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This paper presents some of the major aspects of the history of German exile after 1933 and the history of the exile of German-speaking writers and intellectuals in Brazil. The second part of the title is focused on the works of exile written by Ulrich Becher and Hugo Simon in Brazil.
The story “Os dois vizinhos. Cenas da Colônia” (Die beiden Nachbarn. Bilder aus der Kolonie), written by Wilhelm Rotermund, was published in 1883 and 1884 in two parts in the Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien. The text by Rothermund represents many relevant aspects of the immigration of German Lutherans to Brazil. This article will first give an overview on the work of Wilhelm Rotermund and than offer a critical analysis of "Die beiden Nachbarn. Bilder aus der Kolonie". A third point of interest will be the importance of preserving the mother language (German) and the rural-urban relationship.
German immigration to Brazil starts in the 19th century. In Brazil, the Literature of German Immigrants has been the subject of many studies. On the other hand, the literary production on immigration to Brazil produced in Germany during this period, is still quite unknown. This article will discuss one specific poem in this context, a text from 1847 called 'Traurige Rückwanderung der Brasilianer nach ihrem jüngst verlassenen Vaterlande'.
This article discusses linguistic attitudes and conceptions (beliefs and prejudices) of 20 teachers regarding the ‘German accent’ ((de)voicing of consonants and neutralization of the vibrant) and their implications in their social practices in school lessons, in three German-Portuguese bilingual communities in Rio Grande do Sul. To conclude with, a reflection about how teachers’ conceptions relate to the treatment they dispense to linguistic traces in face to face interactions. The present investigation is inserted in the Interactional Sociolinguistics and in the Sociolinguistics field, specifically in linguistic variation and bilingual studies, and it is especially rooted in linguistic attitudes and conceptions. This research matches instruments and analytical categories of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, examining both teachers’ practices and their linguistic attitudes and conceptions. The results point to educational and identity conflicts which are reflected in speakers’ attitudes of solidarity or linguistic differentiation regarding the use and rating of linguistic variation, as well as in the treatment dispensed to the linguistic features of these communities.
The Recife’s School was a Brazilian movement during the last quarter of the 19th century, whose main goals were to inform the Empire Court of provincial problems and introduce Brazil to ideas and theories of German philosophers. The first history of Brazilian literature was written in 1888 by Sílvio Romero and is considered part of this movement. According to this work, Brazil should be connected to German thought. Romero’s reception of the German authors is not passive; he engages in dialogue through his text by connecting, criticizing and elaborating upon his references. The autonomy of thought he proves in this process is the same autonomy he demands from Brazilian intellectualists. In order to develop the talents inherent to Brazil, he believes they should widen their cultural horizons, instead of only being dependent on French culture. Only then Brazil would be able to occupy a position equal amongst developed nations. Romero’s conception of race and his idea, that it is possible to include the totality of Brazilian literature in his work are both out of date. However, in the História da Literatura Brasileira there are methodological aspects in common with the modern theories on writing histories of literature, such as the choice of texts not only according to aesthetics criterions and the interdisciplinarity, because the author relates biology, sociology, economy, and politics with literature.
This paper discusses the role of German Jesuit priests in the conquest of the lower amazon area in the 17th century. The Luxemburg missionary John Philip Bettendorff, founder of the second largest city of Pará, Santarém, was one of the most important figures while colonizing the Estate of Maranhão e Great-Pará. His chronicle is not only an important testimony of the settlements’ history but also of the Jesuit activities as handicraft workers and artists while catechizing this region. Thus, it comprehends a part of the rich cultural memory of colonial Brazil.
Based on the bilingualism and ethnolinguistic identity research, this study aims to observe the role identity and linguistic attitudes play in a minority mother language’s maintenance or shifting process in early bilingualism cases in a societal bilingualism situation. The analyzed context comprises native speakers of essentially bilingual communities that migrate to an urban center like Porto Alegre, where the opportunities for minority mother language use are drastically restrained by the monolingual Portuguese context. It’s asked how this language was maintained and what is the identity and linguistic attitude after the removal of the original context identified as more rural, isolated and ethnic and culturally different. The data collection derives from semi-structured interviews, recorded and subsequently transcribed. The data analysis suggests that the ‘geographic’ factor isn’t so relevant to the maintenance/shifting of a minority language than the speaker’s ‘micro-decisions’ to preserve the cultural and affectionate ties with their origin group, the family. Besides family group, community, school and government should be called to come together to construct new ways for the linguistic and cultural preservation of the bilingual community in Brazil. In that sense, this research intends to contribute to a wider understanding of the identity and linguistics attitudes’ role in the languages’ teaching and learning in general.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
Die brasilianische Verfassung hat ein System detaillierter materieller und prozessualer Rechte etabliert und damit die richterliche Kontrolle hoheitlicher Akte in fast allen politisch relevanten Bereichen ermöglicht. Auf dem Gebiet der ökologischen und sozialen Rechte, wo eine intensive Positivierung individueller und kollektiver Ansprüche stattgefunden hat, ist die wachsende Judizialisierung der staatlichen Programme nicht als übertriebene Einmischung der Gerichte in politische Fragen anzusehen, sondern fördert die Ausbildung des gesellschaftlichen Bewusstseins. Die Gesetzestexte enthalten kaum konkrete materielle Anforderungen oder Richtlinien zur Gewichtung von Gütern und Werten, sondern setzen lediglich Verbote fest oder regeln die föderativen Zuständigkeiten bzw. das Verwaltungsverfahren. Deswegen kann die Genehmigung umweltgefährdender Aktivitäten kaum auf der Grundlage dogmatisch abgeklärter Rechtsbegriffe erfolgen. Die fachliche Qualifikation vieler Verwaltungsbeamter und Richter entspricht noch nicht den Herausforderungen einer korrekten Gesetzesauslegung. Die akademische Diskussion konzentriert sich derweilen auf Themen wie die philosophische Hermeneutik, Semiotik oder Systemtheorie und unterschätzt dabei die Wichtigkeit des juristischen Methodenkanons, weswegen es ihr nicht gelingt, den Praktikern gangbare Direktiven zur Herstellung richtiger und gut begründeter Entscheidungen anzubieten. Nötig ist daher eine mehr pragmatisch orientierte Debatte über den angemessenen Gebrauch der traditionellen und modernen Methoden und Techniken der Rechtsfindung, um die dogmatische Basis des Umweltrechts in Brasilien zu stärken und es an das Modell eines Umweltstaats heranzuführen.
Brazil is a popular writing subject. Its representation is full of varieties and reaches from "exotic country", "the land of the future", "paradise", "the unknown country" to a reputation of being underdeveloped with its inhabitants living in misery. Hugo Loetscher, an important contemporary Swiss writer, defined Brazil as a place of encounter with the enemy, i.e. another culture, nature or with himself: a discovery of the consequences of colonialism and the search for a new proper identity. This article focuses on the image of Brazil in Loetscher's work, trying to get to know Brazil as a place in German literature that offers a possibility for an intercultural dialogue.