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This article compares the prototypical (i. e. the most frequent) surnames of three neighbouring regions: The Netherlands, Flanders, and Germany. It concentrates on the surname’s emergence, development, their lexical sources and their current distribution. The latter is documented by maps based on telephone or official registers. Only some of the regional differences can be explained by cultural or historical factors. An important result is that onomastic landscapes do not follow national or linguistic borders.
Meeting Abstract : Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie ; 73. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie ; 95. Tagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie ; 50. Tagung des Berufsverbandes der Fachärzte für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie ; 21. - 24.10.2009, Berlin Fragestellung: Ziel war die Evaluierung der funktionellen und radiologischen Ergebnisse nach osteosynthestischer Versorgung von Olecranonfrakturen mit einer zur Hakenplatte modifizierten Drittelrohrplatte. Methodik: In einem Zeitraum von 12 Monaten wurden 29 Patienten mit Olecranonfrakturen prospektiv erfasst und eine Osteosynthese mit einer zur Hakenplatte modifizierten Kleinfragment-Drittelrohrplatte durchgeführt. Eine additive Verschraubung von zusätzlichen Fragmenten erfolgte bei 6 Patienten (20%). Das mittlere Patientenalter zum Unfallzeitpunkt betrug 50 Jahre (Min 29/ Max 83). Unter Verwendung der Frakturklassifikation nach Schatzker stellte sich in 8 Fällen (28%) eine Querfraktur vom Typ A, in 6 Fällen (20%) eine Querfraktur mit Impaktion vom Typ B und in 15 Fällen (52%) eine Mehrfragmentfraktur vom Typ D dar. Bei 4 Patienten (14%) lag eine offene Fraktursituation vor. Nach im Mittel 7,2 Monaten (Min 6/ Max 8) wurde das funktionelle Outcome anhand des Mayo Elbow Performence Scores (MEPS), der visuellen Analogskala (VAS) und des Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scores (DASH) bewertet sowie die radiologischen Befunde erhoben. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: Das Ziel einer primär übungsstabilen Osteosynthese konnte bei allen Patienten erreicht werden. Unter Verwendung des MEPS wurden annähernd ausschließlich sehr gute (12 Fälle/41%) und gute (16 Fälle/55%) Ergebnisse erzielt. Lediglich bei einem Patienten ergab sich ein nur befriedigendes Ergebnis. Der mittlere Punktwert für den MEPS betrug 91,4 (Min 65/Max 100). In der VAS konnte ein Mittelwert von 8,2 Punkten (Min 7/Max 10) erzielt werden (0=keine Zufriedenheit, 10=volle Zufriedenheit). Der mittlere DASH-Wert betrug 16,2 Punkte (Min 0/Max 39). Der mittlere Bewegungsumfang betrug für Extension/Flexion bei einem durchschnittlichen Streckdefizit von 8° (Min 0°/Max 25°) und einer Beugung von 135° (Min 105°/Max 155°) 125° (Min 90°/Max 155°). Die Unterarmumwendbewegungen waren mit 175° (Min 165°/Max 180°) kaum eingeschränkt. Bei keinem Patienten gab es postoperative Komplikationen. Eine zur Hakenplatte modifizierte Drittelrohrplatte stellt im Gegensatz zu präformierten, winkelstabilen Implantaten eine kostengünstige Alternative zur Osteosynthese bei Olecranonfrakturen dar. Auch bei komplexen mehrfragmentären Frakturtypen und osteoporotischer Knochenqualität konnte so im nachuntersuchten Kollektiv eine sichere Frakturretention erzielt werden. Hinsichtlich des funktionellen Ergebnisses profitieren die Patienten von einer dadurch unmittelbar postoperativ möglichen, physiotherapeutischen Nachbehandlung. Das für die Hakenplatte benötigte Osteosynthesematerial (Kleinfragment-Drittelrohrplatte) ist nahezu überall verfügbar und lässt sich in kurzer Zeit der individuellen Anatomie und Frakturmorphologie anpassen. Eine Drahtmigration, wie bei der weit verbreiteten Zuggurtungsosteosynthese häufig beobachtet, ist ausgeschlossen.
Biodiversität und Klimawandel in der Debatte um den ökologischen Waldumbau – eine Diskursfeldanalyse
(2009)
In der Umweltpolitik werden die Themenfelder Klimawandel und Biodiversität besonders betont. Klimaveränderung und Erhalt/Veränderungen der biologischen Vielfalt werden zumeist unabhängig voneinander betrachtet und nicht miteinander verknüpft. Debatten zum Klimawandel und zum Schutz der Biodiversität werden von Vertretern der Politik, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft kontrovers geführt. Die im aktuellen Diskurs um den ökologischen Waldumbau erwähnten Zusammenhänge von Biodiversität und Klimawandel werden analysiert, da dieser Umbau darauf abzielt, Waldbestände mit naturnahen Strukturen und natürlichen Lebensabläufen zu schaffen. Aufgrund des Klimawandels sind trotz Wissenslücken Maßnahmen eines klimaanpassenden Umbaus sinnvoll. Erwartungsgemäß wird Biodiversität häufig thematisiert, etwa bezogen auf die Baumartenwahl und -mischung, aber auch die Verkürzung der Umtriebszeiten und Grenzen der Naturverjüngung. Hinweise für weitere Aktivitäten im LOEWE Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum BiKF wurden identifiziert.
Background The effect of additional treatment strategies with antineoplastic agents on intraperitoneal tumor stimulating interleukin levels are unclear. Taurolidine and Povidone-iodine have been mainly used for abdominal lavage in Germany and Europe. Methods In the settings of a multicentre (three University Hospitals) prospective randomized controlled trial 120 patients were randomly allocated to receive either 0.5% taurolidine/2,500 IU heparin (TRD) or 0.25% povidone-iodine (control) intraperitoneally for resectable colorectal, gastric or pancreatic cancers. Due to the fact that IL-1beta (produced by macrophages) is preoperatively indifferent in various gastrointestinal cancer types our major outcome criterion was the perioperative (overall) level of IL-1beta in peritoneal fluid. Results Cytokine values were significantly lower after TRD lavage for IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10. Perioperative complications did not differ. The median follow-up was 50.0 months. The overall mortality rate (28 vs. 25, p = 0.36), the cancer-related death rate (17 vs. 19, p = .2), the local recurrence rate (7 vs. 12, p = .16), the distant metastasis rate (13 vs. 18, p = 0.2) as well as the time to relapse were not statistically significant different. Conclusion Reduced cytokine levels might explain a short term antitumorigenic intraperitoneal effect of TRD. But, this study analyzed different types of cancer. Therefore, we set up a multicentre randomized trial in patients undergoing curative colorectal cancer resection. Trial registration : ISRCTN66478538
Der Begriff des doing gender als interaktive Inszenierung des sozialen Geschlechts (gender) hat sich auch in der Linguistik etabliert und ist vor allem für die Sprachverwendung bzw.- Gesprächslinguistik fruchtbar gemacht worden. Doch selbst etwas so biologisch determiniert Erscheinendes wie weibliche und männliche Stimmen, ihre Höhe, ihre Verlaufsmuster, sind konstruierter, als man dies bisher für möglich gehalten hatte. Der am stärksten und radikalsten segregierte sprachliche Bereich, die Rufnamen, wurde für das Deutsche erst 2003 mit der Arbeit "Naming Gender" von Susanne Oelkers empirisch auf die Kodierung von Geschlecht hin untersucht. Erstmals wird systematisch nachgewiesen, dass und worin sich Frauen- und Männernamen phonologisch-strukturell voneinander unterscheiden, außerdem, dass wir diese Geschlechtszuordnungen auch bei uns unbekannten Namen vornehmen. Das heißt, es besteht ein kollektives Wissen darüber, wie weibliche und männliche Rufnamen beschaffen sind.
A Unita, na pessoa do seu presidente, JMS, demonstrou com uma estrutura de poder, marcada por nuances tradicionais e por querelas palacianas, pôde colocar a mulher nas situações mais extremas e caricatas. Para a questão em análise, não se trata de um conflito entre a instituição da família tradicional, assente na poligamia, e a moderna, que postula pela família monogâmica com os valores a si adstritos. Trata-se do uso, do abuso e da coisificação da mulher, em consequência de um poder autocrático que por vezes, e não foram poucas, mostrou ter perdido o controlo da situação. As mulheres de Jonas Savimbi dividem-se em aquelas que mais amou - e assumiu como “primeira-dama”, mas que também, por razões que se desconhecem mais odiou -, as amantes, que teve filhos com algumas delas, e outras, fruto de relações fortuitas, cujo segredos elas guardam a sete chaves.
Was zwar schon länger vermutet, jedoch bislang nie nachgewiesen werden konnte, ist nun Gewissheit! Die jüngste Expedition einer Gruppe Studierender im Jahr 2006 unter Leitung von Professor Hans-Heiner Bergmann (Universität Osnabrück) brachte es ans Tageslicht. In der Sarmaschlucht westlich des Baikal im russischen Sibirien kommt eine bisher unbekannte endemische Art aus der Ordnung der Sperlingsvögel (Passeriformes) vor, der Sarmensische Steppenschwirl (Locustella sarmensis, Bergmann 2006).
U radu se analizira latinski sintaktički utjecaj pri uporabi zamjenica u Marulićevu i Kašićevu prijevodu popularnoga srednjovjekovnog djela De imitatione Christi. Istražuju se ova sintaktička svojstava zamjenica: izricanje pripadanja 3. licu s pomoću genitiva ličnih zamjenica za 3. lice, uporaba posvojne zamjenice za 1. i 2. lice u odnosu na povratno-posvojnu zamjenicu svoj, uporaba povratno-posvojne zamjenice svoj u odnosu na posvojne za 3. lice, uporaba lične zamjenice za 1. i 2. lice u odnosu na povratnu zamjenicu, uporaba odnosnih zamjenica na početku rečenice te množina srednjega roda pokaznih, relativne (koji) i neodređenih (sav, svaki) zamjenica u značenju jednine. Na temelju promatranih kategorija autorice nastoje utvrditi sličnosti i razlike tih dvaju proznih prijevodnih tekstova te objasniti prevoditeljski postupak.
Ključne riječi: De imitatione Christi ; Marko Marulić ; Bartol Kašić ; uporaba zamjenica ; sintaktičke prevedenice
Representations of the unknown and the foreign can be found in every culture. Paralleling the method of constructing identity in relation to the Other, all cultures create myths about the ‘foreign’ in order to discern what the ‘native’ is, and thus often essentialize them as either good or bad, ultimately to vindicate one’s own actions and values. The nature of myths has it as such that they lend themselves to images, which are easily transformed into representations. Representations of the foreign in the United States follow the same purpose; they are propagated to define the nation’s identity and set it into political and cultural relation to other nations and civilizations. In this thesis’ context, then, representations of Asian Americans in American culture strengthen the imaginative bonds of American national identity manifesto. However, the interdependency of the Self and the Other clarifies and further entangles the subjects that constitute American national identity and in turn legitimizes the belated claim of Asian Americans to be included into it. Asian American literature is primarily concerned with these myths and (mis)representations that are influenced by Orientalist images in Western culture. Thus, Orientalism – a constructed myth about the Orient, which exists in art, books, and armchair theories of all kinds in the Western world – becomes the main motif for Asian American literature. If we construe this theory a little further then Asian American identity is formed in relation to Orientalist representations that need to be deconstructed first. From the outset, if Orientalism is considered as a produce of imperialism, it seems that time is a defining factor in Orientalism, both as an agent of change and as a factor of perspective. In reality, however, Orientalism seems resilient to time and change; the creation of the Madame Butterfly myth exemplifies what was created in 1887 had been perfected by 1900 and since then enjoys frequent comebacks until today. Thus, for Asian American artists and writers to dismantle Orientalist stereotypes begins a literally archaeological process: excavating the leftovers of American Orientalism, evaluating those finds, and re-relating them with their own cultural and historical actuality. Rather than producing a neat line of argumentation, the approaches on defining Asian American identity within the American national identity manifesto fall into unwieldy clusters and even get tangled up into self-contradictions. The methods of dismantling Orientalist stereotypes are manifold and range from total rejection over evocation and appropriation to reflection. In order to wrestle such disparate issues Orientalism produces in Asian American Literature into an organic whole, it was important to focus consistently on the over arching theme of American national identity. As this thesis aims to show, Orientalist issues that are dealt with in Asian American literature all point toward the greater aim of national inclusion. This thesis is grouped into two parts. PART I provides historical and theoretical background information necessary to understand Orientalist issues in contemporary Asian American literature. Analogous to Asian American writers that feel the necessity to bed their work into the correct historical frame in order to prevent misunderstanding, chapters two and three serve to couch my argument into the correct frame. The theoretical base work is laid with Edward Said’s Orientalism and its implementation on the American and Asian American context. PART II examines literary examples, applying the theorems discussed in PART I. Chapter four is a close analysis of the submissive Butterfly stereotype that has, since its appearance in late nineteenth century, moved, inspired and even outraged writers. Beginning with the literary development of Madame Butterfly, D. H. Hwang’s deconstructivist M. Butterfly gives new perspectives on Orientalism by redefining gender and racial roles. To complement my analysis, in chapter five, I try to trace current Asian American reactions to Orientalism. Texts by comedian Margaret Cho and poet Beau Sia serve as examples of analysis. As a result of the disparate narrative forms of the analyzed works and the unevenness of scholarship on twenty-first century, the analyses vary greatly in scope and detail. In choosing fairly young narrative forms like stand-up comedy and spoken word poetry I want to emphasize how Orientalism pertains to the question of Asian American identity. To close the circle of my discourse I will go back to where I start my thesis: Asian Americans and their position within America’s national identity discourse. It is noteworthy that until today, Asian American identity remains a hostage of these Orientalist stereotypes that mark the boundaries of their American identity.
Introduction Loss of intestinal integrity has been implicated as an important contributor to the development of excessive inflammation following severe trauma. Thus far, clinical data concerning the occurrence and significance of intestinal damage after trauma remain scarce. This study investigates whether early intestinal epithelial cell damage occurs in trauma patients and, if present, whether such cell injury is related to shock, injury severity and the subsequent inflammatory response. Methods Prospective observational cohort study in 96 adult trauma patients. Upon arrival at the emergency room (ER) plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP), a specific marker for damage of differentiated enterocytes, were measured. Factors that potentially influence the development of intestinal cell damage after trauma were determined, including the presence of shock and the extent of abdominal trauma and general injury severity. Furthermore, early plasma levels of i-FABP were related to inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Upon arrival at the ER, plasma i-FABP levels were increased compared with healthy volunteers, especially in the presence of shock (P < 0.01). The elevation of i-FABP was related to the extent of abdominal trauma as well as general injury severity (P < 0.05). Circulatory i-FABP concentrations at ER correlated positively with IL-6 and PCT levels at the first day (r2 = 0.19; P < 0.01 and r2 = 0.36; P < 0.001 respectively) and CRP concentrations at the second day after trauma (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study reveals early presence of intestinal epithelial cell damage in trauma patients. The extent of intestinal damage is associated with the presence of shock and injury severity. Early intestinal damage precedes and is related to the subsequent developing inflammatory response.
Realität – Repräsentation – Öffentlichkeit : der Dokumentarfilm in der heutigen Fernsehlandschaft
(2009)
In dieser Studie wurde die Frage aufgestellt, ob und wie durch einen Fernsehdokumentarfilm im Vergleich zu ethnographischen Darstellungen Wirklichkeit dokumentiert und Wissen über diese vermittelt werden kann. Die Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurde durch eine vergleichende Analyse einzelner Produktionsschritte, wie auch der dahinter stehenden Kriterien und Konventionen auf empirischer und theoretischer Ebene, angestrebt. Ergänzt wurde dies durch eine Evaluation der Rahmenbedingungen, die sich auf die Produktion und vereinzelt auch auf die Konventionen auswirken können.
Breaking tolerance to the natural human liver autoantigen cytochrome P450 2D6 by virus infection
(2009)
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease of unknown etiology, characterized by a loss of tolerance against hepatocytes leading to the progressive destruction of hepatic parenchyma and cirrhosis. Clinical signs for AIH are interface hepatitis and portal plasma cell infiltration, hypergammaglobulinemia, and autoantibodies. Based on serological markers AIH is defined in subtypes. The hallmark of AIH type 2 are type 1 liver/kidney microsomal autoantibodies (LKM-1), whereas AIH type 1 is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear (ANA) and/or anti-smooth muscular (SMA) autoantibodies. The major autoantigen recognized specifically by LKM-1 autoantibodies was identified as the 2D6 isoform of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family (CYP2D6). Not much is known about the etiology and pathogenic mechanisms of AIH so far and most animal models available result in only transient hepatic liver damage after a rather complex initiation method. It was the aim of my project to generate a novel animal model for AIH that reflects the chronic and progressive destruction of the liver characteristic for the human disease while using a defined and feasible initiating event to further analyze the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the autoimmune-mediated destruction of the liver. Therefore, mice transgenically expressing the human CYP2D6 in the liver and wild-type mice were infected with a liver-tropic adenovirus expressing the human CYP2D6 (Ad-2D6). Selftolerance to CYP2D6 was broken in Ad-2D6-infected mice, resulting in persistent autoimmune liver damage, apparent by cellular infiltration, hepatic fibrosis and necrosis. Similar to type 2 AIH patients, Ad-2D6-infected mice generated LKM-1-like antibodies recognizing the same immunodominant epitope of CYP2D6. Taken together, we could introduce a new animal model that reflects the persistent autoimmune-mediated liver damage as well as the serological marker characteristic for AIH type 2 and we could demonstrate that chronic autoimmune diseases targeting the liver can be triggered by molecular mimicry occurring in the context of a hepatotropic viral infection.
In this work, we extend the Hegselmann and Krause (HK) model, presented in [16] to an arbitrary metric space. We also present some theoretical analysis and some numerical results of the condensing of particles in finite and continuous metric spaces. For simulations in a finite metric space, we introduce the notion "random metric" using the split metrics studies by Dress and al. [2, 11, 12].