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Even though extensively investigated, the nature of working memory (WM) deficits in patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) is not yet fully understood. In particular, the contribution of different WM sub-processes to the severe WM deficit observed in PSZ is a matter of debate. So far, most research has focused on impaired WM maintenance. By analyzing different types of errors in a spatial delayed response task (DRT), we have recently demonstrated that incorrect yet confident responses (which we labeled as false memory errors) rather than incorrect/not-confident responses reflect failures of WM encoding, which was also impaired in PSZ. In the present study, we provide further evidence for a functional dissociation between confident and not-confident errors by manipulating the demands on WM maintenance, i.e., the length over which information has to be maintained in WM. Furthermore, we investigate whether these functionally distinguishable WM processes are impaired in PSZ. Twenty-four PSZ and 24 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) performed a spatial DRT in which the length of the delay period was varied between 1, 2, 4, and 6 s. In each trial, participants also rated their level of response confidence. Across both groups, longer delays led to increased rates of incorrect/not-confident responses, while incorrect/confident responses were not affected by delay length. This functional dissociation provides additional support for our proposal that false memory errors (i.e., confident errors) reflect problems at the level of WM encoding, while not-confident errors reflect failures of WM maintenance. Schizophrenic patients showed increased numbers of both confident and not-confident errors, suggesting that both sub-processes of WM—encoding and maintenance—are impaired in schizophrenia. Combined with the delay length-dependent functional dissociation, we propose that these impairments in schizophrenic patients are functionally distinguishable.
Das arabische Wort Allah entspricht dem deutschen Wort "Gott". Dabei handelt sich nicht nur um einen Eigennamen Gottes, also lediglich um eine Form der Anrede, sondern um den Begriff "Gott" in seinem vollen Inhalt. So verwenden auch die arabischen Christen für Gott das Wort Allah. Sprachlich besteht ein Zusammenhang mit dem hebräischen Elohim, aramäisch Aloy = Allah = Gott. Hier ist zu unterscheiden zwischen Allah und Ilah, wobei das letztere Wort für irgendeinen Gott steht, Allah aber für den einen bestimmten und einzigen Gott, der nach der islamischen Lehre schon im Juden- und Christentum bekannt war. Wenn der Prophet Muhammad von Allah spricht, ist daher immer dieser eine und einzige Gott gemeint und nicht eine unbestimmte Person unter mehreren. Im Begriff Gott ist also eine gemeinsame Grundlage des Judentums, Christentums und des Islam gegeben. Allerdings haben die Bibel und der Koran verschiedene Vorstellungen von Gott, was besonders in der Beschreibung seiner Eigenschaften zu Tage tritt. ...