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We generalize the concept of block reduction for lattice bases from l2-norm to arbitrary norms. This extends the results of Schnorr. We give algorithms for block reduction and apply the resulting enumeration concept to solve subset sum problems. The deterministic algorithm solves all subset sum problems. For up to 66 weights it needs in average less then two hours on a HP 715/50 under HP-UX 9.05.
We propose a fast variant of the Gaussian algorithm for the reduction of two dimensional lattices for the l1-, l2- and l-infinite- norm. The algorithm runs in at most O(nM(B) logB) bit operations for the l-infinite- norm and in O(n log n M(B) logB) bit operations for the l1 and l2 norm on input vectors a, b 2 ZZn with norm at most 2B where M(B) is a time bound for B-bit integer multiplication. This generalizes Schönhages monotone Algorithm [Sch91] to the centered case and to various norms.
We present an efficient variant of LLL-reduction of lattice bases in the sense of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lov´asz [LLL82]. We organize LLL-reduction in segments of size k. Local LLL-reduction of segments is done using local coordinates of dimension 2k. Strong segment LLL-reduction yields bases of the same quality as LLL-reduction but the reduction is n-times faster for lattices of dimension n. We extend segment LLL-reduction to iterated subsegments. The resulting reduction algorithm runs in O(n3 log n) arithmetic steps for integer lattices of dimension n with basis vectors of length 2O(n), compared to O(n5) steps for LLL-reduction.
We introduce algorithms for lattice basis reduction that are improvements of the famous L3-algorithm. If a random L3-reduced lattice basis b1,b2,...,bn is given such that the vector of reduced Gram-Schmidt coefficients ({µi,j} 1<= j< i<= n) is uniformly distributed in [0,1)n(n-1)/2, then the pruned enumeration finds with positive probability a shortest lattice vector. We demonstrate the power of these algorithms by solving random subset sum problems of arbitrary density with 74 and 82 many weights, by breaking the Chor-Rivest cryptoscheme in dimensions 103 and 151 and by breaking Damgard's hash function.
We call a vector x/spl isin/R/sup n/ highly regular if it satisfies =0 for some short, non-zero integer vector m where <...> is the inner product. We present an algorithm which given x/spl isin/R/sup n/ and /spl alpha//spl isin/N finds a highly regular nearby point x' and a short integer relation m for x'. The nearby point x' is 'good' in the sense that no short relation m~ of length less than /spl alpha//2 exists for points x~ within half the x'-distance from x. The integer relation m for x' is for random x up to an average factor 2/sup /spl alpha//2/ a shortest integer relation for x'. Our algorithm uses, for arbitrary real input x, at most O(n/sup 4/(n+log A)) many arithmetical operations on real numbers. If a is rational the algorithm operates on integers having at most O(n/sup 5/+n/sup 3/(log /spl alpha/)/sup 2/+log(/spl par/qx/spl par//sup 2/)) many bits where q is the common denominator for x.
We study the following problem: given x element Rn either find a short integer relation m element Zn, so that =0 holds for the inner product <.,.>, or prove that no short integer relation exists for x. Hastad, Just Lagarias and Schnorr (1989) give a polynomial time algorithm for the problem. We present a stable variation of the HJLS--algorithm that preserves lower bounds on lambda(x) for infinitesimal changes of x. Given x \in {\RR}^n and \alpha \in \NN this algorithm finds a nearby point x' and a short integer relation m for x'. The nearby point x' is 'good' in the sense that no very short relation exists for points \bar{x} within half the x'--distance from x. On the other hand if x'=x then m is, up to a factor 2^{n/2}, a shortest integer relation for \mbox{x.} Our algorithm uses, for arbitrary real input x, at most \mbox{O(n^4(n+\log \alpha))} many arithmetical operations on real numbers. If x is rational the algorithm operates on integers having at most \mbox{O(n^5+n^3 (\log \alpha)^2 + \log (\|q x\|^2))} many bits where q is the common denominator for x.
Black box cryptanalysis applies to hash algorithms consisting of many small boxes, connected by a known graph structure, so that the boxes can be evaluated forward and backwards by given oracles. We study attacks that work for any choice of the black boxes, i.e. we scrutinize the given graph structure. For example we analyze the graph of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We present optimal black box inversions of FFT-compression functions and black box constructions of collisions. This determines the minimal depth of FFT-compression networks for collision-resistant hashing. We propose the concept of multipermutation, which is a pair of orthogonal latin squares, as a new cryptographic primitive that generalizes the boxes of the FFT. Our examples of multipermutations are based on the operations circular rotation, bitwise xor, addition and multiplication.
Parallel FFT-hashing
(1994)
We propose two families of scalable hash functions for collision resistant hashing that are highly parallel and based on the generalized fast Fourier transform (FFT). FFT hashing is based on multipermutations. This is a basic cryptographic primitive for perfect generation of diffusion and confusion which generalizes the boxes of the classic FFT. The slower FFT hash functions iterate a compression function. For the faster FFT hash functions all rounds are alike with the same number of message words entering each round.
We report on improved practical algorithms for lattice basis reduction. We propose a practical floating point version of theL3-algorithm of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lovász (1982). We present a variant of theL3-algorithm with "deep insertions" and a practical algorithm for block Korkin—Zolotarev reduction, a concept introduced by Schnorr (1987). Empirical tests show that the strongest of these algorithms solves almost all subset sum problems with up to 66 random weights of arbitrary bit length within at most a few hours on a UNISYS 6000/70 or within a couple of minutes on a SPARC1 + computer.
We call a distribution on n bit strings (", e) locally random, if for every choice of e · n positions the induced distribution on e bit strings is in the L1 norm at most " away from the uniform distribution on e bit strings. We establish local randomness in polynomial random number generators (RNG) that are candidate one way functions. Let N be a squarefree integer and let f1, . . . , f be polynomials with coe±- cients in ZZN = ZZ/NZZ. We study the RNG that stretches a random x 2 ZZN into the sequence of least significant bits of f1(x), . . . , f(x). We show that this RNG provides local randomness if for every prime divisor p of N the polynomials f1, . . . , f are linearly independent modulo the subspace of polynomials of degree · 1 in ZZp[x]. We also establish local randomness in polynomial random function generators. This yields candidates for cryptographic hash functions. The concept of local randomness in families of functions extends the concept of universal families of hash functions by Carter and Wegman (1979). The proofs of our results rely on upper bounds for exponential sums.
We propose two improvements to the Fiat Shamir authentication and signature scheme. We reduce the communication of the Fiat Shamir authentication scheme to a single round while preserving the e±ciency of the scheme. This also reduces the length of Fiat Shamir signatures. Using secret keys consisting of small integers we reduce the time for signature generation by a factor 3 to 4. We propose a variation of our scheme using class groups that may be secure even if factoring large integers becomes easy.
We introduce novel security proofs that use combinatorial counting arguments rather than reductions to the discrete logarithm or to the Diffie-Hellman problem. Our security results are sharp and clean with no polynomial reduction times involved. We consider a combination of the random oracle model and the generic model. This corresponds to assuming an ideal hash function H given by an oracle and an ideal group of prime order q, where the binary encoding of the group elements is useless for cryptographic attacks In this model, we first show that Schnorr signatures are secure against the one-more signature forgery : A generic adversary performing t generic steps including l sequential interactions with the signer cannot produce l+1 signatures with a better probability than (t 2)/q. We also characterize the different power of sequential and of parallel attacks. Secondly, we prove signed ElGamal encryption is secure against the adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, in which an attacker can arbitrarily use a decryption oracle except for the challenge ciphertext. Moreover, signed ElGamal encryption is secure against the one-more decryption attack: A generic adversary performing t generic steps including l interactions with the decryption oracle cannot distinguish the plaintexts of l + 1 ciphertexts from random strings with a probability exceeding (t 2)/q.
Assuming a cryptographically strong cyclic group G of prime order q and a random hash function H, we show that ElGamal encryption with an added Schnorr signature is secure against the adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, in which an attacker can freely use a decryption oracle except for the target ciphertext. We also prove security against the novel one-more-decyption attack. Our security proofs are in a new model, corresponding to a combination of two previously introduced models, the Random Oracle model and the Generic model. The security extends to the distributed threshold version of the scheme. Moreover, we propose a very practical scheme for private information retrieval that is based on blind decryption of ElGamal ciphertexts.
Let b1, . . . , bm 2 IRn be an arbitrary basis of lattice L that is a block Korkin Zolotarev basis with block size ¯ and let ¸i(L) denote the successive minima of lattice L. We prove that for i = 1, . . . ,m 4 i + 3 ° 2 i 1 ¯ 1 ¯ · kbik2/¸i(L)2 · ° 2m i ¯ 1 ¯ i + 3 4 where °¯ is the Hermite constant. For ¯ = 3 we establish the optimal upper bound kb1k2/¸1(L)2 · µ3 2¶m 1 2 1 and we present block Korkin Zolotarev lattice bases for which this bound is tight. We improve the Nearest Plane Algorithm of Babai (1986) using block Korkin Zolotarev bases. Given a block Korkin Zolotarev basis b1, . . . , bm with block size ¯ and x 2 L(b1, . . . , bm) a lattice point v can be found in time ¯O(¯) satisfying kx vk2 · m° 2m ¯ 1 ¯ minu2L kx uk2.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein sicheres und trotzdem effizientes Preprocessing zu finden. Nach den zurückliegenden Untersuchungen können wir annehmen, dies erreicht zu haben. Wir haben gezeigt, daß eine minimale Workload von Attacken von 272 mit nur 16 Multiplikationen pro Runde und 13 gespeicherten Paaren (ri, xi) erreicht werden kann. Mit der in Abschnitt 12.3 erklärten Variation - der Wert rº k geht nicht in die Gleichungen mit ein - erreichen wir sogar eine Sicherheit von 274. In diesem Fall können wir die Anzahl der gespeicherten Paare auf 12 verringern. Auch von der in Abschnit 12.5 besprochenen Variation erwarten wir eine Erhöhung der Sicherheit. Ergebnisse dazu werden bald vorliegen. Folgender Preprocessing Algorithmus erscheint z.B. nach unserem derzeitigen Wissensstand geeignet: Setze k = 12, l0 = 7, l1 = 3, d0 = 4, d1 = 5, h = 4, ¯h = 1. Initiation: lade k Paare (r0 0, x00 ) . . . , (r0 k 1, x0 k 1) mit x0i = ®r0 i mod p. º := 1. º ist die Rundennummer 1. Wähle l1 2 verschiedene Zufallszahlen a(3, º), . . . , a(l1, º) 2 {º + 1 mod k, . . . , º 2 mod k} a(1, º) := º mod k, a(2, º) := º 1 mod k W¨ahle l1 2 verschiedene Zufallszahlen f(3, º), . . . , f(l1, º) 2 {0, . . . , d1 1}, f(1, º) zuf¨allig aus {h, . . . , d1 1} und f(2, º) zuf¨allig aus {¯h, . . . , d1 1} rº k := rº ºmodk + l1 Xi=1 2f(i,º)rº 1 a(i,º) mod q xk = xºº modk · l1 Yi=1 (xº 1 a(i,º))2f(i,º) mod p 2. w¨ahle l0 1 verschiedene Zufallszahlen b(2, º), . . . , b(l0, º) 2 {º + 1 mod k, . . . , º 1 mod k} b(1, º) := º mod k W¨ahle l0 verschiedene Zufallszahlen g(1, º), . . . , g(l0, º) 2 {0, . . . , d0 1} rº ºmodk := l0 Xi=1 2g(i,º)rº 1 b(i,º) mod q xºº modk = l0 Yi=1 (xº 1 b(i,º))2g(i,º) mod p 3. verwende (rº k, xº k) f¨ur die º te Signatur (eº, yº) gem¨aß yº = rº k + seº mod q 4. º := º + 1 GOTO 1. f¨ur die n¨achste Signatur Die Zufallszahlen a(3, º), . . . , a(l, º), b(2, º), . . . , b(l, º), f(1, º), . . . , f(l, º) und g(1, º), . . . , g(l, º) werden unabhängig gewählt. Dies ist selbstverständlich nur ein Beispiel. Unsere Untersuchungen sind noch nicht abgeschlossen. Wir glauben aber nicht, daß feste Werte a(i, º) und b(i, º) ein effizientes Preprocessing definieren. Wir haben einige Variationen mit solchen weniger randomisierten Gleichungen studiert und immer effiziente Attacken gefunden.
Es steht außer Zweifel, daß digitale Signaturen schon bald zu unserem Alltag gehören wer- den. Spätestens mit dem Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes zur digitalen Signatur (siehe [BMB]) sind sie zu einem wichtigen Instrument in der Telekommunikation geworden. Dabei kommt der Verwendung von Chipkarten eine wichtige Bedeutung zu: In ihnen lassen sich die sensiblen Daten (z.B. der geheime Schlüssel) auslesesicher aufbewahren; gleichzeitig können sie bequem mitgeführt werden. Aus diesen Gründen erlebt die Verwendung von Chipkarten zur Erzeugung von digitalen Signaturen zur Zeit einen enormen Aufschwung. Problematisch ist jedoch der oft unverhältnismäßig große Berechnungsaufwand für die Erzeugung von digitalen Signaturen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Methoden zu entwickeln und/oder zu untersuchen, welche die Berechnung digitaler Unterschriften wesentlich beschleunigen. Dabei spiegelt sich die Zweiteilung der in der Praxis hauptsächlich verwendeten Typen von Signaturverfahren in der Struktur der Arbeit wider. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht Verfahren zur effizienten Berechnung von RSA-Unterschriften. Dabei entstanden die Untersuchungen in den Abschnitten 3.2.3 und 3.2.4 in Zusammenarbeit mit R. Werchner und der Inhalt der Abschnitte 3.1 - 3.2.4 ist bereits in [MW98] veröffentlicht. Im zweiten Teil entwickeln wir Verfahren zur effizienteren Generierung von Unterschriften, die auf dem diskreten Logarithmus basieren, und untersuchen deren Sicherheit. Dabei entstanden die Untersuchungen in den Abschnitten 4.2 (bis auf 4.2.2) und 4.3.1 in Zusammenarbeit mit C. P. Schnorr und sind teilweise in [MS98] zusammengefaßt. Obwohl diese Arbeit eine mathematische Abhandlung darstellt, versuchen wir, die praktische Anwendung nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren. So orientieren sich die betrachteten Verfahren stets an den durch die verfügbare Technologie gegebenen Rahmenbedingungen. Darüber hinaus richten wir unser Augenmerk weniger auf das asymptotische Verhalten der betrachteten Verfahren, als vielmehr auf konkrete, für die Anwendung relevante Beispiele.
Korrektur zu: C.P. Schnorr: Security of 2t-Root Identification and Signatures, Proceedings CRYPTO'96, Springer LNCS 1109, (1996), pp. 143-156 page 148, section 3, line 5 of the proof of Theorem 3. Die Korrektur wurde präsentiert als: "Factoring N via proper 2 t-Roots of 1 mod N" at Eurocrypt '97 rump session.
Let G be a finite cyclic group with generator \alpha and with an encoding so that multiplication is computable in polynomial time. We study the security of bits of the discrete log x when given \exp_{\alpha}(x), assuming that the exponentiation function \exp_{\alpha}(x) = \alpha^x is one-way. We reduce he general problem to the case that G has odd order q. If G has odd order q the security of the least-significant bits of x and of the most significant bits of the rational number \frac{x}{q} \in [0,1) follows from the work of Peralta [P85] and Long and Wigderson [LW88]. We generalize these bits and study the security of consecutive shift bits lsb(2^{-i}x mod q) for i=k+1,...,k+j. When we restrict \exp_{\alpha} to arguments x such that some sequence of j consecutive shift bits of x is constant (i.e., not depending on x) we call it a 2^{-j}-fraction of \exp_{\alpha}. For groups of odd group order q we show that every two 2^{-j}-fractions of \exp_{\alpha} are equally one-way by a polynomial time transformation: Either they are all one-way or none of them. Our key theorem shows that arbitrary j consecutive shift bits of x are simultaneously secure when given \exp_{\alpha}(x) iff the 2^{-j}-fractions of \exp_{\alpha} are one-way. In particular this applies to the j least-significant bits of x and to the j most-significant bits of \frac{x}{q} \in [0,1). For one-way \exp_{\alpha} the individual bits of x are secure when given \exp_{\alpha}(x) by the method of Hastad, N\"aslund [HN98]. For groups of even order 2^{s}q we show that the j least-significant bits of \lfloor x/2^s\rfloor, as well as the j most-significant bits of \frac{x}{q} \in [0,1), are simultaneously secure iff the 2^{-j}-fractions of \exp_{\alpha'} are one-way for \alpha' := \alpha^{2^s}. We use and extend the models of generic algorithms of Nechaev (1994) and Shoup (1997). We determine the generic complexity of inverting fractions of \exp_{\alpha} for the case that \alpha has prime order q. As a consequence, arbitrary segments of (1-\varepsilon)\lg q consecutive shift bits of random x are for constant \varepsilon >0 simultaneously secure against generic attacks. Every generic algorithm using $t$ generic steps (group operations) for distinguishing bit strings of j consecutive shift bits of x from random bit strings has at most advantage O((\lg q) j\sqrt{t} (2^j/q)^{\frac14}).
Let G be a group of prime order q with generator g. We study hardcore subsets H is include in G of the discrete logarithm (DL) log g in the model of generic algorithms. In this model we count group operations such as multiplication, division while computations with non-group data are for free. It is known from Nechaev (1994) and Shoup (1997) that generic DL-algorithms for the entire group G must perform p2q generic steps. We show that DL-algorithms for small subsets H is include in G require m/ 2 + o(m) generic steps for almost all H of size #H = m with m <= sqrt(q). Conversely, m/2 + 1 generic steps are su±cient for all H is include in G of even size m. Our main result justifies to generate secret DL-keys from seeds that are only 1/2 * log2 q bits long.
We present a novel practical algorithm that given a lattice basis b1, ..., bn finds in O(n exp 2 *(k/6) exp (k/4)) average time a shorter vector than b1 provided that b1 is (k/6) exp (n/(2k)) times longer than the length of the shortest, nonzero lattice vector. We assume that the given basis b1, ..., bn has an orthogonal basis that is typical for worst case lattice bases. The new reduction method samples short lattice vectors in high dimensional sublattices, it advances in sporadic big jumps. It decreases the approximation factor achievable in a given time by known methods to less than its fourth-th root. We further speed up the new method by the simple and the general birthday method. n2
We enhance the security of Schnorr blind signatures against the novel one-more-forgery of Schnorr [Sc01] andWagner [W02] which is possible even if the discrete logarithm is hard to compute. We show two limitations of this attack. Firstly, replacing the group G by the s-fold direct product G exp(×s) increases the work of the attack, for a given number of signer interactions, to the s-power while increasing the work of the blind signature protocol merely by a factor s. Secondly, we bound the number of additional signatures per signer interaction that can be forged effectively. That fraction of the additional forged signatures can be made arbitrarily small.
We modify the concept of LLL-reduction of lattice bases in the sense of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lovasz [LLL82] towards a faster reduction algorithm. We organize LLL-reduction in segments of the basis. Our SLLL-bases approximate the successive minima of the lattice in nearly the same way as LLL-bases. For integer lattices of dimension n given by a basis of length 2exp(O(n)), SLLL-reduction runs in O(n.exp(5+epsilon)) bit operations for every epsilon > 0, compared to O(exp(n7+epsilon)) for the original LLL and to O(exp(n6+epsilon)) for the LLL-algorithms of Schnorr (1988) and Storjohann (1996). We present an even faster algorithm for SLLL-reduction via iterated subsegments running in O(n*exp(3)*log n) arithmetic steps.
We show that P(n)*(P(n)) for p = 2 with its geometrically induced structure maps is not an Hopf algebroid because neither the augmentation Epsilon nor the coproduct Delta are multiplicative. As a consequence the algebra structure of P(n)*(P(n)) is slightly different from what was supposed to be the case. We give formulas for Epsilon(xy) and Delta(xy) and show that the inversion of the formal group of P(n) is induced by an antimultiplicative involution Xi : P(n) -> P(n). Some consequences for multiplicative and antimultiplicative automorphisms of K(n) for p = 2 are also discussed.
The general subset sum problem is NP-complete. However, there are two algorithms, one due to Brickell and the other to Lagarias and Odlyzko, which in polynomial time solve almost all subset sum problems of sufficiently low density. Both methods rely on basis reduction algorithms to find short nonzero vectors in special lattices. The Lagarias-Odlyzko algorithm would solve almost all subset sum problems of density < 0.6463 . . . in polynomial time if it could invoke a polynomial-time algorithm for finding the shortest non-zero vector in a lattice. This paper presents two modifications of that algorithm, either one of which would solve almost all problems of density < 0.9408 . . . if it could find shortest non-zero vectors in lattices. These modifications also yield dramatic improvements in practice when they are combined with known lattice basis reduction algorithms.
Public key signature schemes are necessary for the access control to communication networks and for proving the authenticity of sensitive messages such as electronic fund transfers. Since the invention of the RSA scheme by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (1978) research has focused on improving the e±ciency of these schemes. In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for generating public key signatures which is particularly suited for interactions between smart cards and terminals.
We present a novel parallel one-more signature forgery against blind Okamoto-Schnorr and blind Schnorr signatures in which an attacker interacts some times with a legitimate signer and produces from these interactions signatures. Security against the new attack requires that the following ROS-problem is intractable: find an overdetermined, solvable system of linear equations modulo with random inhomogenities (right sides). There is an inherent weakness in the security result of POINTCHEVAL AND STERN. Theorem 26 [PS00] does not cover attacks with 4 parallel interactions for elliptic curves of order 2200. That would require the intractability of the ROS-problem, a plausible but novel complexity assumption. Conversely, assuming the intractability of the ROS-problem, we show that Schnorr signatures are secure in the random oracle and generic group model against the one-more signature forgery.
We present a practical algorithm that given an LLL-reduced lattice basis of dimension n, runs in time O(n3(k=6)k=4+n4) and approximates the length of the shortest, non-zero lattice vector to within a factor (k=6)n=(2k). This result is based on reasonable heuristics. Compared to previous practical algorithms the new method reduces the proven approximation factor achievable in a given time to less than its fourthth root. We also present a sieve algorithm inspired by Ajtai, Kumar, Sivakumar [AKS01].
Let G be a Fuchsian group containing two torsion free subgroups defining isomorphic Riemann surfaces. Then these surface subgroups K and alpha-Kalpha exp(-1) are conjugate in PSl(2,R), but in general the conjugating element alpha cannot be taken in G or a finite index Fuchsian extension of G. We will show that in the case of a normal inclusion in a triangle group G these alpha can be chosen in some triangle group extending G. It turns out that the method leading to this result allows also to answer the question how many different regular dessins of the same type can exist on a given quasiplatonic Riemann surface.
We consider Schwarz maps for triangles whose angles are rather general rational multiples of pi. Under which conditions can they have algebraic values at algebraic arguments? The answer is based mainly on considerations of complex multiplication of certain Prym varieties in Jacobians of hypergeometric curves. The paper can serve as an introduction to transcendence techniques for hypergeometric functions, but contains also new results and examples.
Eine nichtgeometrische Konstruktion der Spektren P(n) und multiplikative Automorphismen von K(n)
(1995)
Bei der Untersuchung des Langzeitverhaltens von Verzweigungsprozessen und räumlich verzweigenden Populationen ist die Betrachtung von Stammbäumen zunehmend in den Vordergrund gerückt. Probabilistische Methoden haben die in der Theorie vorherrschenden analytischen Techniken ergänzt und zu wesentlichen neuen Einsichten geführt. Die vorliegende Synopse diskutiert eine Auswahl meiner Veröffentlichungen der letzten Jahre. Den Arbeiten ist gemeinsam, dass durch das Studium der genealogischen Verhältnisse in der Population Aussagen über deren Langzeitverhalten gewonnen werden konnten. Zwei dieser Arbeiten behandeln den klassischen Galton-Watson Prozess. Eine weitere Arbeit befasst sich mit Verzweigungsprozessen in zufälliger Umgebung, sie ist technische wesentlich anspruchsvoller. Die vierte der hier besprochenen Arbeiten beschäftigt sich mit dem Wählermodell, einem der Prototypen interagierender Teilchensysteme.
Gitter
(2000)
Es wird eine Einführung in den Satz von Belyi und Grothendiecks Dessins d'enfants gegeben, hier Kinderzeichnungen genannt. Dieses Arbeitsgebiet ist in den letzten zwanzig Jahren entstanden und weist viele reizvolle Querverbindungen auf von der inversen Galoistheorie über die Teichm llerräume bis hin zur Mathematischen Physik. Das Schwergewicht des folgenden Beitrags liegt in den Beziehungen zu den Fuchsschen Gruppen und der Uniformisierungstheorie: Kinderzeichnungen bieten die Möglichkeit, für arithmetisch interessante Riemannsche Flächen - die als algebraische Kurven über Zahlkörpern definiert sind - Überlagerungsgruppen explizit zu beschreiben und umgekehrt aus gewissen Typen von Überlagerungsgruppen Kurvengleichungen zu gewinnen. Was hier aufgeschrieben ist, behandelt eigentlich nur bekanntes Material, gelegentlich mit neuen Beweisvarianten und Beispielen. Da aber noch keine zusammenfassende Einführung in das Thema existiert, hoffe ich, dass es als Vorlage für ein Seminar oder eine fortgeschrittene Vorlesung nützlich sein mag.
The main subject of this survey are Belyi functions and dessins d'enfants on Riemann surfaces. Dessins are certain bipartite graphs on 2-mainfolds defining there are conformal and even an algebraic structure. In principle, all deeper properties of the resulting Riemann surfaces or algebraic curves should be encoded in these dessins, but the decoding turns out to be difficult and leads to many open problems. We emphasize arithmetical aspects like Galois actions, the relation to the ABC theorem in function filds and arithemtic questions in uniformization theory of algebraic curves defined over number fields.
Presentation at the AMS Southeastern Sectional Meeting 14-16 March 2003, and the Workshop Asymptotic Analysis, Stability, and Generalized Functions', 17-19 March 2003, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. See the corresponding papers "Mathematical Problems of Gauge Quantum Field Theory: A Survey of the Schwinger Model" and "Infinite Infrared Regularization and a State Space for the Heisenberg Algebra".
Presentation at the Università di Pisa, Pisa, Itlay 3 July 2002, the conference on Irreversible Quantum Dynamics', the Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy, 29 July - 2 August 2002, and the University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 14 May 2003. Version of 24 April 2003: examples added; 16 December 2002: revised; 12 Sptember 2002. See the corresponding papers "Zeno Dynamics of von Neumann Algebras", "Zeno Dynamics in Quantum Statistical Mechanics" and "Mathematics of the Quantum Zeno Effect"
Diese Arbeit beschäaftigt sich mit den Eigenschaften dynamischer Systeme, die in Form von autonomen Differentialgleichungen vorliegen. Genauer: Das Langzeitverhalten dieser dynamischen Systeme soll untersucht werden. Es läßtt sich beschreiben durch für das jeweilige System charakteristische Mengen, die attrahierenden Mengen und deren Einzugsbereiche. Attrahierende Mengen sind bezüglich eines dynamischen Systems invariante Mengen, die Trajektorien des dynamischen Systems, die in ihrer Umgebung starten, anziehen. Der Einzugsbereich einer attrahierenden Menge ist die Menge aller Punkte, die von der attrahierenden Menge angezogen werden. Betrachtet werden Systeme, die von einer Eingangsfunktion abhängen. Diese Eingangsfunktion kann je nach Zusammenhang eine Störung des dynamischen Systems oder eine Kontrolle desselben darstellen. Werden Störungen betrachtet, so sind Eigenschaften des dynamischen Systems, die für alle Eingangsfunktionen gelten, zu untersuchen. Diese werden in dieser Arbeit als starke Eigenschaften bezeichnet. Werden Kontrollen betrachtet, sind Eigenschaften des dynamischen Systems, die nur für mindestens eine Eingangsfunktion erfüllt sind, zu untersuchen. Sie werden hier als schwache Eigenschaften bezeichnet. Man betrachte beispielsweise einen Punkt, der zu einer invarianten Menge gehört. Zu jeder Eingangsfunktion gibt es eine zugehörige Trajektorie, die an diesem Punkt startet. Starke Invarianz bedeutet, daß keine dieser Trajektorien jemals die invariante Menge verläßt, schwache Invarianz, da mindestens eine dieser Trajektorien niemals die invariante Menge verläßt. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung der schwachen Einzugsbereiche. Sie lassen sich nur in Ausnahmefällen durch theoretische Überlegungen finden. Daher ist es von Nutzen, diese Mengen numerisch zu berechnen. Hier soll deshalb die benötigte Theorie bereitgestellt werden, um schwache Einzugsbereiche mit einem Unterteilungsalgorithmus anzunähern. Ein Unterteilungsalgorithmus dient allgemein dazu, innerhalb einer vorgegebenen Grundmenge eine Menge, die eine bestimmte Eigenschaft hat, zu finden. Die Idee eines solchen Algorithmus ist es einfach, die Grundmenge in "Zellen" zu unterteilen und für jede dieser Zellen zu prüfen, ob sie ganz, gar nicht oder teilweise zur gesuchten Menge gehört. Gehört eine Zelle nur teilweise zur gesuchten Menge, so wird sie weiter unterteilt und für die "Teilzellen" erneut entschieden, ob sie zur gesuchten Menge gehören. Für die Berechnung eines schwachen Einzugsbereiches bedeutet dies, daß für jede Zelle überprüft werden muß, ob es eine Kontrollfunktion gibt, mit deren Hilfe Trajektorien der betrachteten Differentialgleichung, die innerhalb der Zelle starten, in eine gegebene schwach attrahierende Menge (bzw. eine passend gewählte Umgebung dieser Menge) gesteuert werden können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ermittlung des Preises von Optionen. Optionen sind spezielle Derivate, die wiederum Hull in seinem Buch definiert als: Ein Derivat ist ein Finanzinstrument, dessen Wert von einem anderen, einfacheren zu Grunde liegenden Finanzinstrument (underlying) abhängt . Ein underlying kann unter anderem auch eine Anleihe, eine Aktie oder der Umtauschkurs zweier Währungen sein....