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Despite the relevance of credit financing for the profit and risk situation of commercial banks only little empirical evidence on the initial credit decision and monitoring process exists due to the lack of appropriate data on bank debt financing. The present paper provides a systematic overview of a data set generated during the Center for Financial Studies research project on "Credit Management" which was designed to fill this empirical void. The data set contains a broad list of variables taken from the credit files of five major German banks. It is a random sample drawn from all customers which have engaged in some form of borrowing from the banks in question between January 1992 and January 1997 and which meet a number of selection criteria. The sampling design and data collection procedure are discussed in detail. Additionally, the project's research agenda is described and some general descriptive statistics of the firms in our sample are provided.
No one seems to be neutral about the effects of EMU on the German economy. Roughly speaking, there are two camps: those who see the euro as the advent of a newly open, large, and efficient regime which will lead to improvements in European and in particular in German competitiveness; those who see the euro as a weakening of the German commitment to price stability. From a broader macroeconomic perspective, however, it is clear that EMU is unlikely to cause directly any meaningful change either for the better in Standort Deutschland or for the worse in the German price stability. There is ample evidence that changes in monetary regimes (so long as non leaving hyperinflation) induce little changes in real economic structures such as labor or financial markets. Regional asymmetries of the sorts in the EU do not tend to translate into monetary differences. Most importantly, there is no good reason to believe that the ECB will behave any differently than the Bundesbank.
During the last years the lending business has come under considerable competitive pressure and bank managers often express concern regarding its profitability vis-a-vis other activities. This paper tries to empirically identify factors that are able to explain the financial performance of bank lending activities. The analysis is based on the CFS-data-set that has been collected in 1997 from 200 medium-sized firms. Two regressions are performed: The first is directed towards relationships between the interest rate premiums and various determining factors, the second aims at detecting relationships between those factors and the occurrence of several types of problems during the course of a credit engagement. Furthermore, the results of both regressions are used to test theoretical hypotheses regarding the impact of certain parameters on credit terms and distress probabilities. The findings are somewhat “puzzling“: First, the rating is not as significant as expected. Second, credit contracts seem to be priced lower for situations with greater risks. Finally, the results do not fully support any of three hypotheses that are often advanced to describe the role of collateral and covenants in credit contracts.
The German financial market is often characterized as a bank-based system with strong bank-customer relationships. The corresponding notion of a housebank is closely related to the theoretical idea of relationship lending. It is the objective of this paper to provide a direct comparison between housebanks and "normal" banks as to their credit policy. Therefore, we analyze a new data set, representing a random sample of borrowers drawn from the credit portfolios of five leading German banks over a period of five years. We use credit-file data rather than industry survey data and, thus, focus the analysis on information that is directly related to actual credit decisions. In particular, we use bank-internal borrower rating data to evaluate borrower quality, and the bank's own assessment of its housebank status to control for information-intensive relationships.
In this paper we analyze the relation between fund performance and market share. Using three performance measures we first establish that significant differences in the risk-adjusted returns of the funds in the sample exist. Thus, investors may react to past fund performance when making their investment decisions. We estimated a model relating past performance to changes in market share and found that past performance has a significant positive effect on market share. The results of a specification test indicate that investors react to risk-adjusted returns rather than to raw returns. This suggests that investors may be more sophisticated than is often assumed.
From the mid-seventies on, the central banks of most major industrial countries switched to monetary targeting. The Bundesbank was the first central bank to take this step, making the switch at the end of 1974. This changeover to monetary targeting was due to the difficulties which the Bundesbank - like other central banks - was facing in pursuing its original strategy, and whichcame to a head in the early seventies, when inflation escalated. A second factor was the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, which created the necessary scope for national monetary targeting. Finally, the advance of monetarist ideas fostered the explicit turn towards monetary targets, although the Bundesbank did not implement these in a mechanistic way. Whereas the Bundesbank has adhered to its policy of monetary targeting up to the present, nowadays monetary targeting plays only a minor role worldwide. Many central banks have switched to the strategy of direct inflation targeting. Others favour a more discretionary approach or a policy which is geared to the exchange rate. In the academic debate, monetary targeting is often presented as an outdated approach which has long since lost its basis of stable money demand. These findings give riseto a number of questions: Has monetary targeting actually become outdated? Which role is played by the concrete design of this strategy, and, against this background, how easily can it be transferred to European monetary union? This paper aims to answer these questions, drawing on the particular experience which the Bundesbank has gained of monetary targeting. It seems appropriate to discuss monetary targeting by using a specific example, since this notion is not very precise. This applies, for example, to the money definition used, the way the target is derived, the stringency applied in pursuing the target and the monetary management procedure.
Differenzierte Verdienststrukturen, wie zum Beispiel qualifikatorische Verdienstunterschiede, tragen der Heterogenität am Arbeitsmarkt und somit auch einer notwendigen Flexibilität der Löhne Rechnung. Trotz dieser bedeutenden Rolle der Lohnstruktur für den Arbeitsmarkt gibt es relativ wenig detaillierte empirische Evidenz zu deren Ausgestaltung und Dynamik für Westdeutschland. In dieser Arbeit werden auf Basis der Gehalts- und Lohnstrukturerhebungen für die Jahre 1990 und 1995 sowohl die Lohndispersion innerhalb bestimmter Erwerbsgruppen („Within-Dispersion“) als auch zwischen diesen Gruppen („Between-Dispersion“) untersucht. Im Fokus der Analysen steht dabei der Vergleich zwischen den Erwerbsgruppen der vollzeitbeschäftigten Männer, der vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und der teilzeitbeschäftigten Frauen nach den Qualifikationsniveaus: ohne Berufsabschluss, mit Berufsabschluss und mit Hochschulabschluss. Dichteschätzungen des Bruttotageslohns zeigen, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Männer über die gesamte Verteilung den höchsten Verdienst aufweisen. Weiterhin deuten die Dichteschätzungen darauf hin, dass die geschlechtsspezifischen Lohndifferentiale mit zunehmendem Verdienst steigen. Der selbe Sachverhalt findet sich auch für die qualifikatorischen Verdienstunterschiede. Mit steigendem Qualifikationsniveau steigt sowohl der Lohn als auch die Dispersion. Besonders ausgeprägt ist die qualifikatorische Dispersion für Männer. Eine Analyse der Lohndifferentiale sowohl innerhalb der Erwerbsgruppen als auch zwischen Männern und Frauen weist darauf hin, dass in der Gruppe der teilzeiterwerbstätigen Frauen die größte Lohndispersion vorzufinden ist und dass diese im Zeitablauf zugenommen hat. Ferner sind die Lohndifferentiale im unteren Bereich der Verteilung kleiner als im oberen. Die weitere Disaggregation nach dem Qualifikationsniveau reduziert die Within-Dispersion, wobei die Lohnunterschiede innerhalb der Erwerbsgruppen mit steigendem Qualifikationsniveau tendenziell zunehmen. Schließlich nimmt die Within-Dispersion für vollzeitbeschäftigte Hochschulabsolventinnen im Zeitablauf zu, während sie für die Teilzeitbeschäftigten sinkt. Betrachtet man die Qualifikations- und die Verteilungsdimension, zeigt sich, dass in beiden Jahren lediglich für vollzeiterwerbstätige Frauen ohne Berufsabschluss bzw. mit Hochschulabschluss das geschlechtsspezifische Differential über die Verteilung hinweg steigt. Für alle anderen Gruppen geht es über die Verteilung hinweg zurück. Die Lohndifferentiale zwischen Männern und Frauen haben im Zeitablauf abgenommen. Das mittlere Reallohnwachstum zwischen 1990 und 1995 ist für teilzeiterwerbstätige Frauen mit 6,8% am höchsten und für vollzeiterwerbstätige Männer mit 0,7% am geringsten. Die Reduktion der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Zeitablauf ist unter Berücksichtigung des Qualifikationsniveaus noch ausgeprägter. Dies gilt vor allem für teilzeiterwerbstätige Frauen ohne Berufsabschluss und mit Hochschulabschluss. Für teilzeiterwerbstätige Frauen und für vollzeiterwerbstätige Männer findet sich im Zeitablauf eine zunehmende Lohnspreizung, während für vollzeiterwerbstätige Frauen die Verteilung konstant bleibt. Eine Zunahme der Lohnspreizung ist dabei insbesondere bei Hochschulabsolventen festzustellen, sowohl für vollzeiterwerbstätige Männer wie Frauen. Im Unterschied dazu hat für diese Erwerbsgruppen die Lohndispersion bei den Mittelqualifizierten in den 90er Jahren abgenommen.
This paper is a draft for the chapter German banks and banking structure of the forthcoming book The German financial system . As such, the paper starts out with a description of past and present structural features of the German banking industry. Given the presented empirical evidence it then argues that great care has to be taken when generalising structural trends from one financial system to another. Whilst conventio nal commercial banking is clearly in decline in the US, it is far from clear whether the dominance of banks in the German financial system has been significantly eroded over the last decades. We interpret the immense stability in intermediation ratios and financing patterns of firms between 1970 and 2000 as strong evidence for our view that the way in which and the extent to which German banks fulfil the central functions for the financial system are still consistent with the overall logic of the German financial system. In spite of the current dire business environment for financial intermediaries we do not expect the German financial system and its banking industry as an integral part of this system to converge to the institutional arrangements typical for a market-oriented financial system. This Version: March 25, 2003
Initiated by the seminal work of Diamond/Dybvig (1983) and Diamond (1984), advances in the theory of financial intermediation have sharpened our understanding of the theoretical foundations of banks as special financial institutions. What makes them "unique" is the combination of accepting deposits and issuing loans. However, in recent years the notion of "disintermediation" has gained tremendous popularity, especially among American observers. These observers argue that deregulation, globalisation and advances in information technology have been eroding the role of banks as intermediaries and thus their alleged uniqueness. It is even assumed that ever more efficiently organised capital markets and specialised financial institutions that take advantage of these markets, such as mutual funds or finance companies, will lead to the demise of banks. Using a novel measurement concept based on intermediation and securitisation ratios, the present article provides evidence which shows that banking disintermediation is indeed a reality for the US financial system. This seems to indicate that American banks are not all that "unique"; they can be replaced to a considerable extent. Moreover, many observers seem to believe that what has happened in the US reflects a universal trend. However, empirical results reported in this paper indicate that such a trend has not manifested itself in other financial systems, and in particular, not in Germany or Japan. Evidence on the enormous structural differences between financial systems and the lack of unequivocal signs of convergence render any inferences from the American experience to other financial systems very problematic.
Zur wissenschaftlichen Evaluation der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland : ein Überblick
(2000)
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick der neueren wissenschaftlichen Literatur zur Evaluation der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik (AAMP) in Deutschland. Das Grundproblem mikroökonomischer Evaluation besteht darin, den Vergleichsmaßstab bei Nichtteilnahme zu schätzen, sei es auf Basis einer vergleichbaren Kontrollgruppe von Nichtteilnehmern oder auf Basis der Situation vor Teilnahme. Entscheidend ist hierbei, den potentiellen Selektionsproblemen Rechnung zu tragen. Evaluationsstudien auf der Makroebene müssen zusätzlich auch die indirekten Effkete der AAMP auf den gesamten Arbeitsmarkt berücksichtigen und der möglichen Endogenität der AAMP Rechnung tragen. Die meisten Evaluationsstudien fur Deutschland zeigen keine signifikant positiven Beschäftigungseffekte der AAMP, sind jedoch mit großer statistischer Unsicherheit behaftet. Wir führen letzteres im wesentlichen darauf zurück, daß wegen zu geringen Datenumfangs meist äußerst heterogene Maßnahmen gepoolt werden und daß über Teilnehmer und Nichtteilnehmer zu wenige Hintergrundinformationen verfügbar sind. Aufgrund dieser Datenrestriktionen verbietet sich daher aus Sicht der Autoren ein vorschnelles Verdikt über die ökonomischen Wirkungen der AAMP, obwohl mögliche positive Effekte nicht sehr stark sein können, da sie sonst vermutlich trotz unterschiedlicher Methoden und unzureichender Daten empirisch hätten identifiziert werden können.
Central wage bargaining and local wage flexibility : evidence from the entire wage distribution
(1998)
We argue that in labor markets with central wage bargaining wage flexibility varies systematically across the wage distribution: local wage flexibility is more relevant for the upper part of the wage distribution, and flexibility of wages negotiated under central wage bargaining affects the lower part of the wage distribution. Using a random sample of German social-security accounts, we estimate wage flexibility across the wage distribution by means of quantile regressions. The results support our hypothesis, as employees with low wages have significantly lower local wage flexibility than high wage employees. This effect is particularly relevant for the lower educational groups. On the other hand, employees with low wages tend to have a higher wage flexibility with respect to national unemployment.
This paper investigates the magnitude and the main determinants of share price reactions to buy-back announcements of German corporations. For our comprehensive sample of 224 announcements that took place between May 1998 and April 2003 we find average cumulative abnormal returns around -7.5% for the thirty days preceding the announcement and around +7.0 % for the ten days following the announcement. We regress post-announcement abnormal returns with multiple firm characteristics and provide evidence which supports the undervaluation signaling hypothesis but not the excess cash hypothesis or the tax-efficiency hypothesis. In extending prior empirical work, we also analyze price effects from initial statements of firms that they intend to seek shareholder approval for a buy-back plan. Observed cumulative abnormal returns on this initial date are in excess of 5% implying a total average price effect between 12% and 15% from implementing a buy-back plan. We conjecture that the German regulatory environment is the main reason why market variations to buy-back announcements are much stronger in Germany than in other countries and conclude that initial statements by managers to seek shareholders’ approval for a buy-back plan should also be subject to legal ad-hoc disclosure requirements.
Thema dieser Arbeit ist eine ökonomische Einordnung der Förderung der beruflichen Weiterbildung (FbW) als Teil der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland. Die Analyse erfolgt im Lichte des sektoralen Wandel, der Verschiebung der qualifikatorischen Arbeitsnachfrage und der vorrauszusehenden Produktivitätseffekte im Zusammenhang mit einer alternden Gesellschaft. Auf Basis der Humankapitaltheorie wird zunächst theoretisch erörtert, inwieweit sich FbW als Teil der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik aus Effizienz- und Verteiliungsgesichtspunkten rechtfertigen lässt und in welcher Form FbW sinnvoll sein kann.
This paper analyzes empirically the distribution of unemployment durations in West- Germany before and after the changes during the mid 1980s in the maximum entitlement periods for unemployment benefits for elderly unemployed. The analysis is based on the comprehensive IAB employment subsample containing register panel data for about 500.000 individuals in West Germany. We analyze two proxies for unemployment since the data do not precisely measure unemployment in an economic sense. We provide a theoretical analysis of the link between the durations of nonemployment and of unemployment between jobs. Our empirical analysis finds significant changes in the distributions of nonemployment durations for older unemployed individuals. At the same time, the distribution of unemployment durations between jobs did not change in response to the reforms. Our findings are consistent with an interpretation that many firms and workers used the more bene cial laws as a part of early retirement packages but those workers who were still looking for a job did not reduce their search effort in response to the extension of the maximum entitlement periods. This interpretation is consistent with our theoretical model under plausible assumptions. JEL: C24, J64, J65
This paper examines intraday stock price effects and trading activity caused by ad hoc disclosures in Germany. The evidence suggests that the observed stock prices react within 90 minutes after the ad hoc disclosures. Trading volumes take even longer to adjust. We find no evidence for abnormal price reactions or abnormal trading volume before announcements. The bigger the company that announces an ad hoc disclosure, the less severe is the abnormal price effect following the announcement. The number of analysts is negatively correlated to the trading volume effect before the ad hoc disclosure. The higher the trading volume on the last trading day before the announcement, the greater is the price effect after the ad hoc disclosures and the greater the trading volume effect. Keywords: ad hoc disclosure rules, intraday stock price adjustments, market efficiency.
Taking shareholder protection seriously? : Corporate governance in the United States and Germany
(2003)
The paper undertakes a comparative study of the set of laws affecting corporate governance in the United States and Germany, and an evaluation of their design if one assumes that their objective were the protection of the interests of minority outside shareholders. The rationale for such an objective is reviewed, in terms of agency cost theory, and then the institutions that serve to bound agency costs are examined and critiqued. In particular, there is discussion of the applicable legal rules in each country, the role of the board of directors, the functioning of the market for corporate control, and (briefly) the use of incentive compensation. The paper concludes with the authors views on what taking shareholder protection seriously, in each country s legal system, would require.
Regulierung von Hedge Fonds in Deutschland : Bestandsaufnahme, praktische Erkenntnisse und Ausblick
(2003)
Die alternative Kapitalanlage über Hedge Fonds gewinnt in Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. In der jüngsten Vergangenheit wurde dieses Thema daher auch in der rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur aufgegriffen, was zu mehr Transparenz geführt hat. Allerdings ist das deutsche Investmentrecht und insbesondere der Spezialbereich "Hedge Fonds" nach wie vor eine Praktikerdomäne. Deshalb soll im Folgenden zunächst eine Bestandaufnahme erfolgen. Darüber hinaus werden aktuelle Entwicklungen beschrieben. Dabei lassen die Verfasser ihre praktischen Erkenntnisse einfließen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird anschließend die vom Gesetzgeber für Anfang 2004 geplante Hedge Fonds-Regulierung gewürdigt.