der Literatur soll aufgezeigt werden, welche Priorität es hat, kulturelle Aspekte der Pragmatik während des Übersetzungsprozesses zu beachten, denn die Folgen der Geringschätzung von kulturellen Gegebenheiten führen letztendlich zu Kommunikationsstörungen bis hin zum Misslingen der Kommunikation.
Kultur - Sprache - Gewalt
(2018)
Zum Verständnis der Gewalt dürfte der Versuch beitragen, einen prointuitiven, in der Natur der Sache begründeten Begriff zu konstruieren, dessen Wert in seinem erhöhten Erklärungspotenzial liegt. Im vorliegenden Text wird der Versuch vorgenommen, den Begriff "Gewalt" aus drei fundamentalen menschenkonstitutiven Faktoren abzuleiten, der es ermöglicht, die Gewalt aus der Sicht des Betroffenen systematisch zu beschreiben und erklären. In die Erörterungen werden Kultur und Sprache involviert und innerhalb von drei Subthemen - Interpretation und Gewalt, sprachliche Ordnung und Gewalt, soziale Interaktion und Gewalt - wird ihre Einbeziehung in die "Welt der Gewalt" aus besonderen Perspektiven ins Visier genommen.
In the secondary art market, artists play no active role. This allows us to isolate cultural influences on the demand for female artists’ work from supply-side factors. Using 1.5 million auction transactions in 45 countries, we document a 47.6% gender discount in auction prices for paintings. The discount is higher in countries with greater gender inequality. In experiments, participants are unable to guess the gender of an artist simply by looking at a painting and they vary in their preferences for paintings associated with female artists. Women's art appears to sell for less because it is made by women.
Korean immigrants have migrated to New Zealand over the past three decades in search of a happier and more balanced life. While they anticipated that their children would be integrated into New Zealand society, they have primarily settled in Korean ethnic enclaves. In this context, younger Korean New Zealanders have been exposed to and influenced by New Zealand’s national and Korean ethnic cultures. This study examined success beliefs and well-being among Korean youth in New Zealand with a Third Culture Kid background (TCK K-NZ) in comparison to Korean youth in Korea (K-Korean) and European New Zealand youth (Pākehā). Results indicated that TCK K-NZ youth endorsed extrinsic success similarly to K-Korean youth, but that valuing extrinsic success predicted lowered well-being only for K-Korean youth. Conversely, valuing intrinsic success predicted higher well-being across the three groups. Results also revealed that TCK K-NZ youth's well-being levels were between those of K-Korean and Pākehā youth, potentially influenced by different structural relations between success beliefs and well-being, as well as their position as “third culture kids” in New Zealand. This study contributes to understanding cultures' roles in formulating success beliefs and the relationship between success beliefs and well-being for Korean New Zealander youth.
Konflikte erfüllen eine wesentliche Funktion in der Zusammenarbeit der Menschen. Sie werden meistens allgemein nur als negativ angesehen, sie können jedoch auch positive Funktionen haben. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert sich auf die Rolle des Translators als "Mittler/Mediator" und der Translation als eines Produkts, d. h. eines zielsprachlichen Textes, der auf der Grundlage eines ausgangssprachlichen Textes entstanden ist, in Bezug auf verschiedene mögliche Konfliktsituationen. Im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit steht auch die interkulturelle Funktion der Übersetzung als einer sog. sprachlichen "Mittlerin" zwischen unterschiedlichen Welten und Kulturen in der heutigen globalisierten Welt.
Highlights
• Students have limited concerns about privacy in learning analytics (LA).
• Students' privacy concerns in LA vary across countries.
• Culture shapes students' privacy concerns in LA.
• Power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity affect privacy concerns in LA.
• Cultural values should be considered in LA privacy management.
Abstract
Applications of learning analytics (LA) can raise concerns from students about their privacy in higher education contexts. Developing effective privacy-enhancing practices requires a systematic understanding of students’ privacy concerns and how they vary across national and cultural dimensions. We conducted a survey study with established instruments to measure privacy concerns and cultural values for university students in five countries (Germany, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United States; N = 762). The results show that students generally trusted institutions with their data and disclosed information as they perceived the risks to be manageable even though they felt somewhat limited in their ability to control their privacy. Across the five countries, German and Swedish students stood out as the most trusting and least concerned, especially compared to US students who reported greater perceived risk and less control. Students in South Korea and Spain responded similarly on all five privacy dimensions (perceived privacy risk, perceived privacy control, privacy concerns, trusting beliefs, and non-self-disclosure behavior), despite their significant cultural differences. Culture measured at the individual level affected the antecedents and outcomes of privacy concerns. Perceived privacy risk and privacy control increase with power distance. Trusting beliefs increase with a desire for uncertainty avoidance and lower masculinity. Non-self-disclosure behaviors rise with power distance and masculinity and decrease with more uncertainty avoidance. Thus, cultural values related to trust in institutions, social equality and risk-taking should be considered when developing privacy-enhancing practices and policies in higher education.
O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre cultura e lazer a partir de um referencial metodológico apoiado em Habermas. Adota o presídio, mais especificamente a Casa de Detenção de São Bernardo, como um espaço dotado de cultura própria (cultura delinqüente). Conclui apontando a importância das interações comunicativas, típicas da sociabilidade espontânea, presentes nas atividades de lazer, conforme as categorias apresentadas por Kholberg e incorporadas por Habermas, nos limites de um marco jurídico construído a partir de consensos originais do mundo da vida.
Under Solvency II, corporate governance requirements are a complementary, but nonetheless essential, element to build a sound regulatory framework for insurance undertakings, also to address risks not specifically mitigated by the sole solvency capital requirements. After recalling the provisions of the second pillar concerning the system of governance, the paper is devoted to highlight the emerging regulatory trends in the corporate governance of insurance firms. Among others, it signals the exceptional extension of the duties and responsibilities assigned to the Board of directors, far beyond the traditional role of both monitoring the chief executive officer, and assessing the overall direction and strategy of the business. However, a better risk governance is not necessarily built on narrow rule-based approaches to corporate governance.
Under Solvency II, corporate governance requirements are a complementary, but nonetheless essential, element to build a sound regulatory framework for insurance undertakings, also to address risks not specifically mitigated by the sole solvency capital requirements. After recalling the provisions of the Second Pillar concerning the system of governance, the paper highlights the emerging regulatory trends in the corporate governance of insurance firms. Among others things, it signals the exceptional extension of the duties and responsibilities assigned to the board of directors, far beyond the traditional role of both monitoring the chief executive officer, and assessing the overall direction and strategy of the business. However, a better risk governance is not necessarily built on narrow rule-based approaches to corporate governance.
Beauty is the single most frequently and most broadly used aesthetic virtue term. The present study aimed at providing higher conceptual resolution to the broader notion of beauty by comparing it with three closely related aesthetically evaluative concepts which are likewise lexicalized across many languages: elegance, grace(fulness), and sexiness. We administered a variety of questionnaires that targeted perceptual qualia, cognitive and affective evaluations, as well as specific object properties that are associated with beauty, elegance, grace, and sexiness in personal looks, movements, objects of design, and other domains. This allowed us to reveal distinct and highly nuanced profiles of how a beautiful, elegant, graceful, and sexy appearance is subjectively perceived. As aesthetics is all about nuances, the fine-grained conceptual analysis of the four target concepts of our study provides crucial distinctions for future research.
A proposta que norteia esta pesquisa encontra seu fundamento na crítica de Theodor Adorno aos advogados da “Indústria Cultural”. Procuramos investigar em que consiste tal crítica, dando evidência às suas principais características, bem como aos seus reflexos no corpo social, uma vez que, a arte e a cultura, que são manifestações do espírito humano, tornaram-se produtos industrializados e comercializados, perdendo a sua essência. O escopo da arte e da cultura, entendida como a libertação e a emancipação do homem, fora violado, sendo transformado em meras mercadorias descartáveis, com a finalidade de disseminar o pensamento da classe dominante através do seu sistema econômico, acarretando em uma pseudo-individualidade. O homem passou a ser objeto de manipulação da indústria que transforma tudo em mercadoria. Esta maquinaria engloba tudo, e nem mesmo alguns atos de contestação deixam de ser incorporados e diluídos pela Indústria Cultural que rapidamente procura transformá-las em produtos para comercialização, revelando que tudo aquilo que está contra o sistema é absorvido e reinterpretado, tragando a individualidade. Os homens, por sua vez, se não aderirem à forma de pensar imposta pela Indústria, soçobrarão em meio à multidão consumidora. Assim, nossa análise compreende esta Indústria como um braço do sistema capitalista, que através dos meios de comunicação de amplo acesso, exerce grande influência na difusão e disseminação da ideologia desse sistema.
A teoria do reconhecimento social de Axel Honneth aplicado no direito previdenciário brasileiro
(2016)
O reconhecimento é uma categoria muito utilizada para debater sobre a questão da identidade e da diferença, portanto sua relevância torna-se necessária no âmbito jurídico. A questão proposta é: Quais as formas e eficiência de reconhecimento no campo social e familiar no direito previdenciário? O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, trazer a discussão o processo de reconhecimento social e a influência de sua estrutura cultural e toda complexidade de fatores. A pesquisa é teórica sistêmica que se dá pela abordagem sociológica, tanto conceitual quanto empírica dos sistemas jurídico.
O presente texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre a educação dos sentidos a partir do estudo das obras “A indústria cultural” de Theodor W. Adorno e “A obra de arte na era de sua reprodutibilidade técnica” de Walter Benjamin. Primeiramente apresentamos uma breve contextualização histórica sobre o período no qual se desenvolveram os referentes textos. Em seguida buscamos demonstrar através do pensamento de Walter Benjamin como a arte passou a educar os sentidos das classes trabalhadoras a partir da sua reprodutibilidade técnica. Nas considerações finais, apontamos a importância da leitura de ambas as obras para possíveis reflexões acerca da formação do discurso nas tomadas de decisão social e cultural na atualidade. Como também buscamos compreender a função política da arte na formação crítica do sujeito.