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This paper is one argument for a theory of grammatical relations in Chinese in which there are no grammatical relations beyond semantic roles, and no lexical relation-changing rules. As the passive rule is one of the most common relation changing rules cross-linguistically, in this paper I will address the question of whether or not Mandarin Chinese has lexical passives, that is, passives defined as in Relational Grammar (see for example Perlmutter and Postal 1977) and the early Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) literature (e.g. Bresnan 1982), where a 2-arc (object) is promoted to a 1-arc (subject).
We propose two improvements to the Fiat Shamir authentication and signature scheme. We reduce the communication of the Fiat Shamir authentication scheme to a single round while preserving the e±ciency of the scheme. This also reduces the length of Fiat Shamir signatures. Using secret keys consisting of small integers we reduce the time for signature generation by a factor 3 to 4. We propose a variation of our scheme using class groups that may be secure even if factoring large integers becomes easy.
In der folgenden Darstellung geht es einerseits darum, an Beispielen aufzuzeigen, inwiefern die schweizerdeutschen Mundarten und die deutsche Standardsprache in Lautung, Formenbildung, Satzbau und Wortschatz auseinandergehen können, andererseits aber immer auch um das Aufweisen von Gemeinsamkeiten. Oft werden nämlich bestimmte Erscheinungen des dialektalen Sprachbaus vorschnell als Eigenarten der Mundart verstanden, obwohl dieselben Erscheinungen auch im gesprochenen Hochdeutschen anzutreffen sind. Somit liegen also häufig nicht Unterschiede zwischen Mundart und Standardsprache vor, sondern Unterschiede zwischen gesprochener Sprache und geschriebener Sprache. [vollständige Überarbeitung für eine zweite Auflage]
We present a RQMD calculation of antiproton yields and their momentum distribution in Ne + NaF collisions at 2 GeV/u. The antiprotons can be produced below threshold due to multi-step excitations for which meson-baryon interactions play a considerable role. In this system the annihilation probability for an initially produced antiproton is predicted to be about 65%.
We report on improved practical algorithms for lattice basis reduction. We propose a practical floating point version of theL3-algorithm of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lovász (1982). We present a variant of theL3-algorithm with "deep insertions" and a practical algorithm for block Korkin—Zolotarev reduction, a concept introduced by Schnorr (1987). Empirical tests show that the strongest of these algorithms solves almost all subset sum problems with up to 66 random weights of arbitrary bit length within at most a few hours on a UNISYS 6000/70 or within a couple of minutes on a SPARC1 + computer.
We call a distribution on n bit strings (", e) locally random, if for every choice of e · n positions the induced distribution on e bit strings is in the L1 norm at most " away from the uniform distribution on e bit strings. We establish local randomness in polynomial random number generators (RNG) that are candidate one way functions. Let N be a squarefree integer and let f1, . . . , f be polynomials with coe±- cients in ZZN = ZZ/NZZ. We study the RNG that stretches a random x 2 ZZN into the sequence of least significant bits of f1(x), . . . , f(x). We show that this RNG provides local randomness if for every prime divisor p of N the polynomials f1, . . . , f are linearly independent modulo the subspace of polynomials of degree · 1 in ZZp[x]. We also establish local randomness in polynomial random function generators. This yields candidates for cryptographic hash functions. The concept of local randomness in families of functions extends the concept of universal families of hash functions by Carter and Wegman (1979). The proofs of our results rely on upper bounds for exponential sums.
Thirty-one years ago Tsu-lin Mei (1961) argued against the traditional doctrine that saw the subject-predicate distinction in grammar as parallel to the particular- universal distinction in logic, as he said it was a reflex of an Indo-European bias, and could not be valid, as ‘Chinese ... does not admit a distinction into subject and predicate’ (p. 153). This has not stopped linguists working on Chinese from attempting to define ‘subject’ (and ‘object’) in Chinese. Though a number of linguists have lamented the difficulties in trying to define these concepts for Chinese (see below), most work done on Chinese still assumes that Chinese must have the same grammatical features as Indo-European, such as having a subject and a direct object, though no attempt is made to justify that view. This paper challenges that view and argues that there has been no grammaticalization of syntactic functions in Chinese. The correct assignment of semantic roles to the constituents of a discourse is done by the listener on the basis of the discourse structure and pragmatics (information flow, inference, relevance, and real world knowledge) (cf. Li & Thompson 1978, 1979; LaPolla 1990).
We predict the formation of highly dense baryon-rich resonance matter in Au+Au collisions at AGS energies. The final pion yields show observable signs for resonance matter. The Delta1232 resonance is predicted to be the dominant source for pions of small transverse momenta. Rescattering e ects consecutive excitation and deexcitation of Delta's lead to a long apparent life- time (> 10 fm/c) and rather large volumina (several 100 fm3) of the Delta-matter state. Heavier baryon resonances prove to be crucial for reaction dynamics and particle production at AGS.
We propose a fast variant of the Gaussian algorithm for the reduction of two dimensional lattices for the l1-, l2- and l-infinite- norm. The algorithm runs in at most O(nM(B) logB) bit operations for the l-infinite- norm and in O(n log n M(B) logB) bit operations for the l1 and l2 norm on input vectors a, b 2 ZZn with norm at most 2B where M(B) is a time bound for B-bit integer multiplication. This generalizes Schönhages monotone Algorithm [Sch91] to the centered case and to various norms.
Spectra of various particle species have been calculated with the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model for very central collisions of Au+Au. They are compatible with the idea of a fully stopped thermal source which exhibits a transversal expansion besides the thermal distribution of an ideal gas. How- ever, the microscopic analyses of the local flow velocities and temperatures indicate much lower temperatures at densities associated with the freeze-out. The results express the overall impossibility of a model-independent determi- nation of nuclear temperatures from heavy ion spectral data, also at other energies (e.g. CERN) or for other species (i.e. pions, kaons, hyperons)
Triple differential cross sections of pions in heavy ion collisions at 1 GeV/nucl. are studied with the IQMD model. After discussing general properties of resonance and pion production we focus on azimuthal correlations: At projectile- and target-rapidities we observe an anticorrelation in the in-plane transverse momentum between pions and protons. At c.m.-rapidity, however, we find that high pt pions are being preferentially emitted perpendicular to the event-plane. We investigate the causes of those correlations and their sensitivity on the density and momentum dependence of the real and imaginary part of the nucleon and pion optical potential.
In the framework of the relativistic quantum molecular dynamics approach (RQMD) we investigate antideuteron (d) observables in Au+Au collisions at 10.7 AGeV. The impact parameter dependence of the formation ratios d/p2 and d/p2 is calculated. In central collisions, the antideuteron formation ratio is predicted to be two orders of magnitude lower than the deuteron formation ratio. The d yield in central Au+Au collisions is one order of magnitude lower than in Si+Al collisions. In semicentral collisions di erent configuration space distributions of p s and d s lead to a large squeeze out e ect for antideuterons, which is not predicted for the p s.
In the framework of RQMD we investigate antiproton observables in massive heavy ion collisions at AGS energies and compare to preliminary results of the E878 collaboration. We focus here on the considerable influence of the real part of an antinucleon nucleus optical potential on the ¯p momentum spectra. Pacs-numbers: 14.20 Dh, 25.70.-z
We calculate the evolution of quark-gluon-plasma droplets during the hadronization in a thermodynamical model. It is speculated that cooling as well as strangeness enrichment allow for the formation of strangelets even at very high initial entropy per baryon S/Ainit H 500 and low initial baryon numbers of Ainit B H 30. It is shown that the droplet with vanishing initial chemical potential of strange quarks and a very moderate chemical potential of up/down quarks immediately charges up with strangeness. Baryon densi- ties of H 2 0 and strange chemical potentials of µs > 350 MeV are reached if strangelets are stable. The importance of net baryon and net strangeness fluctuations for the possible strangelet formation at RHIC and LHC is em- phasized. Pacs-Classif.: 25.15.tr, 12.38.Mh, 24.85.tp