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Suchen Sie auch den Schlüssel zum besseren Verständnis von Mythologie, Kunst und Literatur? Dann sollten Sie das Weltbild des Impurismus studieren. Es wird Ihnen die Augen öffnen für bislang hermetische Zusammenhänge, und Sie werden erkennen, was der Chorus mysticus (Faust II Ende) meint, wenn er sagt: "Alles Vergängliche Ist nur ein Gleichnis." Erde und Himmel, alles Materielle und alle Geistgebilde, der Kosmos und alle Lebewesen --- ein Gleichnis wofür? Wenn Sie die Antwort finden, werden Sie verstehen, warum die Wissenden unsere Kulturszene dominieren. Sie brauchen keine Forschungsnische zu suchen, wenn Sie das weite Feld des Impurismus mit Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft beackern; denn "Poesie ist die Muttersprache des menschlichen Geschlechts" (Hamann: Aestetica in nuce).
Mit 457 Codices zählt Gießen zu den Standorten, die einen mittelgroßen Bestand an mittelalterlichen Handschriften vorweisen können. Es gibt allerdings zwei Besonderheiten, die die Handschriftenabteilung der Gießener Universitätsbibliothek gegenüber vergleichbaren Sammlungen auszeichnen: Das ist zum einen die so gut wie geschlossen überlieferte spätmittelalterliche Bibliothek der Fraterherren oder Brüder vom Gemeinsamen Leben zu Butzbach, die 1771 auf Befehl Landgraf Ludwigs IX. von Hessen-Darmstadt der Universitätsbibliothek Gießen übergeben wurde. Die intensivere Beschäftigung mit und die sorgfältige Arbeit an den Texten wird erst jetzt umfassend möglich. Die 221 Handschriften (von den ebenfalls an die Universitätsbibliothek gelangten Wiegendrucken soll hier nicht die Rede sein) sind durch moderne Kataloge (verfasst von Wolfgang Georg Bayerer und Joachim Ott) seit 2004 in Gänze erschlossen. Zum anderen ist es der hohe Anteil von fast einem Drittel (genauer 137) volkssprachiger Handschriften, die das weltweite Interesse der germanistischen Mediävistik, Rechtsgeschichte und Spätmittelalter-Geschichtsschreibung am Standort Gießen geweckt haben.
Das Spiel ist aus
(2007)
Dieser bekannte Titel (ein Drama von Sartre / ein Gedicht von Bachmann) soll hier mit neuem Inhalt gefüllt werden, zunächst mit "Impurismus" als einer spielerischen Verschlüsselung von Literatur, dann mit Hinweisen auf das planmäßige Verdummungsspiel, das die Eingeweihten mit ihren an Kunst interessierten Mitbürgern treiben.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
Der Begründer der Neuen Phänomenologie, Hermann Schmitz, rückt anläßlich einer Erläuterung des für ihn zentralen Begriffs der "implantierenden Situation" Goethes Gedicht Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh ... in die Nähe der Haiku-Lyrik. Das von Schmitz nur beiläufig Konstellierte erweist sich bei näherem Hinsehen als aufschlußreich für das Verständnis der Naturlyrik aus Goethes erstem Weimarer Jahrzehnt. Denn es ist in der Tat die Haiku-Tradition, an der wir unseren Blick für manche Eigenheiten der lyrischen Sprache Goethes in jener Werkphase schulen können – einer Werkphase, die ich als "vorkritisch" bezeichne, da sie noch nicht unter dem Einfluß der kritischen Philosophie Kants steht und daher noch frei ist vom didaktisierenden Zug transzendentaler Subjektivität. Der japanische Blick auf den "vorkritischen" Goethe ist nicht nur von philologischem Interesse. Er zeigt uns, sehr viel weiter reichend, die Möglichkeit eines Sprechens über Phänomene, bei dem es kein die Erfahrung begleitendes und in seine Gewalt bringendes "Ich denke" zu geben scheint. ...
Goethes Medientheorie
(2007)
Medientheoretische Zugänge zu Goethe sind bis heute eher die Ausnahme. Denn Goethe gilt uns als letzter Vertreter der sogenannten "Kunstperiode", die mit seinem Tod ihr Ende gefunden habe – so urteilten schon seine Zeitgenossen Hegel, Heine und Gervinus. Und wenn Goethe heute in ein Verhältnis zu unserer sogenannten "Mediengesellschaft" gebracht wird, so geschieht das vorwiegend in negativer Abgrenzung der Literatur gegen die audiovisuellen Medien. ...
"Alle Dinge haben ihren Nutzen und ihren Teil und ihren rechten Platz im Haushalt der Natur." Mark Twain Damit dieses so bleibt, hat das Land Baden-Württemberg Artenhilfsprogramme für solche Tier- und Pflanzenarten in Leben gerufen, der Existenz durch unterschiedliche Aktivitäten des Menschen akut bedroht ist. Künftigen Generationen ein vielfältiges Artenspektrum zu erhalten, ist eine vorrangige Aufgabe unserer Gesellschaft. Mögliche Wege aufzuzeigen und von der Notwendigkeit geeigneter Hilfsmaßnahmen zu überzeugen, ist Ziel dieses Blattes.
Ach du dicke Trespe!
(2007)
Die dicke Trespe gehört zu den bedrohten Pflanzenarten Baden-Württembergs, für die das Land in besonderer Verantwortung steht. Ziel des Faltblattes ist, Landwirte und Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen über Gefährdungsursachen und Maßnahmen zum Schutz dieser in ganz Mitteleuropa äußerst selten gewordenen Süßgrasart zu informieren.
Intrinsic motivation, the causal mechanism for spontaneous exploration and curiosity, is a central concept in developmental psychology. It has been argued to be a crucial mechanism for open-ended cognitive development in humans, and as such has gathered a growing interest from developmental roboticists in the recent years. The goal of this paper is threefold. First, it provides a synthesis of the different approaches of intrinsic motivation in psychology. Second, by interpreting these approaches in a computational reinforcement learning framework, we argue that they are not operational and even sometimes inconsistent. Third, we set the ground for a systematic operational study of intrinsic motivation by presenting a formal typology of possible computational approaches. This typology is partly based on existing computational models, but also presents new ways of conceptualizing intrinsic motivation. We argue that this kind of computational typology might be useful for opening new avenues for research both in psychology and developmental robotics.
We adopt Markert and Nissim (2005)’s approach of using the World Wide Web to resolve cases of coreferent bridging for German and discuss the strength and weaknesses of this approach. As the general approach of using surface patterns to get information on ontological relations between lexical items has only been tried on English, it is also interesting to see whether the approach works for German as well as it does for English and what differences between these languages need to be accounted for. We also present a novel approach for combining several patterns that yields an ensemble that outperforms the best-performing single patterns in terms of both precision and recall.
We investigate methods to improve the recall in coreference resolution by also trying to resolve those definite descriptions where no earlier mention of the referent shares the same lexical head (coreferent bridging). The problem, which is notably harder than identifying coreference relations among mentions which have the same lexical head, has been tackled with several rather different approaches, and we attempt to provide a meaningful classification along with a quantitative comparison. Based on the different merits of the methods, we discuss possibilities to improve them and show how they can be effectively combined.
The Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning features a shared task, in which participants train and test their learning systems on the same data sets. In 2007, as in 2006, the shared task has been devoted to dependency parsing, this year with both a multilingual track and a domain adaptation track. In this paper, we define the tasks of the different tracks and describe how the data sets were created from existing treebanks for ten languages. In addition, we characterize the different approaches of the participating systems, report the test results, and provide a first analysis of these results.
Recent approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) generally fall into two classes: (1) information-intensive approaches and (2) information-poor approaches. Our hypothesis is that for memory-based learning (MBL), a reduced amount of data is more beneficial than the full range of features used in the past. Our experiments show that MBL combined with a restricted set of features and a feature selection method that minimizes the feature set leads to competitive results, outperforming all systems that participated in the SENSEVAL-3 competition on the Romanian data. Thus, with this specific method, a tightly controlled feature set improves the accuracy of the classifier, reaching 74.0% in the fine-grained and 78.7% in the coarse-grained evaluation.
Leben mit Wölfen : Leitfaden für den Umgang mit einer konfliktträchtigen Tierart in Deutschland
(2007)
Der Wolf (Canis lupus) - eine der umstrittensten Tierarten Europas. Jahrhunderte lang wurde er in Europa verfolgt, in weiten Teilen Nord- und Mitteleuropas ausgerottet. Erst in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren, als die Bestände vielerorts ihren Tiefpunkt erreicht hatten, wurden ihm in einigen europäischen Ländern Schonzeiten oder auch ganzjähriger Schutz zugestanden. Allmählich begannen sich die Populationen in Italien und Spanien, aber auch in Polen zu erholen. In den letzten 20 Jahren kehrten Wölfe sogar wieder in Gegenden zurück, in denen sie vorher ausgerottet worden waren. Norditalien, Frankreich, die Schweiz, Schweden, Norwegen, Finnland und nun auch Deutschland sind solche neuen, alten Wolfsgebiete. Häufig wurde die Rückkehr der Wölfe mit gemischten Gefühlen aufgenommen. Von den Einen als Erfolg des Artenschutzes gefeiert, sahen andere darin einen Rückfall in längst vergangene Zeiten. Das Raubtier Wolf, so glauben viele, hat in unserer heutigen Kulturlandschaft keinen Platz mehr. Selbst Befürworter seiner Rückkehr sind oft unsicher, wie man mit dem nunmehr geschützten Heimkehrer umgehen sollte. Das Comeback der Wölfe und ihre Rückkehr in die unterschiedlichsten Lebensräume verdeutlicht einmal mehr ihre Flexibilität, stellt unsere hingegen auf eine Probe. Wölfe können fast überall leben, wo sie genügend Nahrung finden und wir sie leben lassen. Der einzige einschränkende Faktor scheint der Mensch zu sein. Entsprechend sind die Herausforderungen im Wolfsschutz weniger ökologischer, sondern vor allem soziologischer Natur. Pauschallösungen für den Umgang mit dem Wolf gibt es nicht. Je nach Gegebenheiten müssen jeweils eigene, angepasste Lösungen entwickelt werden. Die Vielseitigkeit der Wölfe und die unterschiedlichen soziologischen und ökologischen Bedingungen machen den Wolfsschutz zu einer einzigartigen Herausforderung.
Prepositional phrase (PP) attachment is one of the major sources for errors in traditional statistical parsers. The reason for that lies in the type of information necessary for resolving structural ambiguities. For parsing, it is assumed that distributional information of parts-of-speech and phrases is sufficient for disambiguation. For PP attachment, in contrast, lexical information is needed. The problem of PP attachment has sparked much interest ever since Hindle and Rooth (1993) formulated the problem in a way that can be easily handled by machine learning approaches: In their approach, PP attachment is reduced to the decision between noun and verb attachment; and the relevant information is reduced to the two possible attachment sites (the noun and the verb) and the preposition of the PP. Brill and Resnik (1994) extended the feature set to the now standard 4-tupel also containing the noun inside the PP. Among many publications on the problem of PP attachment, Volk (2001; 2002) describes the only system for German. He uses a combination of supervised and unsupervised methods. The supervised method is based on the back-off model by Collins and Brooks (1995), the unsupervised part consists of heuristics such as ”If there is a support verb construction present, choose verb attachment”. Volk trains his back-off model on the Negra treebank (Skut et al., 1998) and extracts frequencies for the heuristics from the ”Computerzeitung”. The latter also serves as test data set. Consequently, it is difficult to compare Volk’s results to other results for German, including the results presented here, since not only he uses a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning, but he also performs domain adaptation. Most of the researchers working on PP attachment seem to be satisfied with a PP attachment system; we have found hardly any work on integrating the results of such approaches into actual parsers. The only exceptions are Mehl et al. (1998) and Foth and Menzel (2006), both working with German data. Mehl et al. report a slight improvement of PP attachment from 475 correct PPs out of 681 PPs for the original parser to 481 PPs. Foth and Menzel report an improvement of overall accuracy from 90.7% to 92.2%. Both integrate statistical attachment preferences into a parser. First, we will investigate whether dependency parsing, which generally uses lexical information, shows the same performance on PP attachment as an independent PP attachment classifier does. Then we will investigate an approach that allows the integration of PP attachment information into the output of a parser without having to modify the parser: The results of an independent PP attachment classifier are integrated into the parse of a dependency parser for German in a postprocessing step.
This paper presents an LTAG analysis of reflexives like himself and reciprocals like each other. These items need to find a c-commanding antecedent from which they retrieve (part of) their own denotation and with which they syntactically agree. The relation between anaphoric item and antecendent must satisfy the following important locality conditions (Chomsky (1981)).
In this paper, we introduce an extension of the XMG system (eXtensibleMeta-Grammar) in order to allow for the description of Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars. In particular, we introduce the XMG formalism and its implementation, and show how the latter makes it possible to extend the system relatively easily to different target formalisms, thus opening the way towards multi-formalism.
Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammars (MCTAG) is a formalism that has been shown to be useful for many natural language applications. The definition of MCTAG however is problematic since it refers to the process of the derivation itself: a simultaneity constraint must be respected concerning the way the members of the elementary tree sets are added. This way of characterizing MCTAG does not allow to abstract away from the concrete order of derivation. In this paper, we propose an alternative definition of MCTAG that characterizes the trees in the tree language of an MCTAG via the properties of the derivation trees (in the underlying TAG) the MCTAG licences. This definition gives a better understanding of the formalism, it allows a more systematic comparison of different types of MCTAG, and, furthermore, it can be exploited for parsing.
In this paper, we will argue for a novel analysis of the auxiliary alternation in Early English, its development and subsequent loss which has broader consequences for the way that auxiliary selection is looked at cross-linguistically. We will present evidence that the choice of auxiliaries accompanying past participles in Early English differed in several significant respects from that in the familiar modern European languages. Specifically, while the construction with have became a full-fledged perfect by some time in the ME period, that with be was actually a stative resultative, which it remained until it was lost. We will show that this accounts for some otherwise surprising restrictions on the distribution of BE in Early English and allows a better understanding of the spread of HAVE through late ME and EModE. Perhaps more importantly, the Early English facts also provide insight into the genesis of the kind of auxiliary selection found in German, Dutch and Italian. Our analysis of them furthermore suggests a promising strategy for explaining cross-linguistic variation in auxiliary selection in terms of variation in the syntactico-semantic structure of the perfect. In this introductory section, we will first provide some background on the historical situation we will be discussing, then we will lay out the main claims for which we will be arguing in the paper.
The period discussed in this work can be defined with absolute precision: it started on June 3, 1907, when the second Duma was dispersed, and ended on July 19, 1914 (August 1 in the Gregorian calendar), when the war against Germany and Austro-Hungary was proclaimed. This period followed right after the first Russian Revolution, which altered the regime: from unlimited autocracy it became half-parliamentary. Although the revolution was aborted and the tsarist government regained control, several important features characterized the period of 1907- 1914. First of all, there was the very existence of the State Duma – the elected lower house of the Parliament with legislative power; second, the establishment of voluntary associations was eased; third, preliminary censorship was abolished. Thus, public life was characterized by a degree of freedom, such as had never existed in Russia before 1905 and would not exist after October 1917. However, the freedom was relative and very narrow; the government tracked all oppositional or near-oppositional activities and did not hesitate to stop them. The basic tension and mutual suspicion between the authorities and society remained intact and eventually brought the collapse of the regime in 1917. But the revolution of February 1917 was not inevitable. In the period under discussion the interest in politics drastically declined, the Russian political forces became more moderate and the majority sought evolution, rather then revolution as the mechanism for change. ...