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The paper investigates focus marking devices in the scarcely documented North-Ghanaian Gur language Konkomba. The two particles lé and lá occur under specific focus conditions and are therefore regarded as focus markers in the sparse literature. Comparing the distribution and obligatoriness of both alleged focus markers however, I show that one of the particles, lé, is better analyzed as a connective particle, i.e. as a syntactic rather than as a genuine pragmatic marker, and that comparable syntactic focus marking strategies for sentence-initial constituents are also known from related languages.
This paper deals with the conditions under which singular definites, on the one hand, and universally quantified DPs, on the other hand, receive interpretations according to which the sets denoted by the NP-complements of the respective determiner vary with the situations quantified over by a Q-adverb. I show that in both cases such interpretations depend on the availability of situation predicates that are compatible with the presuppositions associated with the respective determiner, as co-variation in both cases comes about via the binding of a covert situation variable that is contained within the NP-complement of the respective determiner. Secondly, I offer an account for the observation that the availability of a co-varying interpretation is more constrained in the case of universally quantified DPs than in the case of singular definites, as far as word order is concerned. This is shown to follow from the fact that co-varying definites in contrast to universally quantified DPs are inherently focus-marked.
Face-to-face communication is multimodal. In unscripted spoken discourse we can observe the interaction of several “semiotic layers”, modalities of information such as syntax, discourse structure, gesture, and intonation. We explore the role of gesture and intonation in structuring and aligning information in spoken discourse through a study of the co-occurrence of pitch accents and gestural apices. Metaphorical spatialization through gesture also plays a role in conveying the contextual relationships between the speaker, the government and other external forces in a naturally-occurring political speech setting.
Elke Kasimir´s paper (in this volume) argues against employing the notion of Givenness in the explanation of accent assignment. I will claim that the arguments against Givenness put forward by Kasimir are inconclusive because they beg the question of the role of Givenness. It is concluded that, more generally, arguments against Givenness as a diagnostic for information structural partitions should not be accepted offhand, since the notion of Givenness of discourse referents is (a) theoretically simple, (b) readily observable and quantifiable, and (c) bears cognitive significance.
Conclusion Scale Integration Based on the results of spike-field coherence, the underlying process of shortterm memory seems to involve networks of different sizes within and, most probably, beyond prefrontal cortex. Spikes, which were generated by single neurons, cooperate with local field potentials, which were the slower fluctuations of the environment. Although differences among behavioral conditions appear to be based on rather few instances of phase-locked spikes, the task-related effects on spike-field coherence are highly reliable and cannot be explained by chance, as the comparison of results from experimental and simulated data shows. The differential locking of prefrontal neuron populations with two different frequency bands in their input signals suggests that neuronal activity underlying short-term memory in prefrontal cortex transiently engages cortical circuits on different spatial scales, probably in order to coordinate distributed processes. NeuroXidence method and Synchronizedfiring Based on the results of the calibration datasets, for bi- and multi-variate cases, the extension of NeuroXidence remains its sensitivity and reliability of detecting coordinate firing events for different processes. Based on this extension of NeuroXidence, we demonstrated that in monkey’s prefrontal cortex during short-term memory task, encoding and maintenance of the information rely on the formation of neuronal assemblies characterized by precise and reliable synchronization of spiking activity on a millisecond time scale, which is consistent with the results from spike-spike coherence. The task and performance dependent modulation of synchrony reflects the dynamic formation of group of neurons has large effect on short-term-memory.
Die Identifikation neuer Hits und Leitstrukturen sind die ersten Schritte bei der Entwicklung neuer Arzneistoffe. Dieser Herausforderung wird derzeit primär mittels High-Throughput-Screening oder der gezielten Modifikationen bekannter Liganden begegnet. Eine weitere Option ist das computerbasierte virtuelle Screening, das es kostengünstig ermöglicht, in kurzer Zeit sehr viele Moleküle auf ihre potentielle biologische Aktivität hin zu untersuchen. Der in dieser Arbeit verwendete Ansatz zur Identifikation neuer Inhibitoren der 5-Lipoxygenase und der Cyclooxygenase-2 beruht auf dem Verfahren des ligandenbasierten virtuellen Screenings. Unter der Voraussetzung der Kenntnis mindestens eines Referenzliganden können so mittels einer Ähnlichkeitsanalyse potentielle neue strukturelle Grundgerüste identifiziert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein auf atomaren Partialladungen und der dreidimensionalen Struktur der Moleküle basierender Deskriptor (Charge3D/TripleCharge3D) entwickelt. In retrospektiven Studien mit Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitoren wurde die Effektivität der neuen Deskriptoren überprüft und mittel eines evolutionären Algorithmus optimiert. Der Charge3D Deskriptor erreicht Anreicherungsfaktoren bis zu 16,1 im ersten Perzentil der durchsuchten Datenbank, wohingegen der TripleCharge3D Deskriptor mit seiner detailierteren Ladungsauftrennung Werte von bis zu 24,8 erreichte. Ein ebensolches retrospektives Screening wurde für 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitoren durchgeführt. Den maximalen Anreicherungsfaktor von 6,1 im ersten Prozent der Datenbank erreichte hier der Charge3D Deskriptor, der TripleCharge3D Deskriptor erreichte 5,3. Diese wesentlich geringeren Werte sind auf die Diversität der 5-LO Inhibitoren (54 Inhibitoren mit 39 verschiedenen Grundgerüsten) und deren unterschiedliche Inhibitortypen (Redox, nicht Redox und Eisen-bindende Inhibitoren) mit ihren jeweiligen Bindemodi zurückzuführen. In Screenings nach 5-LO Inhibitoren in der Naturstoffdatenbank der Firma AnalytiCon Discovery und COX-25-LO Dualinhibitoren in Datenbanken der Firma Asinex konnten unter Verwendung der beiden Deskriptoren Inhibitoren, mit für diese Targets bislang unbekannten Scaffolds identifiziert werden. Unter Verwendung des 2D Pharmakophor Deskriptors CATS wurden zuerst zwei neue Scaffolds für Inhibitoren der 5-LO identifiziert. Struktur 1 ist den in vitro Assaydaten zufolge ein direkter Inhibitor der 5-LO. Struktur 2 hingegen erreicht seine Wirkung nicht nur über die direkte Interaktion mit der 5-LO. Eine Erklärung dafür wäre die Wechselwirkung mit dem 5-LO aktivierenden Protein FLAP, der Hemmung der Translokation der 5-LO zur Kernmembran, oder die Inhibition 5-LO aktivierender bzw. inaktivierender Kinasen. In nachfolgenden Screenings mit den Strukturen 1 und 2 als Referenzstrukturen konnten mittels der Charge Deskriptoren Substanzderivate (17 Moleküle) mit 5-LO inhibitorischer Wirkung (5 Moleküle mit IC50 Werte ≤ 1 μM an partiell aufgereinigter 5-LO), identifiziert werden. Für das Screening nach COX-2/5-LO Dualinhibitoren wurden 11 Strukturen mit 7 unterschiedlichen Scaffolds unter Verwendung der Charge Deskriptoren aus gewählt. Drei Moleküle zeigten keine 5-LO Aktivität, und jeweils eines nur in intakten PMNLs bzw. im S100 Zellüberstand. Die restlichen 6 Moleküle waren in beiden 5-LO Assays aktiv (intakte PMNLs IC50 zwischen 2 und 15 μM, S100 Zellüberstand 5-LO zwischen 0.5 μM und 25 μM). Somit zeigten 7 Moleküle im S100 Assay Aktivität und konnten als direkte Inhibitoren der 5-LO identifiziert werden. Im Cyclooxygenase-2 Aktivitätsassay mit intakten MonoMac6 Zellen zeigte eine der 11 Strukturen zudem eine geringe (IC50 = 70 μM) inhibierende Aktivität. Modifikationen zur Verbesserung der COX-2 Hemmung könnten in einem potenten COX-2/5-LO Dualinhibitor resultieren, der beispielsweise in der Schmerzbehandlung eingesetzt werden könnte. Ein weiteres Projekt war die Erstellung eines Homologiemodells der 5-LO basierend auf der 15-Lipoxygenase Struktur des Kaninchens (PDB-Struktur: 1LOX). Die Sequenzidentität der beiden Strukturen (1LOX / humane 5-LO) lag bei 37 %. Das Modell wurde zum einen zur Vorhersage von zugänglichen Caspase-6 Schnittstellen an der 5-LO angewandt, und zum anderen wurden Dockingexperimente in Aktiven Zentrum und in Bereichen der C2-like Domäne der 5-LO durchgeführt. Hyperforin, ein bekannter Inhibitor d er 5-Lipoxygenase, wurde an verschiedenen Stellen des Modells für Dockingexperiment eingebracht. Die im Aktiven Zentrum erreichten Scorewerte (Chemscore = -9±1) deuteten hier auf eine unfavorisierte Bindungsstelle hin. BWA4C (ein bekannter Eisenbinder) und ZM230487 (ein nicht-redox Inhibitor) erhielten im Aktiven Zentrum Scorewerte von 27±0,1 und 22±2,5, wodurch eine Bindung als wahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. Weitere Dockingexperimente an der C2-like Domäne, und speziell am Interface zwischen der C2-like und der katalytischen Domäne, ergaben ähnlich hohe Chemscorewerte für Hyperforin, BWA4C und ZM230487. Aus diesen Resultaten ließ sich kein eindeutiger Bindemodus für Hyperforin ableiten. Eine Positionierung im Aktiven Zentrum ist nach diesen Experimenten unwahrscheinlich, so dass die Existenz einer weiteren, experimentell noch nicht identifizierten Bindestelle vermutet werden kann. Eine solche Interaktionsfläche könnte als Ansatzpunkt für die Entwicklung weiterer 5-Lipoxygenaseinhibitoren eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen.
Hintergrund: Moderne Schrittmacher erlauben eine automatische Detektion atrialer Tachyarrhythmien und bieten Speicherfunktionen für diese Arrhythmien. Während dies die Erkennung atrialer Tachyarrhythmien bei Schrittmacher-Patienten verbessern kann, können andererseits inadäquate Detektionen auftreten und sollten berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegende Analyse betrifft Elektrogramme, die im Rahmen der BEATS- (Balanced Evaluation of AT in Stimulated Patients) Studie bei atrialer Tachyarrhythmie-Detektion durch den Schrittmacher gespeichert wurden und deren zugrunde liegende Arrhythmien bzw. die Häufigkeiten und Ursachen inadäquater Detektionen. Methodik: Bei 255 Patienten (159 Männer, mittleres Alter 70  11 Jahre) mit einer Klasse I-Indikation zur permanenten Schrittmacher-Stimulation wurde ein DDDR-System (Discovery/Pulsar I oder II, Fa. Guidant Co., MN) implantiert, das eine atriale Tachyarrhythmie-Detektion zusammen mit gespeicherten Zweikanal-Elektrogrammen bietet. Alle Patienten erhielten bipolare atriale Elektroden, die Detektion atrialer Tachyarrhythmien stellte den einzigen Auslöser einer Elektrogramm-Speicherung dar (8 Elektrogramme bei Discovery/Pulsar I, 5 bei Discovery/Pulsar II). Sechs Wochen, 6 und 12 Monate nach Schrittmacherimplantation wurden die Systeme abgefragt, alle gespeicherten Daten ausgedruckt und die gespeicherten Elektrogramme analysiert. Primäre Studienendpunkte waren der Anteil adäquater und Ursachen inadäquater atrialer Tachyarrhythmie-Detektionen. Ergebnisse: Es wurden insgesamt 1932 Elektrogramme gespeichert und nachfolgend analysiert: Atriale Tachyarrhythmien 715 episodes (36.4%) Nicht-anhaltende atriale Salven 308 episodes (16.3%) Andere supraventrikuläre Tachykardien 12 episodes (0.6%) Ventrikuläres Fernfeld-Oversensing 716 episodes (36.0%) Elektromagnetische Interferenz 27 episodes (1.4%) Myopotential-Oversensing 46 episodes (2.3%) Ineffektive atriale Stimulation 2 episodes (0.1%) Unklar 132 episodes (6.9%) Der Organisationsgrad war hoch (Typ I) bei 456 von 715 Episoden atrialer Tachyarrhythmien (64%), intermediär bei 148 (21%) und niedrig bei 103 Elektrogrammen (15%), in denen sich eine atriale Tachyarrhythmie bestätigte. Oversensing ventrikulärer Fernfeld-Signale war die häufigste Ursache inadäquater Detektion atrialer Tachyarrhythmien und trat trotz Programmierung der atrialen Blanking-Zeit auf >80 ms auf. Episoden mit Myopotential-Oversensing traten bei versehentlicher Programmierung auf unipolare Wahrnehmung (Nominal-Einstellung) auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Episoden atrialer Tachyarrhythmien, die von Schrittmachern automatisch detektiert werden, erfordern gespeicherte Elektrogramme zur Überprüfung, da ein signifikanter Anteil durch Oversensing verursacht sein oder nicht-anhaltende atriale Salven darstellen kann. Inadäquate Detektionen atrialer Tachyarrhythmien sollten genutzt werden, um die Schrittmacher-Programmierung zu optimieren (atriale Ausblendzeiten, Detektionskriterien atrialer Tachyarrhythmien, atriale Empfindlichkeit).
CAP (c-Cbl assoziiertes Protein) ist ein Adapterprotein, welches zusammen mit ArgBP2 und Vinexin die SoHo-Protein-Familie bildet. Es besitzt in seinem N-terminalen Bereich eine SoHo-Domäne und im C-Terminus drei SH3-Domänen, über welche es mit einer Vielzahl von Proteinen interagieren kann. CAP spielt bei verschiedenen Signaltransduktionsvorgängen und der Reorganisation des Aktinzytoskelettes eine Rolle. So wurde ihm eine Funktion im PI3-Kinase-unabhängigen Insulinsignalweg zugeschrieben. In Zell-Zell-Kontakten ist CAP zusammen mit Nectin und Afadin Bestandteil des NAPSystems, welches parallel zu Cadherin-Catenin-Adhäsionen existiert. In Fokalkontakten bindet CAP an FAK, Paxillin und Vinculin, welche wichtig für die Regulation der Zell-Matrix-Adhäsionen sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Funktion von CAP bei der Assoziation mit dem Aktinzytoskelett näher untersucht werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Kolokalisation von CAP mit Vinculin und Aktin dynamisch und vom Ausbreitungsgrad der Zelle und dem Expressionsniveau des Proteins abhängig ist. Ohne funktionelle SH3-Domänen lokalisiert CAP nicht mehr in Fokalkontakten, kann aber bei Überexpression noch eine Ausbildung von Streßfasern induzieren. Die Funktionalität der zweiten und der dritten SH3-Domäne von CAP ist für die Zelladhäsion von Epithelzellen von Bedeutung, da Konstrukte, die in konservierten Aminosäuren der Domänen mutiert worden sind, eine verringerte Zellausbreitung aufweisen. CAP wurde zudem als ein Interaktionspartner und Substrat der Tyrosinkinasen c-Abl und c-Src charakterisiert. Die Assoziation mit den Kinasen wird dabei vor allem über den C-Terminus von CAP vermittelt, und CAP kann direkt mit der Src-Kinase interagieren. CAP wird von c-Abl überwiegend an Tyrosin 360, und von c-Src bevorzugt an Tyrosin 326 phosphoryliert. Diese Tyrosine liegen innerhalb bekannter Konsensus-Motive der Kinasen. Phosphorylierungsdefiziente CAP-Konstrukte sind noch dazu in der Lage, mit Vinculin und Aktin zu kolokalisieren. Tyrosin 326 hat jedoch einen Einfluß auf die Zellausbreitung auf Fibronektin, da ein in dieser Aminosäure mutiertes Konstrukt einen Defekt hierbei aufweist. Den genauen Mechanismus, über welchen CAP seinen Einfluß auf die Zell-Matrix-Adhäsion ausübt, ist noch ungeklärt. Durch die hier erstmals aufgezeigte Phosphorylierung des Adapterproteins erweitern sich dessen Interaktionsmöglichkeiten durch mögliche Bindungen an SH2-Domänen-enthaltende Proteine. CAP könnte als Bindeglied zwischen c-Abl und c-Src und weiteren zytoskelettalen Komponenten dazu beitragen, die Kinasen an Fokalkontakten zu verankern und ihnen neue Substrate zuzuführen. Die Interaktion mit CAP könnte dabei die Aktivität der Kinasen erhöhen. Weiterführende Studien werden die in diesem Signalweg nachgeschalteten Komponenten untersuchen und auch eine putative Rolle der Phosphorylierung von CAP in den bereits bekannten zellulären Zusammenhängen wie dem Insulinsignalweg näher beleuchten.
Development of chromium(VI)-free defect etching solutions for application on silicon substrates
(2008)
Spectroscopic responses of the potentiometric probe 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide (DASPMI) were investigated in living cells by means of a time- and space-correlated single photon counting technique. Spatially resolved fluorescence decays from single mitochondria or only a very few organelles of XTH2 cells exhibited three-exponential decay kinetics. Based on DASPMI photophysics in a variety of solvents, these lifetimes were attributed to the fluorescence from the locally excited state, intramolecular charge transfer state, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer state. A considerable variation in lifetimes among mitochondria of different morphologies and within single cells was evident, corresponding to high physiological variations within single cells. Considerable shortening of the short lifetime component ({tau}1) under a high-membrane-potential condition, such as in the presence of ATP and/or substrate, was similar to quenching and a dramatic decrease of lifetime in polar solvents. Under these conditions {tau}2 and {tau}3 increased with decreasing contribution. Inhibiting respiration by cyanide resulted in a notable increase in the mean lifetime and a decrease in mitochondrial fluorescence. Increased DASPMI fluorescence under conditions that elevate the mitochondrial membrane potential has been attributed to uptake according to Nernst distributions, delocalization of {pi}-electrons, quenching processes of the methyl pyridinium moiety, and restricted torsional dynamics at the mitochondrial inner membrane. Accordingly, determination of anisotropy in DASPMI-stained mitochondria in living cells revealed a dependence of anisotropy on the membrane potential. The direct influence of the local electric field on the transition dipole moment of the probe and its torsional dynamics monitor changes in mitochondrial energy status within living cells.
Summary The basal transcription apparatus of archaea is well characterized. However, much less is known about the mechanisms of transcription termination and translation initation. Recently, experimental determination of the 5´-ends of ten transcripts from Pyrobaculum aerophilum revealed that these are devoid of a 5´-UTR. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that many transcripts of other archaeal species might also be leaderless. The´-ends and 3´-ends of 40 transcripts of two haloarchaeal species, Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii, have been determined. They were used to characterize the lengths of 5´-UTRs and 3´-UTRs and to deduce consensus sequence-elements for transcription and translation. The experimental approach was complemented with a bioinformatics analysis of the H. salinarum genome sequence. Furthermore, the influence of selected 5´-UTRs and 3´-UTRs on transcript stability and translational efficiency in vivo was characterized using a newly established reporter gene system, gene fusions, and real-time PCR. Consensus sequences for basal promoter elements could be refined and a novel element was discovered. A consensus motif probably important for transcriptional termination was established. All 40 haloarchaeal transcripts analyzed had a 3´-UTR (average size 57 nt), and their 3´-ends were not posttranscriptionally modified. Experimental data and genome analyses revealed that the majority of haloarchaeal transcripts are leaderless, indicating that this is the predominant mode for translation initiation in haloarchaea. Surprisingly, the 5´-UTRs of most leadered transcripts did not contain a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. A genome analysis indicated that less than 10% of all genes are preceded by a SD sequence and even most proximal genes in operons lack a SD sequence. Seven different leadered transcripts devoid of a SD sequence were efficiently translated in vivo, including artificial 5´-UTRs of random sequences. Thus, an interaction of the 5´-UTRs of these leadered transcripts with the 16S rRNA could be excluded. Taken together, either a scanning mechanism similar to the mechanism of translation initiation operating in eukaryotes or a novel mechanism must operate on most leadered haloarchaeal transcripts. Author Summary Expression of the information encoded in the genome of an organism into its phenotype involves transcription of the DNA into messenger RNAs and translation of mRNAs into proteins. The textbook view is that an mRNA consists of an untranslated region (5´-UTR), an open reading frame encoding the protein, and another untranslated region (3´-UTR). We have determined the 5´-ends and the 3´-ends of 40 mRNAs of two haloarchaeal species and used this dataset to gain information about nucleotide elements important for transcription and translation. Two thirds of the mRNAs were devoid of a 5´-UTR, and therefore the major pathway for translation initiation in haloarchaea involves so-called leaderless transcripts. Very unexpectedly, most leadered mRNAs were found to be devoid of a sequence motif believed to be essential for translation initiation in bacteria and archaea (Shine-Dalgarno sequence). A bioinformatic genome analysis revealed that less than 10% of the genes contain a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. mRNAs lacking this motif were efficiently translated in vivo, including mRNAs with artificial 5´-UTRs of total random sequence. Thus, translation initiation on these mRNAs either involves a scanning mechanism similar to the mechanism operating in eukaryotes or a totally novel mechanism operating at least in haloarchaea.
A series of production and perception experiments investigating the prosody and well-formedness of special sentences, called Wide Focus Partial Fronting (WFPF), which consist of only one prosodic phrase and a unique initial accented argument, are reported on here. The results help us to decide between different models of German prosody. The absence of pitch height difference on the accent of the sentence speaks in favor of a relative model of prosody, in which accents are scaled relative to each other, and against models in which pitch accents are scaled in an absolute way. The results also speak for a model in which syntax, but not information structure, influences the prosodic phrasing. Finally, perception experiments show that the prosodic structure of sentences with a marked word order needs to be presented for grammaticality judgments. Presentation of written material only is not enough, and falsifies the results.
The semantics of ellipsis
(2005)
There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.
This paper discusses the use of XSLT stylesheets as a filtering mechanism for refining the results of user queries on treebanks. The discussion is within the context of the TIGER treebank, the associated search engine and query language, but the general ideas can apply to any search engine for XML-encoded treebanks. It will be shown that important classes of linguistic phenomena can be accessed by applying relatively simple XSLT templates to the output of a query, effectively simulating the universal quantifier for a subset of the query language.
In order to investigate the empirical properties of focus, it is necessary to diagnose focus (or: “what is focused”) in particular linguistic examples. It is often taken for granted that the application of one single diagnostic tool, the so-called question-answer test, which roughly says that whatever a question asks for is focused in the answer, is a fool-proof test for focus. This paper investigates one example class where such uncritical belief in the question-answer test has led to the assumption of rather complex focus projection rules: in these examples, pitch accent placement has been claimed to depend on certain parts of the focused constituents being given or not. It is demonstrated that such focus projection rules are unnecessarily complex and in turn require the assumption of unnecessarily complicated meaning rules, not to speak of the difficulties to give a precise semantic/pragmatic definition of the allegedly involved givenness property. For the sake of the argument, an alternative analysis is put forward which relies solely on alternative sets following Mats Rooth´s work, and avoids any recourse to givenness. As it turns out, this alternative analysis is not only simpler but also makes in a critical case the better predictions.
In this paper we compare the behaviour of adverbs of frequency (de Swart 1993) like usually with the behaviour of adverbs of quantity like for the most part in sentences that contain plural definites. We show that sentences containing the former type of Q-adverb evidence that Quantificational Variability Effects (Berman 1991) come about as an indirect effect of quantification over situations: in order for quantificational variability readings to arise, these sentences have to obey two newly observed constraints that clearly set them apart from sentences containing corresponding quantificational DPs, and that can plausibly be explained under the assumption that quantification over (the atomic parts of) complex situations is involved. Concerning sentences with the latter type of Q-adverb, on the other hand, such evidence is lacking: with respect to the constraints just mentioned, they behave like sentences that contain corresponding quantificational DPs. We take this as evidence that Q-adverbs like for the most part do not quantify over the atomic parts of sum eventualities in the cases under discussion (as claimed by Nakanishi and Romero (2004)), but rather over the atomic parts of the respective sum individuals.
Japanese wh-questions always exhibit focus intonation (FI). Furthermore, the domain of FI exhibits a correspondence to the wh-scope. I propose that this phonology-semantics correspondence is a result of the cyclic computation of FI, which is explained under the notion of Multiple Spell-Out in the recent Minimalist framework. The proposed analysis makes two predictions: (1) embedding of an FI into another is possible; (2) (overt) movement of a wh-phrase to a phase edge position causes a mismatch between FI and wh-scope. Both predictions are tested experimentally, and shown to be borne out.
Prosodic focus in Vietnamese
(2007)
This paper reports on pilot work on the expression of Information Structure in Vietnamese and argues that Focus in Vietnamese is exclusively expressed prosodically: there are no specific focus markers, and the language uses phonology to express intonational emphasis in similar ways to languages like English or German. The exploratory data indicates that (i) focus is prosodically expressed while word order remains constant, (ii) listeners show good recoverability of the intended focus structure, and (iii) that there is a trading relationship between several phonetic parameters (duration, f0, amplitude) involved to signal prosodic (acoustic) emphasis.
Phonology and intonation
(2007)
The encoding standards for phonology and intonation are designed to facilitate consistent annotation of the phonological and intonational aspects of information structure, in languages across a range ofprosodic types. The guidelines are designed with the aim that a nonspecialist in phonology can both implement and interpret the resulting annotation.
This paper investigates the structural properties of morphosyntactically marked focus constructions, focussing on the often neglected non-focal sentence part in African tone languages. Based on new empirical evidence from five Gur and Kwa languages, we claim that these focus expressions have to be analysed as biclausal constructions even though they do not represent clefts containing restrictive relative clauses. First, we relativize the partly overgeneralized assumptions about structural correspondences between the out-of-focus part and relative clauses, and second, we show that our data do in fact support the hypothesis of a clause coordinating pattern as present in clause sequences in narration. It is argued that we deal with a non-accidental, systematic feature and that grammaticalization may conceal such basic narrative structures.
This article presents an analysis of German nicht...sondern... (contrastive not...but...) which departs from the commonly held view that this construction should be explained by appeal to its alleged corrective function. It will be demonstrated that in nicht A sondern B (not A but B), A and B just behave like stand-alone unmarked answers to a common question Q, and that this property of sondern is presuppositional in character. It is shown that from this general observation many interesting properties of nicht...sondern... follow, among them distributional differences between German "sondern" and German "aber" (contrastive but, concessive but), intonational requirements and exhaustivity effect sondern presupposition is furthermore argued to be the result of the conventionalization of conversational implicatures.
Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language, across focus meanings.
In this paper, we present the Multiple Annotation approach, which solves two problems: the problem of annotating overlapping structures, and the problem that occurs when documents should be annotated according to different, possibly heterogeneous tag sets. This approach has many advantages: it is based on XML, the modeling of alternative annotations is possible, each level can be viewed separately, and new levels can be added at any time. The files can be regarded as an interrelated unit, with the text serving as the implicit link. Two representations of the information contained in the multiple files (one in Prolog and one in XML) are described. These representations serve as a base for several applications.
The paper presents an in-depth study of focus marking in Gùrùntùm, a West Ch adic language spoken in Bauchi Province of Northern Nigeria. Focus in Gùrùntùm is marked morphologically by means of a focus marker a, which typically precedes the focus constituent. Even though the morphological focus-marking system of Gùrùntùm allows for a lot of fine-grained distinctions in information structure (IS) in principle, the language is not entirely free of focus ambiguities that arise as the result of conflicting IS- and syntactic requirements that govern the placement of focus markers. We show that morphological focus marking with a applies across different types of focus, such as newinformation, contrastive, selective and corrective focus, and that a does not have a second function as a perfectivity marker, as is assumed in the literature. In contrast, we show at the end of the paper that a can also function as a foregrounding device at the level of discourse structure.
This paper presents the results of a production experiment on the intonation of sentences containing a negative polarity item (NPI) in Tokyo Japanese. The results show that NPI sentences exhibit a focus intonation: the F0-peak of the word to which an NPI is attached is raised, while the pitch contour after the NPI-attached word is compressed until the negation. This intonation pattern is parallel to that of wh-question, in which the F0 of the wh-phrase is raised while the post-wh-contour is compressed until the question particle.
This paper surveys a range of constructions in which prosody affects discourse function and discourse structure.We discuss English tag questions, negative polar questions, and what we call “focus” questions. We postulate that these question types are complex speech acts and outline an analysis in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) to account for the interactions between prosody and discourse.
The aim of this paper is to validate a dataset collected by means of production experiments which are part of the Questionnaire on Information Structure. The experiments generate a range of information structure contexts that have been observed in the literature to induce specific constructions. This paper compares the speech production results from a subset of these experiments with specific claims about the reflexes of information structure in four different languages. The results allow us to evaluate and in most cases validate the efficacy of our elicitation paradigms, to identify potentially fruitful avenues of future research, and to highlight issues involved in interpreting speech production data of this kind.
While the Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as "structure of information", some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word "structure". This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called "structure". The preliminary conclusion is that, althoughthere are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.
In a first step, definitions of the irreducible information structural categories are given, and in a second step, it is shown that there are no invariant phonological or otherwise grammatical correlates of these categories. In other words, the phonology, syntax or morphology are unable to define information structure. It is a common mistake that information structural categories are expressed by invariant grammatical correlates, be they syntactic, morphological or phonological. It is rather the case that grammatical cues help speaker and hearer to sort out which element carries which information structural role, and only in this sense are the grammatical correlates of information structure important. Languages display variation as to the role of grammar in enhancing categories of information structure, and this variation reflects the variation found in the ‘normal’ syntax and phonology of languages.
We argue that there is a crucial difference between determiner and adverbial quantification. Following Herburger [2000] and von Fintel [1994], we assume that determiner quantifiers quantify over individuals and adverbial quantifiers over eventualities. While it is usually assumed that the semantics of sentences with determiner quantifiers and those with adverbial quantifiers basically come out the same, we will show by way of new data that quantification over events is more restricted than quantification over individuals. This is because eventualities in contrast to individuals have to be located in time which is done using contextual information according to a pragmatic resolution strategy. If the contextual information and the tense information given in the respective sentence contradict each other, the sentence is uninterpretable. We conclude that this is the reason why in these cases adverbial quantification, i.e. quantification over eventualities, is impossible whereas quantification over individuals is fine.
Heterogeneity and standardization in data, use, and annotation : a diachronic corpus of German
(2005)
This paper describes the standardization problems that come up in a diachronic corpus: it has to cope with differing standards with regard to diplomaticity, annotation, and header information. Such highly heterogeneous texts must be standardized to allow for comparative research without (too much) loss of information.
Results of a production experiment on the placement of sentence accent in German are reported. The hypothesis that German fulfills some of the most widely accepted rules of accent assignment— predicting focus domain integration—was only partly confirmed. Adjacency between argument and verb induces a single accent on the argument, as recognized in the literature, but interruption of this sequence by a modifier often induces remodeling of the accent pattern with a single accent on the modifier. The verb is rarely stressed. All models based on linear alignment or adjacency between elements belonging to a single accent domain fail to account for this result. A cyclic analysis of prosodic domain formation is proposed in an optimality-theoretic framework that can explain the accent pattern.
Human manual action exhibits a differential use of a non-dominant (typically, left) and a dominant (typically, right) hand. Human communication exhibits a pervasive structuring of utterances into topic and comment. I will point out striking similarities between the coordination of hands in bimanual actions, and the structuring of utterances in topics and comments. I will also show how principles of bimanual coordination influence the expression of topic/comment structure in sign languages and in gestures accompanying spoken language, and suggest that bimanual coordination might have been a preadaptation of the development of information structure in human communication.
We argue that the standard focus theories reach their limits when confronted with the focus systems of the Chadic languages. The backbone of the standard focus theories consists of two assumptions, both called into question by the languages under consideration. Firstly, it is standardly assumed that focus is generally marked by stress. The Chadic languages, however, exhibit a variety of different devices for focus marking. Secondly, it is assumed that focus is always marked. In Tangale, at least, focus is not marked consistently on all types of constituents. The paper offers two possible solutions to this dilemma.
Focus presuppositions
(2007)
This paper reviews notions related to focus and presupposition and addresses the hypothesis that focus triggers an existential presupposition. Presupposition projection behavior in certain examples appears to favor a presuppositional analysis of focus. It is argued that these examples are open to a different analysis using givenness theory. Overall, the analysis favors a weak semantics for focus not including an existential presupposition.
Focus expressions in Foodo
(2007)
This paper aims at presenting different ways of expressing focus in Foodo, a Guang language. We can differentiate between marked and unmarked focus strategies. The marked focus expressions are first syntactically characterized: the focused constituent is in sentence-initial position and is second always marked obligatorily by a focus marker, which is [...] for non-subjects and N for subjects. Complementary to these structures, Foodo knows an elliptic form consisting of the focused constituent and a predication marker [...]. It will be shown that the two focus markers can be analyzed as having developed out of the homophone conjunction n[...] and that the constraints on the use of the focus markers can be best explained by this fact.
Focus asymmetries in Bura
(2008)
This article presents the central aspects of the focus system of Bura (Chadic), which exhibits a number of asymmetries: Grammatical focus marking is obligatory only with focused subjects, where focus is marked by the particle án following the subject. Focused subjects remain in situ and the complement of án is a regular VP. With nonsubject foci, án appears in a cleft-structure between the fronted focus constituent and a relative clause. We present a semantically unified analysis of focus marking in Bura that treats the particle as a focusmarking copula in T that takes a property-denoting expression (the background) and an individual-denoting expression (the focus) as arguments. The article also investigates the realization of predicate and polarity focus, which are almost never marked. The upshot of the discussion is that Bura shares many characteristic traits of focus marking with other Chadic languages, but it crucially differs in exhibiting a structural difference in the marking of focus on subjects and non-subject constituents.
Focus and tone
(2006)
Tone is a distinctive feature of the lexemes in tone languages. The information-structural category focus is usually marked by syntactic and morphological means in these languages, but sometimes also by intonation strategies. In intonation languages, focus is marked by pitch movements, which are also perceived as tone. The present article discusses prosodic focus marking in these two language types.
This paper discusses how focus change s prosodic structure in Tokyo Japanese. It is generally believed that focus blocks the intonational process of downstep and causes a pitch reset. This paper presents experimental evidence against this traditional view by looking at the prosodic behavior of Wh words, which receive focus lexically in Japanese as in other languages. It is demonstrated, specifically, that the focused Wh element does not block downstep although it receives a much higher pitch than its preceding element. This suggests that presence of lexical focus does not trigger pitch reset in Japanese.
The present study examines native and nonnative perceptual processing of semantic information conveyed by prosodic prominence. Five groups of German learners of English each listened to one of 5 experimental conditions. Three conditions differed in place of focus accent in the sentence and two conditions were with spliced stimuli. The experiment condition was presented first in the learners’ L1 (German) and then in a similar set in the L2 (English). The effect of the accent condition and of the length and position of the target in the sentence was evaluated in a probe recognition task. In both the L1 and L2 tasks there was no significant effect in any of the five focus conditions. Target position and target word length had an effect in the L1 task. Word length did not affect accuracy rates in the L2 task. For probe recognition in the L2, word length and the position of the target interacted with the focus condition.
Dieser Newsletter informiert monatlich über den aktuellen Stand des Wiederansiedlungsprojekt des Bartgeiers (Gypaetus barbatus) im Alpenraum, im speziellen in Österreich. Das Bartgeier-Wiederansiedlungsprojekt wird derzeit durch ein LIFE-Programm der Europäischen Union gefördert. Weiters wird das Projekt in Österreich gemeinschaftlich vom Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, dem Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz sowie dem WWF Österreich in Verbindung mit folgenden Partnern durchgeführt: - Nationalpark Hohe Tauern - Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz - WWF Österreich - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - Lebensministerium - Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt Das Projekt wird zusätzich unterstützt vom Alpenzoo Innsbruck, dem Tiergarten Schönbrunn, der Vorarlberger Jägerschaft, der Salzburger Jägerschaft, der Kärntner Jägerschaft, dem Tiroler Jägerverband, dem Nationalpark Stilfser Joch, der Stiftung Pro Bartgeier sowie der Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture.
"Der Bartgeier" informiert über die Wiederansiedlung des Bartgeiers (Gypaetus barbatus) , dazu wird auf Verbereitung, Wanderung, Monitoring, Bestand und Bestimmung im speziellen in Österreich, aber auch International eingegangen. Das Bartgeier-Wiederansiedlungsprojekt wird derzeit durch ein LIFE-Programm der Europäischen Union gefördert. Weiters wird das Projekt in Österreich gemeinschaftlich vom Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, dem Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz sowie dem WWF Österreich in Verbindung mit folgenden Partnern durchgeführt: - Nationalpark Hohe Tauern - Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz - WWF Österreich - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - Lebensministerium - Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt Das Projekt wird zusätzich unterstützt vom Alpenzoo Innsbruck, dem Tiergarten Schönbrunn, der Vorarlberger Jägerschaft, der Salzburger Jägerschaft, der Kärntner Jägerschaft, dem Tiroler Jägerverband, dem Nationalpark Stilfser Joch, der Stiftung Pro Bartgeier sowie der Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture.
We present a system for the linguistic exploration and analysis of lexical cohesion in English texts. Using an electronic thesaurus-like resource, Princeton WordNet, and the Brown Corpus of English, we have implemented a process of annotating text with lexical chains and a graphical user interface for inspection of the annotated text. We describe the system and report on some sample linguistic analyses carried out using the combined thesaurus-corpus resource.
In diesem Aufsatz geht es um die Datenbank ‚Mehrsprachigkeit’ und das System EXMARaLDA, die am SFB 538 ‚Mehrsprachigkeit’ der Universität Hamburg entwickelt werden. Da deren konzeptuelle und technische Details bereits an anderer Stelle ausführlich dargestellt worden sind (z.B. Schmidt 2004), soll der Schwerpunkt hier einerseits auf solchen Aspekten liegen, die – gemäß dem Thema des Workshops – mit allgemeineren Fragen zum Umgang mit computerverwertbaren, heterogenen linguistischen Datenbeständen zu tun haben. Andererseits soll versucht werden, aus den praktischen Erfahrungen der nunmehr vierjährigen Projektarbeit einige Erkenntnisse abzuleiten, die über den konkreten Projektzusammenhang hinaus für die weitere Arbeit auf diesem Gebiet interessant sein könnten.