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This article argues that proliferation of prefixes like ‘neo’ and ‘post’ that adorn conventional ‘isms’ have cast a long shadow on the contemporary relevance of traditional political ideologies. Suggesting that there is, indeed, something new about today’s political belief systems, the essay draws on the concept of ‘social imaginaries’ to make sense of the changing nature of the contemporary ideological landscape. The core thesis presented here is that today’s ideologies are increasingly translating the rising global imaginary into competing political programs and agendas. But these subjective dynamics of denationalization at the heart of globalization have not yet dispensed with the declining national imaginary. The twenty-first century promises to be an ideational interregnum in which both the global and national stimulate people’s deep-seated understandings of community. Suggesting a new classification scheme dividing contemporary political ideologies into ‘market globalism’, ‘justice globalism’, and ‘jihadist globalism’, the article ends with a brief assessment of the main ideological features of justice globalism.
G. A. Cohen argues that John Rawls’s focus on the basic structure of society as the exclusive subject of social justice is misguided. I argue that two understandings of the notion of basic structure seem to be present in the literature, either in implicit or in explicit terms. (1) According to the first, the basic structure is to be equated with a given set of institutions: if they endorse the right principles of justice, the basic structure of society is just; (2) According to the second, a society has a just basic structure if and only if its institutional web manages to realize the relevant principles of justice as well it can. In (2), the institutional structure is not a given: different social circumstances call for different institutional solutions in order to achieve a just basic structure overall. The first part of the paper make a case for (2), and explores some of its normative implications. The second part asks which consequences this understanding may have for the idea of a global basic structure.
In left critiques of globalization, it is often argued that liberal-egalitarian principles are inadequate for thinking about and struggling for global justice; that they are, in fact, part of the problem. For the case of identity politics as a left alternative, the paper points at two fallacies in this notion, regarding two ‘liberal’ elements: individualism and universalism. The paper examines groupidentity claims in far right conceptions of global injustice, and shows that cultural diversity of groups does not necessitate or even favour equality and democratic participation. It then examines the left group-based claims in the global justice discourse, showing that the aspirations for equality and freedom assume the liberal notions that have been often rejected as inadequate. The paper concludes that this ambivalent position undermines the democratic and egalitarian aspirations of left critiques of the global order. The analysis is based on manifestos and publications of political parties and movements in Western Europe (France, Germany and Austria).
Rhetoric and global justice
(2008)
Activists have long recognized the importance of rhetoric and emotional appeal in building support for the global justice movement. However, many political theorists worry that the use of rhetoric may obstruct clear presentation of the issues at stake, and may result in our policies being determined by where the sympathies of the best rhetoricians lie. In this article I examine the ways in which contemporary theorists try to accommodate the need for rhetoric and emotional appeal, and I argue that their attempts are unsatisfactory because they view rhetoric as a tool or skill that can be used to manipulate people to support any position. Yet if we question the sharp separation between rhetoric and reason, then the aims of building support for a cause, identifying the causes we ought to support, and treating others with respect need no longer conflict. Re-examining the radical liberal theories of J.S. Mill, L.T. Hobhouse and J.A. Hobson, will help us to see how this separation might be questioned and rhetoric recovered as a respectful and respectable form of argument.
The origin and justification of human rights, whether anchored in biological theory, natural law theory, or interests theory, as well as their cultural specificity and actual value as international legal instruments are subject to ongoing lively debates. As theoretical and rhetorical discourses challenge and enrich current understanding of the value of human rights and their relevance to democratic governance, they have found their way into public health in recent decades and play today an increasing role in the shaping of health policies, programs and practice. Human rights define the obligations of states to their people and towards each other, create grounds for governmental accountability and inspire recognition of, and action on, factors influencing people’s attainment of the highest possible standard of health. This article highlights the evolution that has brought health and human rights together in mutually reinforcing ways. It draws from the experience gained in the global response to HIV/AIDS, summarizes key dimensions of public health and of human rights and suggests a manner in which these dimensions intersect in a framework for analysis and action.
Every day thousands of people die from poverty-related causes. Many of these deaths could be avoided if appropriate medical treatments were available to the world’s poor. Due to the current structure of the international patent regime, they are not. Since the risks and costs associated with pharmaceutical innovation are extremely high, to incentivise research, inventor firms are granted a temporary monopoly over newly invented drugs. While allowing firms to make up for the costs of research, this has the morally perverse effect of raising the prices of pharmaceuticals to a level where they become unaffordable to the world's poor. To correct this grievous flaw, the paper proposes a concrete and realistic alternative scheme which, by rewarding medical innovators in proportion to the impact of their drugs on the global disease burden, would incentivise the production and selling of crucial drugs for the world’s poor at prices accessible to them.
Die Wähler sind mobil geworden. Sie gelten als unberechenbar, egoistisch, launisch, aber auch als empfänglich gegenüber den Lockrufen populistischer Alternativen. Vorbei sind die Zeiten langfristig loyaler Parteianhängerschaften. Die Mobilität der Wähler gehört zum politischen System der heutigen Bundesrepublik und ist das Ergebnis massiver Veränderungen, die sich in unserer Gesellschaft in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten abgespielt haben.
Die transitorische Verortungskrise : das Fliegen als menschliche Fortbewegung der besonderen Art
(2013)
Die Unmöglichkeit, gleichzeitig an verschiedenen Orten zu sein, fordert die Menschheit zu technischen Erfindungen heraus. Ihr erklärtes Ziel: die Gebundenheit an Ort und Zeit zu überwinden. Der Traum des Ikarus blieb keine Fantasie, er weckte die Neugier der Ingenieure. Mit dem Bau von flugfähigen Maschinen gelingt es den Menschen, ihre Flugunfähigkeit und Bodenverhaftung zu überwinden oder zumindest zu kompensieren – aber um welchen Preis?
Gleichheit und Freiheit
(2013)
Ute Gerhard unterstreicht, dass das Recht auf Gleichheit, die Anerkennung der Menschen als Gleiche, bei aller Anerkennung gleicher Freiheit immer erst der Konkretisierung oder einer Verständigung darüber bedarf, wie viel Gleichheit oder in welcher Hinsicht Gleichheit herzustellen ist. Laut Ulrike Ackermann ist Ungleichheit Ausdruck von sozialer Differenzierung und Bedingung für Vielfalt und damit Innovationskraft für gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt. Für Jasper von Altenbockum besteht die Herausforderung der Freiheit im Widerstreit zwischen Dezentralisierung und Zentralisierung; zwar werde gerne die befreiende Kraft des Kleinteiligen beschworen, doch am Ende siege die Nivellierung der Provinz (Anm. d. Red.).
Über Freiheit und Gleichheit
(2013)
Das Thema 'Unternehmensgründung/ berufliche Selbstständigkeit an deutschen Hochschulen' hat seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen, denn es wird beabsichtigt, eine Kultur der Unternehmensgründung an den Hochschulen zu etablieren und die Studierenden auf eine berufliche Selbstständigkeit als potenzielle Zukunftsperspektive vorzubereiten. Auch der Gesetzgeber integrierte in den letzten Jahren die Gründungsfrage in den Handlungsauftrag der Universitäten, z.B. im neuen hessischen Hochschulgesetz. Der vorliegende Aufsatz berichtet über eine Untersuchung am Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Frankfurt am Main mit dem Titel 'Gründung als Option für Sozialwissenschaften: Zur Integration des Gründungsthemas in der Lehre der Sozialwissenschaften'. Es wurde danach gefragt, in welcher Weise Studierende und Promovierende der Gesellschaftswissenschaften (Soziologie und Politikwissenschaft) im Rahmen ihres Studiums auf mögliche Tätigkeitsfelder einer selbstständigen Beschäftigung hingewiesen werden können und wie sie selbst solche Angebote beurteilen. Es werden einige Sichtweisen zur Gründung als persönliches Motiv und zur Berufsorientierung in den Sozialwissenschaften vorgestellt, die spezifischen Qualifikationsmerkmale des sozialwissenschaftlichen Studiums umrissen und einige Empfehlungen zur Beschäftigungsoption 'Selbständigkeit' gegeben. (ICI2)
"A manager in the minds of doctors" : a comparison of new modes of control in European hospitals
(2013)
Background: Hospital governance increasingly combines management and professional self-governance. This article maps the new emergent modes of control in a comparative perspective and aims to better understand the relationship between medicine and management as hybrid and context-dependent. Theoretically, we critically review approaches into the managerialism-professionalism relationship; methodologically, we expand cross-country comparison towards the meso-level of organisations; and empirically, the focus is on processes and actors in a range of European hospitals.
Methods: The research is explorative and was carried out as part of the FP7 COST action IS0903 Medicine and Management, Working Group 2. Comprising seven European countries, the focus is on doctors and public hospitals. We use a comparative case study design that primarily draws on expert information and document analysis as well as other secondary sources.
Results: The findings reveal that managerial control is not simply an external force but increasingly integrated in medical professionalism. These processes of change are relevant in all countries but shaped by organisational settings, and therefore create different patterns of control: (1) ‘integrated’ control with high levels of coordination and coherent patterns for cost and quality controls; (2) ‘partly integrated’ control with diversity of coordination on hospital and department level and between cost and quality controls; and (3) ‘fragmented’ control with limited coordination and gaps between quality control more strongly dominated by medicine, and cost control by management.
Conclusions: Our comparison highlights how organisations matter and brings the crucial relevance of ‘coordination’ of medicine and management across the levels (hospital/department) and the substance (cost/quality-safety) of control into perspective. Consequently, coordination may serve as a taxonomy of emergent modes of control, thus bringing new directions for cost-efficient and quality-effective hospital governance into perspective.
Je besser Forscher es verstehen, defekte Gene zu reparieren oder beliebige Körperzellen zu reprogrammieren, desto gefahrloser wird die Gen- und Stammzell-Therapie für Patienten, die an heute noch unheilbaren Krankheiten leiden. Gleichzeitig zeichnet sich damit die Möglichkeit ab, in ferner Zukunft vielleicht das Genom kommender Generationen zu verändern oder Menschen zu klonieren. Der Internist Prof. Hubert Serve und die Politikwissenschaftlerin Dr. Anja Karnein wagen im Gespräch mit den beiden Redakteurinnen des Wissenschaftsmagazins »Forschung Frankfurt« Dr. Anne Hardy und Ulrike Jaspers einen Ausblick jenseits aller aktuellen Debatten. Sie diskutieren aber auch über die Themen, die Patienten wie Wissenschaftler zurzeit unmittelbar berühren.
Within the emerging field of cultural neuroscience (CN) one branch of research focuses on the neural underpinnings of “individualistic/Western” vs. “collectivistic/Eastern” self-views. These studies uncritically adopt essentialist assumptions from classic cross-cultural research, mainly following the tradition of Markus and Kitayama (1991), into the domain of functional neuroimaging. In this perspective article we analyze recent publications and conference proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (2012) and problematize the essentialist and simplistic understanding of “culture” in these studies. Further, we argue against the binary structure of the drawn “cultural” comparisons and their underlying Eurocentrism. Finally we scrutinize whether valuations within the constructed binarities bear the risk of constructing and reproducing a postcolonial, orientalist argumentation pattern.
Este artigo confronta a tentativa habermasiana de dar continuidade ao projeto racionalista da modernidade com a crítica de Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri de que este projeto se torna obsoleto na atual época pós-moderna, dominada pelo "Império". De início, trata-se de uma crítica desses autores à concepção habermasiana de racionalidade e práxis: não há razão comunicativa (contraposta à razão estratégica) que não seja instrumentalizada pelo Império. Em seguida, uma crítica à teoria habermasiana de sociedade: não há mundo da vida (contraposto ao sistema) que não seja tomado pelo Império. Por fim, Hardt e Negri criticam a noção de transformação histórica: não o progresso nas instituições e na constituição formal, mas apenas a força vital da multitude - o poder constituinte, articulado conforme a constituição material da sociedade - pode provocar rupturas na história.
"Entre direitos iguais, a força decide", proferiu karl marx ao descrever a antinomia do direito em situações antagônicas das relações de produção capitalistas, em que "o direito [oferece resistência] ao direito" nesse ponto, marx aborda uma questão que se situa no centro de todas as teorias jurídicas críticas: que tipo de violência é velada por meio do mecanismo de ocultação denominado "direito"? Para responder a esta questão, tentar-se-á, a seguir, tornar a teoria da hegemonia de antonio gramsci e seu modelo de direito hegemônico produtivos para o campo da teoria do direito. Tal tarefa tem de lidar com a dupla dificuldade de que, por um lado, gramsci não foi um teórico do direito no sentido mais estrito, razão pela qual o potencial de sua teoria para uma análise do direito raramente foi utilizada. Por outro lado, sua abordagem só pode ser empregada por meio de uma crítica às restrições relacionadas a seu tempo. isso se aplica especialmente à sua concepção de economia como a base e a núcleo essencialista oculto (laclau; mouffe, 2001:69), assim como à sua ideia de 'classismo' sob a forma de um enfoque unilateral das classes, em que há preferencialmente mais de um "pluralismo de poder" e inúmeras lutas (litowitz, 2000: 536). Recuperar-se-á, consequentemente, argumentos-chave, ampliando-os pela utilização das recentes descobertas feitas pelas abordagens feminista e neomaterialista da teoria jurídica, bem como as análises de foucault acerca das tecnologias de poder. por fim, uma interpretação da teoria sistêmica das autonomizações comunicativas.
Os limites da tolerância
(2009)
Este artigo apresenta os elementos constitutivos do conceito de tolerância e discute duas concepções diferentes do termo, como permissão e como respeito moral, que expressam modos diversos de demarcar os limites da tolerância. A tolerância é apresentada como um conceito que, para ganhar algum conteúdo, depende normativamente de um direito à justificação baseado na idéia de um uso público da razão segundo o qual as práticas e as instituições político-jurídicas que determinam a vida social dos cidadãos devem ser justificáveis à luz de normas que eles não podem recíproca e genericamente rejeitar.
Geld allein macht nicht (un)glücklich : was Mitarbeiter der Goethe-Universität zufrieden macht
(2012)
In der Art und Weise, wie wir mit Geld umgehen, kommt unsere Persönlichkeit mit allen unbewältigten lebensgeschichtlichen Traumata und Konflikten zum Ausdruck. Und deshalb lässt Geld uns nicht kalt, ganz gleich, wie viel uns davon zur Verfügung steht. Geldstile sind relativ stabil; sie lassen sich auch dann nicht leicht verändern, wenn sie zu negativen Ergebnissen führen. Paare unterschätzen oft, dass über Geld latente Beziehungsprobleme ausgetragen werden.
My contribution focuses on the relationship between theory and praxis, since the task of a “critical archaeology” is to mediate between these two spheres. Its target audience is the public, not other scholars. Critical archaeology is not part of scientific practice, but rather is part of intellectual reasoning that is both value-laden and that exercises practical critique. Respect for the specific logics of theory and praxis is crucial for its success. A “critical archaeology” that merits its name must steer its way between the Scylla of a technocratic paternalism that limits praxis and the Charybdis of submission to theory under the presumption of the “relevance of praxis.”