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SAFE Newsletter : 2018, Q1
(2018)
Die re:publica 2018 in der Twitteranalyse: User Statistiken, beliebteste Tweets und insbesondere die Debatte um das Verhalten der Bundeswehr rund um die #rp18. Deskriptive Analysen und rudimentäres Textmining. Agenda-Setting durch die Bundeswehr? Vielleicht ein bisschen. For our international readers, the graphs are kept in english. R code and data here.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is supposed to be responsible for increased invasion and metastases in epithelial cancer cells. The activation of EMT genes has further been proposed to be important in the process of malignant transformation of primary CNS tumors. Since the cellular source and clinical impact of EMT factors in primary CNS tumors still remain unclear, we aimed at deciphering their distribution in vivo and clinico-pathological relevance in human gliomas.
We investigated 350 glioma patients for the expression of the key EMT factors SLUG and TWIST by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence related to morpho-genetic alterations such as EGFR-amplification, IDH-1 (R132H) mutation and 1p/19q LOH. Furthermore, transcriptional cluster and survival analyses were performed.
Our data illustrate that SLUG and TWIST are overexpressed in gliomas showing vascular proliferation such as pilocytic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. EMT factors are exclusively expressed by non-neoplastic pericytes/vessel-associated mural cells (VAMCs). They are not associated with patient survival but correlate with pericytic/VAMC genes in glioblastoma cluster analysis.
In summary, the upregulation of EMT genes in pilocytic astrocytomas and glioblastomas reflects the level of activation of pericytes/VAMCs in newly formed blood vessels. Our results underscore that the negative prognostic potential of the EMT signature in the group of diffuse gliomas of WHO grade II-IV does most likely not derive from glioma cells but rather reflects the degree of proliferating mural cells thereby constituting a potential target for future alternative treatment approaches.
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) acts as a molecular safeguard in ensuring faithful chromosome transmission during mitosis, which is regulated by a complex interplay between phosphatases and kinases including PLK1. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) germline mutations cause aneuploidy and are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Here we study the role of PLK1 in colon cancer cells with chromosomal instability promoted by APC truncation (APC-ΔC). The expression of APC-ΔC in colon cells reduces the accumulation of mitotic cells upon PLK1 inhibition, accelerates mitotic exit and increases the survival of cells with enhanced chromosomal abnormalities. The inhibition of PLK1 in mitotic, APC-∆C-expressing cells reduces the kinetochore levels of Aurora B and hampers the recruitment of SAC component suggesting a compromised mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, Plk1 inhibition (RNAi, pharmacological compounds) promotes the development of adenomatous polyps in two independent ApcMin/+ mouse models. High PLK1 expression increases the survival of colon cancer patients expressing a truncated APC significantly.
Division of labor and task specialization explain the success of human and insect societies. Social insect colonies are characterized by division of labor, with workers specializing in brood care early and foraging later in life. Theory posits that this task switching requires shifts in responsiveness to task-related cues, yet experimental evidence is weak. Here, we show that a Vitellogenin (Vg) ortholog identified in an RNAseq study on the ant T. longispinosus is involved in this process: using phylogenetic analyses of Vg and Vg-like genes, we firstly show that this candidate gene does not cluster with the intensively studied honey bee Vg but falls into a separate Vg-like A cluster. Secondly, an experimental knockdown of Vg-like A in the fat body caused a reduction in brood care and an increase in nestmate care in young ant workers. Nestmate care is normally exhibited by older workers. We demonstrate experimentally that this task switch is at least partly based on Vg-like A–associated shifts in responsiveness from brood to worker cues. We thus reveal a novel mechanism leading to early behavioral maturation via changes in social cue responsiveness mediated by Vg-like A and associated pathways, which proximately play a role in regulating division of labor.
Objectives: The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to investigate safety and efficacy of direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in the rare subgroup of patients with HCV/HIV-coinfection and advanced liver cirrhosis on the liver transplant waiting list or after liver transplantation, respectively.
Methods: When contacting 54 German liver centers (including all 23 German liver transplant centers), 12 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral combination therapy were reported having received additional DAA therapy while being on the waiting list for liver transplantation (patient characteristics: Child-Pugh A (n = 6), B (n = 5), C (n = 1); MELD range 7–21; HCC (n = 2); HCV genotype 1a (n = 8), 1b (n = 2), 4 (n = 2)). Furthermore, 2 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients were denoted having received DAA therapy after liver transplantation (characteristics: HCV genotype 1a (n = 1), 4 (n = 1)).
Results: Applied DAA regimens were SOF/DAC (n = 7), SOF/LDV/RBV (n = 3), SOF/RBV (n = 3), PTV/r/OBV/DSV (n = 1), or PTV/r/OBV/DSV/RBV (n = 1), respectively. All patients achieved SVR 12, in the end. In one patient, HCV relapse occurred after 24 weeks of SOF/DAC therapy; subsequent treatment with 12 weeks PTV/r/OBV/DSV achieved SVR 12. One patient underwent liver transplantation while on DAA treatment. Analysis of liver function revealed either stable parameters or even significant improvement during DAA therapy and in follow-up. MELD scores were found to improve in 9/13 therapies in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation; in only 2 patients a moderate increase of MELD scores persisted at the end of follow-up.
Conclusion: DAA treatment was safe and highly effective in this nation-wide cohort of patients with HCV/HIV-coinfection awaiting liver transplantation or being transplanted.
Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established primary treatment for newly diagnosed brain metastases with high local control rates. However, data about local re-irradiation in case of local failure after SRS (re-SRS) are rare. We evaluated the feasibility, efficacy and patient selection characteristics in treating locally recurrent metastases with a second course of SRS.
Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with brain metastases treated with re-SRS for local tumor progression between 2011 and 2017. Patient and treatment characteristics as well as rates of tumor control, survival and toxicity were analyzed.
Results: Overall, 32 locally recurrent brain metastases in 31 patients were irradiated with re-SRS. Median age at re-SRS was 64.9 years. The primary histology was breast cancer and non-small-cellular lung cancer (NSCLC) in respectively 10 cases (31.3%), in 5 cases malignant melanoma (15.6%). In the first SRS-course 19 metastases (59.4%) and in the re-SRS-course 29 metastases (90.6%) were treated with CyberKnife® and the others with Gamma Knife. Median planning target volume (PTV) for re-SRS was 2.5 cm3 (range, 0.1–37.5 cm3) and median dose prescribed to the PTV was 19 Gy (range, 12–28 Gy) in 1–5 fractions to the median 69% isodose (range, 53–80%). The 1-year overall survival rate was 61.7% and the 1-year local control rate was 79.5%. The overall rate of radiological radio-necrosis was 16.1% and four patients (12.9%) experienced grade ≥ 3 toxicities.
Conclusions: A second course of SRS for locally recurrent brain metastases after prior local SRS appears to be feasible with acceptable toxicity and can be considered as salvage treatment option for selected patients with high performance status. Furthermore, this is the first study utilizing robotic radiosurgery for this indication, as an additional option for frameless fractionated treatment.
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den frühen Zweitspracherwerb bei Kinder mit einer Spezifischen Sprachentwicklungsstörung (specific language impairment, SLI) zu charakterisieren. Im Vergleich zwischen sprachunauffälligen Kindern mit Deutsch als Zweitsprache (DaZ-TD) und und sprachauffälligen Kindern (DaZ-SLI) wird für die morpho-syntaktischen Bereiche Finitheit und Verbstellung sowie Kasus untersucht, anhand welcher Entwicklungsmuster sich zwischen einem unauffälligen und einem auffälligen DaZ-Erwerb unterscheiden lässt. Dabei werden die folgenden übergeordneten Fragen (F) beantwortet. (F1) Gibt es Unterschiede in Bezug auf Fehlerarten und -häufigkeiten zwischen DaZ-TD und DaZ-SLI Kindern? (F2) Gibt es persistierende Defizite bei DaZ-SLI Kindern verglichen mit DaZ-TD Kindern?
Untersucht wurden über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren 33 DaZ-Kinder, elf davon mit einer SLI. Zu Beginn der Erhebungen waren die DaZ-TD Kinder im Durchschnitt 3;8 Jahre alt und hatten 11 KM zum Deutschen. Die DaZ-SLI waren zu MZP 1 durchschnittlich 7;1 Jahre alt (45 KM). Zu insgesamt vier MZP wurden elizitierte Produktionsdaten mittels des standardisierten Verfahrens LiSe-DaZ (Schulz & Tracy 2011) erhoben. Sowohl die Methode der elizitierten Produktion als auch die längsschnittlichen Analysen einer großen Gruppe von Kindern mit DaZ erlaubten es, Aussagen über das Erwerbsalter bzw. persistierende Defizite und Entwicklungsmuster, insbesondere bei SLI, zu treffen. Entwicklungsverzögerungen (delay) und ggf. vom DaZ-TD Erwerb abweichende Entwicklungsmuster (deviance) wurden abgebildet.
Mit der Beantwortung der Fragen leistet die Arbeit in zweierlei Hinsicht einen Beitrag. Erstens wird mit Blick auf die Spracherwerbsforschung gezeigt, dass DaZ-SLI Kinder entwicklungsverzögert sind und sowohl ø-Stämme in V2 als auch Schwierigkeiten im Erwerb von Dativ in Präpositionalphrasen auf eine SLI bei Kindern mit DaZ hinweisen. Zweitens wird aus Sicht der Linguistik dafür argumentiert, dass zum einen ø-Stämme in V2 kovert finit sind und zum anderen in Modellen der Kasuszuweisung von einer dreigliedrigen Struktur, also einer Unterscheidung zwischen strukturellem, lexikalischem und inhärentem Kasus, ausgegangen werden muss.
Die Arbeit knüpft an damit an verschiedene Erwerbsstudien an. Hinsichtlich des Erwerbs von Finitheit und Verbstellung war bisher ungeklärt, ob auch die DaZ-SLI Kinder zwischen en-Infinitiven und ø-Stämmen hinsichtlich der jeweiligen Position im Satz unterscheiden, wie bereits für den DaZ-TD Erwerb nachgewiesen. Die vorliegende Studie wies dieses Erwerbsmuster auch für den DaZ-SLI Erwerb nach und schließt sich damit bisherigen Studien hinsichtlich kovert finiter ø-Stämme in V2 an. Studien zum Kasuserwerb bei DaZ, die auf den linguistisch relevanten Unterschied in der Kasuszuweisung, d.h. strukturell vs. nicht-strukturell (inhärent und lexikalisch), eingehen, gab es nur wenige. Die Frage, ob in der Kasustheorie von einem zwei- oder dreigliedrigen Modell ausgegangen werden muss, war neben der Frage nach möglicherweise abweichenden Erwerbsmustern und persistierenden Erwerbsschwierigkeiten bei DaZ-SLI bislang ungeklärt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde gezeigt, dass DaZ-SLI Kinder verglichen mit DaZ-TD Kindern ähnliche Fehlermuster zeigen, aber insbesondere der Dativ in PPs stark verzögert erworben wird. Die Studie schließt den Ergebnissen zum simultan bilingualen Erwerb an und postuliert ein dreigliedriges Kasussystem.
Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Studie erstmals anhand elizitierter Längsschnittdaten, dass DaZ-SLI Kinder bis ins Schulalter persistierende Probleme im Erwerb von Finitheit und Verbstellung sowie Kasus haben. Verglichen mit DaZ-TD Kindern erwerben sie diese Bereiche - wenn überhaupt - deutlich verzögert (delay). In den Fehlertypen unterscheiden sich die beiden Erwerbstypen hingegen nicht (deviance).
Indication for combined cardiac surgery and orthotopic liver transplantation is rare and patients are at high risks. Individual surgical strategy must be developed since a general standard of such procedure does not exist. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman who underwent simultaneously modified Bentall procedure and orthotopic liver transplantation. Underlying diseases were end-stage polycystic liver, aneurysm of the ascending aorta, and severe aortic regurgitation. To avoid prolonged bypass times, both teams worked simultaneously. During cardiac reperfusion, time inferior vena cava stayed ligated while the cyst liver was explanted.
Background. The placement of an implant in a previously infected site is an important etiologic factor contributing to implant failure. The aim of this case report is to present the management of retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) in a first maxillary molar site, 2 years after the implant placement. The RPI was treated using an air-abrasive device, Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and guided bone regeneration (GBR).
Case Description. A 65-year-old Caucasian male presented with a draining fistula associated with an implant at tooth #3. Tooth #3 revealed periapical radiolucency two years before the implant placement. Tooth #3 was extracted, and a ridge preservation procedure was performed followed by implant rehabilitation. A periapical radiograph (PA) showed lack of bone density around the implant apex. The site was decontaminated with an air-abrasive device and Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and GBR was performed. The patient was seen every two weeks until suture removal, followed by monthly visits for 12 months. The periapical X-rays, from 6 to 13 months postoperatively, showed increased bone density around the implant apex, with no signs of residual clinical or radiographic pathology and probing depths ≤4 mm.
Conclusions. The etiology of RPI in this case was the placement of an implant in a previously infected site. The use of an air-abrasive device, Er,Cr:YSGG, and GBR was utilized to treat this case of RPI. The site was monitored for 13 months, and increased radiographic bone density was noted.
Learning, memory consolidation, and retrieval are processes known to be modulated by the circadian (circa: about; dies: day) system. The circadian regulation of memory performance is evolutionarily conserved, independent of the type and complexity of the learning paradigm tested, and not specific to crepuscular, nocturnal, or diurnal organisms. In mammals, long-term memory (LTM) formation is tightly coupled to de novo gene expression of plasticity-related proteins and posttranslational modifications and relies on intact cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling. These memory-essential signaling components cycle rhythmically in the hippocampus across the day and night and are clearly molded by an intricate interplay between the circadian system and memory. Important components of the circadian timing mechanism and its plasticity are members of the Period clock gene family (Per1, Per2). Interestingly, Per1 is rhythmically expressed in mouse hippocampus. Observations suggest important and largely unexplored roles of the clock gene protein PER1 in synaptic plasticity and in the daytime-dependent modulation of learning and memory. Here, we review the latest findings on the role of the clock gene Period 1 (Per1) as a candidate molecular and mechanistic blueprint for gating the daytime dependency of memory processing.
Modification of SMN2 exon 7 (E7) splicing is a validated therapeutic strategy against spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, a target-based approach to identify small-molecule E7 splicing modifiers has not been attempted, which could reveal novel therapies with improved mechanistic insight. Here, we chose as a target the stem-loop RNA structure TSL2, which overlaps with the 5′ splicing site of E7. A small-molecule TSL2-binding compound, homocarbonyltopsentin (PK4C9), was identified that increases E7 splicing to therapeutic levels and rescues downstream molecular alterations in SMA cells. High-resolution NMR combined with molecular modelling revealed that PK4C9 binds to pentaloop conformations of TSL2 and promotes a shift to triloop conformations that display enhanced E7 splicing. Collectively, our study validates TSL2 as a target for small-molecule drug discovery in SMA, identifies a novel mechanism of action for an E7 splicing modifier, and sets a precedent for other splicing-mediated diseases where RNA structure could be similarly targeted.
The use of cardiac troponins (cTn) is the gold standard for diagnosing myocardial infarction. Independent of myocardial infarction (MI), however, sex, age and kidney function affect cTn levels. Here we developed a method to adjust cTnI levels for age, sex, and renal function, maintaining a unified cut-off value such as the 99th percentile. A total of 4587 individuals enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study were used to develop a model for adjustment of cTn. cTnI levels correlated with age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in males/females with rage = 0.436/0.518 and with reGFR = −0.142/−0.207. For adjustment, these variables served as covariates in a linear regression model with cTnI as dependent variable. This adjustment model was then applied to a real-world cohort of 1789 patients with suspected acute MI (AMI) (N = 407). Adjusting cTnI showed no relevant loss of diagnostic information, as evidenced by comparable areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves, to identify AMI in males and females for adjusted and unadjusted cTnI. In specific patients groups such as in elderly females, adjusting cTnI improved specificity for AMI compared with unadjusted cTnI. Specificity was also improved in patients with renal dysfunction by using the adjusted cTnI values. Thus, the adjustments improved the diagnostic ability of cTnI to identify AMI in elderly patients and in patients with renal dysfunction. Interpretation of cTnI values in complex emergency cases is facilitated by our method, which maintains a single diagnostic cut-off value in all patients.
The tumor vasculature differs from normal blood vessels in morphology, composition and stability. Here, we describe a novel tumor vessel-disrupting mechanism. In an HT1080/mouse xenograft tumor model rhodocetin-αβ was highly effective in disrupting the tumor endothelial barrier. Mechanistically, rhodocetin-αβ triggered MET signaling via neuropilin-1. As both neuropilin-1 and MET were only lumen-exposed in a subset of abnormal tumor vessels, but not in normal vessels, the prime target of rhodocetin-αβ were these abnormal tumor vessels. Consequently, cells lining such tumor vessels became increasingly motile which compromised the vessel wall tightness. After this initial leakage, rhodocetin-αβ could leave the bloodstream and reach the as yet inaccessible neuropilin-1 on the basolateral side of endothelial cells and thus disrupt nearby vessels. Due to the specific neuropilin-1/MET co-distribution on cells lining such abnormal tumor vessels in contrast to normal endothelial cells, rhodocetin-αβ formed the necessary trimeric signaling complex of rhodocetin-αβ-MET-neuropilin-1 only in these abnormal tumor vessels. This selective attack of tumor vessels, sparing endothelial cell-lined vessels of normal tissues, suggests that the neuropilin-1-MET signaling axis may be a promising drugable target for anti-tumor therapy, and that rhodocetin-αβ may serve as a lead structure to develop novel anti-tumor drugs that target such vessels.
The etiology of many diseases results from the dysregulation of inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response is essential to formulate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In fact, substantial research has unveiled important aspects of the inflammatory machinery, both at the cellular and molecular levels. Recently, sphingolipids (Sph) have emerged as signaling molecules that regulate many cell functions, and ample evidence emphasizes their role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. ...
Licht ist ein wertvolles Werkzeug zur Regulation biochemischer Reaktionsabläufe. Denn die Applikation von Licht erlaubt eine sehr präzise Einflussnahme auf den Ort und den Startzeitpunkt der zu untersuchenden Reaktionen. Als nichtinvasives Medium bietet die Lichtkontrolle bei der Wahl einer geeigneten Anregungswellenlänge den Vorteil nur minimal in einen lebenden Organismus einzugreifen. Um eine solche lichtbasierte Kontrolle für biologische Anwendungen zu realisieren, ist die Anwesenheit einer lichtsensitiven Verbindung nötig. Ein Konzept der lichtsensitiven Verbindungen ist die sogenannte photolabile Schutzgruppe. Im Allgemeinen handelt es sich hierbei um einen Chromophor der temporär an ein Biomolekül angebracht wurde, um dessen biologische Aktivität zu unterdrücken.
In dieser Arbeit wurde dieses Konzept auf das Antibiotikum Puromycin angewendet, welches durch das synthetische Anbringen der Cumarin-Schutzgruppe DEACM in seiner biologischen Aktivität behindert und durch einen Lichtpuls wieder freigesetzt wurde. DEACM st eine photolabile Schutzgruppe mit breitem Anwendungsspektrum, da es im Vergleich zu anderen Cumarin-Derivaten vorteilhafte photophysikalische Eigenschaften aufweist. Zum einen ist durch den 7-Diethylamino-Substituenten das Absorptionsmaximum dieser Verbindung um etwa 20 nm bathochrom verschoben. Zum anderen zeichnet sich dieses Derivat durch einen erheblich erhöhten Extinktionskoeffizienten aus, sodass eine Freisetzungsreaktion mit einer geringeren Lichtdosis induziert werden kann, was weniger Stress für die Zellen in lebenden Systemen bedeutet.
Die antibiotische Wirkung von Puromycin beruht auf der strukturellen Ähnlichkeit zum5'-Ende von Tyrosyl-tRNA, wodurch sich das Antibiotikum kondonunspezifisch während der Translation der Proteinsynthese an das Ribosom anlagern kann. Anschließend wird die naszierende Polypeptidkette auf das Puromycin transferiert. Da diese neue Bindung unter biologischen Bedingungen nicht spaltbar ist, führt dies zu einer verfrühten Freisetzung des Polypeptid-Puromycin-Fragments. Schließlich ist die Proteinsynthese vollständig abgebrochen.
Die Motivation zur photoinduzierten Kontrolle von Puromycin besteht in der Vielzahl an biologischen Applikationsmöglichkeiten, da die lichtregulierte Freisetzung der biologischen Aktivität als Trigger für sich anschließende biochemische Abläufe verwendet werden kann. Durch das hier gezeigte System kann in Kombination mit anderen Techniken (z.B. NMR) die posttranslationale Proteinfaltung beobachtet werden, welche als hochgradig komplexer Prozess bisher nicht verstanden ist. Eine weitere Motivationsgrundlage ist die Anwendung von DEACM-puromycin in Nervenzellen. Hier kann durch die Photofreisetzung die Proteinsynthese in den Dendriten der Neuronen beobachtet werden, wodurch Rückschlüsse auf neurodegenerative Krankheiten möglich sein sollten, wie z.B. Alzheimer-Krankheit. In dieser Arbeit konnte in-vitro nachgewiesen werden, dass die antibiotische Wirkung von Puromycin mittels Licht kontrollierbar ist. Aus der photophysikalischen Grundcharakterisierung ging hervor, dass DEACM-puromycin einen hohen Extinktionskoeffizienten bei Wellenlängen größer als 380 nm aufweist. Folglich kann zur Induktion der Photolyse eine geringere Lichtdosis mit energiearmer Strahlung als bei dem Vorläufersystem NVOC-puromycin verwendet werden, angesichts dessen ist das hier vorgestellte DEACM-puromycin für Anwendungen in Zellen zu empfehlen.
Über die Kombination von quantenchemischen Rechnungen und spektroskopischen Methoden konnten die frühen Schritte der Freisetzungsreaktion bestimmt und quantifiziert werden. Zudem zeigte sich ein Einfluss der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung auf die Uncaging-Schritte. In Gegenwart eines protischen Lösungsmittels wird der zum Uncaging in Konkurrenz stehende Prozess der Fluoreszenz unterdrückt, wodurch die Freisetzungsschritte effektiver werden. Zudem führt die Präsenz von Protonen zu einer Stabilisierung des ionischen Intermediates, sodass die Bildung dessen beschleunigt ablaufen kann. Die Spaltung der photolabilen Schutzgruppen vom Puromycin findet mit einer Rate von 0,71*10^8 s-1 statt, welche im Vergleich zu Vorgängersystem um eine Größenordnung größer ist. Die Wiederherstellung der biologischen Aktivität resultiert aber erst nach einem anschließenden Decarboxylierungsschritt. Mithilfe von IR-Messungen konnte die Decarboxylierung beobachtet und daraus die Quantenausbeute zu 2,5% determiniert werden. Die so bestimmte Quantenausbeute entspricht etwa dem Zweifachen von NVOC-puromycin, sodass die hier untersuchte Verbindung eindeutig als das effizientere System zu betrachten ist. Die hier beschriebenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass DEACM-puromycin vorteilhafte photophysikalische Eigenschafen aufweist, die diese Verbindung zu einem wertvollen Hilfsmittel für eine Vielzahl von lichtkontrollierten Untersuchungen in biologischer Umgebung macht. Zudem wurden Einblicke in den Reaktionsmechanismus gegeben, die das Verständnis der photolytischen Spaltung von Carbamat-geschützten Cumarinen erstmals auf der ultrakurzen Zeitskala ermöglicht.
B lymphocytes are key players in humoral immunity, expressing diverse surface immunoglobulin receptors directed against specific antigenic epitopes. The development and profile of distinct subpopulations have gained awareness in the setting of primary immunodeficiency disorders, primary or secondary autoimmunity and as therapeutic targets of specific antibodies in various diseases. The major B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood include naïve (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27−), non-switched memory (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27+) and switched memory B cells (CD19+ or CD20+IgD−CD27+). Furthermore, less common B cell subpopulations have also been described as having a role in the suppressive capacity of B cells to maintain self-tolerance. Data on reference values for B cell subpopulations are limited and only available for older age groups, neglecting the continuous process of human B cell development in children and adolescents. This study was designed to establish an exponential regression model to produce continuous reference values for main B cell subpopulations to reflect the dynamic maturation of the human immune system in healthy children.
An iridium(III/IV/V) redox series featuring a terminal imido complex with triplet ground state
(2018)
The iridium(III/IV/V) imido redox series [Ir(NtBu){N(CHCHPtBu2)2}]0/+/2+ was synthesized and examined spectroscopically, magnetically, crystallographically and computationally. The monocationic iridium(IV) imide exhibits an electronic doublet ground state with considerable ‘imidyl’ character as a result of covalent Ir–NtBu bonding. Reduction gives the neutral imide [Ir(NtBu){N(CHCHPtBu2)2}] as the first example of an iridium complex with a triplet ground state. Its reactivity with respect to nitrene transfer to selected electrophiles (CO2) and nucleophiles (PMe3), respectively, is reported.