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„Unser Erich Mühsam“, das hat seine damals kleine Gemeinde auf seinen Grabstein meißeln lassen; es steht da bis heute. Was heißt es aber heute? […]
Er wirkt, sofern er noch wirkt, als politischer Dichter, kein Zweifel. Aber nicht durch die Verve seines politischen Urteils und Einsatzes, auch wenn man diese nach wie vor sehr bewundern kann. Sondern durch diejenigen Beobachtungen, Erwägungen und Urteile in seinen Gedichten, die gedanklich und sprachlich ‚gelungen‘ sind, indem sie demonstrativ offen bleiben, überraschen, kratzen, zum Weiterdenken anstacheln, sowie durch manche entwaffnende Wendung in seinen Reden und der stark redeähnlichen Prosa […].Diese sprachlich inszenierten Attacken auf das politische Normalbewusstsein wirken auch – potentiell – auf mehr heutige Zeitgenossen als nur auf diejenigen, die das Credo des Anarchismus mit dem Autor teilen. Allerdings müssen die heute noch zündenden witzigen und hintersinnigen Produktionen aus den konventionell konstatierenden und agitatorischen regelrecht herausgeklaubt werden – deshalb wird in dieser Untersuchung erst einmal, so knapp wie kritisch, sein politisch-rhetorischer Stil charakterisiert, ehe die eigentlich die Arbeit lohnenden Funde an durchschlagenden Einfällen entfaltet werden. Mühsam wollte vor allem „brauchbare“ Verse liefern, und zwar brauchbar für die politischen Kämpfe seiner Zeit. Da seine Verse aber diese Kämpfe überlebt haben und da unsere Zeit andere politische Bewegungsformen, eine andersartige Verbindung von Bewusstsein und Aktion verlangt als die damalige, wird er es sich gefallen lassen müssen, dass wir auch von ihnen einen anderen Gebrauch machen.
Der vorliegende Band versammelt eine Anzahl grundlegender Texte der Kulturwissenschaft, die Antwort auf zwei Fragen geben sollen, nämlich erstens: Was ist Kultur? und zweitens: Was ist Kulturwissenschaft? Dabei ist davon auszugehen, daß sich beide Fragen wechselseitig bedingen, mehr noch: daß es Interferenzen zwischen Kulturbegriff und Kulturwissenschaft gibt: […]. Möglicherweise muß man bereits an dieser Stelle Zweifel anmelden, ob die beiden […] Was-ist-Fragen überhaupt sinnvoll sind – implizieren sie doch einen essentialistischen Kulmrbegriff. Sollte man sie nicht ersetzen durch die Fragen: Was macht Kultur? Und: Was macht Kulturwissenschaft? Im folgenden können vermutlich weder die Was-ist-Fragen noch die Was-macht-Fragen befriedigend beantwortet werden; vielmehr möchte ich versuchen, den Raum zwischen diesen beiden Fragestellungen zu erkunden, um zu klären, um welche Art von Raum es sich dabei handelt. Aber auch, um zu klären, was Kulturwissenschaft in diesem, aus diesem »in between space« macht. Wie transformiert sie diesen »Zwischenraum« in einen »Denkraum«?
Seit einigen Jahren ist nicht nur eine Oszillationsbewegung zwischen Theoriekonjunktur und Theorieabgesang zu beobachten, sondern auch die stete Klage über Theoriemoden zu hören, die dazu führen, dass bestimmte Schlüsselbegriffe inflationär gebraucht – und damit gleichsam ver-braucht werden. Schlüsselbegriffe, die weniger für ein konzises Forschungsprogramm, sondern eher für ein Bündel von Herangehensweisen und Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierungen stehen: Zeichen, Diskurs, Differenz, System, Medium, Performanz, Körper, Materialität fungieren als "Travelling Concepts'', die den Prozess der Theoriebildung in Gang halten, dabei allerdings auch deutliche Verschleißspuren davontragen – so wie, um im Bild zu bleiben: der Reisekoffer. Freilich treten nicht nur Begriffe, sondern (Blumenberg lässt grüßen!) sehr häufig auch Metaphern die Reise auf den verschlungenen Wegen der Kulturforschung an. Diese Metaphern sind mehr als Vehikel, sie sind Motoren, genauer gesagt: Katalysatoren von Theoriebildungsprozessen, durch die sowohl Gegenstandsbereiche als auch Herangehensweisen (und damit verbunden: Fragestellungen) modelliert werden. Zwei dieser Metaphern möchte ich im folgenden Untersuchen: Hybridität und Aufpfropfung.
»Medium«, so lesen wir im Vorwort des ‚Kursbuchs Medienkultur’, »heißt Mitte und Mittler, Vermittlung und Vermittler und appelliert an die Frage, wie die Rolle, die Tätigkeit und das Material dieses Dazwischen genauer beschaffen sei«. Damit ist die Frage »Was istein Medium?« offensichtlich an die Frage »Wie ist ein Medium?« gekoppelt. Was macht ein Medium in diesem Dazwischen? Wenn man der Ansicht zustimmt, dass es Medien in einem »substantiell und historisch stabilen Sinn« nicht gibt, da »[w]eder materielle Träger noch Symbolsysteme oder Techniken der Distribution« hinreichen, um den Begriff des Mediums zu explizieren, dann tritt an die Stelle einer substantiellen Antwort auf die Was-ist-ein-Medium-Frage eine Das-macht-das-Medium-These: die These nämlich, dass Medien das, was sie vermitteln, verarbeiten oder speichern, »unter Bedingungen stellen, die sie selbst schaffen und sind«. Medien sind, mit anderen Worten, Rahmenbedingungen, die konstitutiv auf das, was sie vermitteln, einwirken. Diese eigentümliche Dynamik der medialen Rahmung fasst die Mediologie im Ausgang von Regis Debrayals System Dispositiv – Träger – Prozeß: ein System, das die Verfahren der Übertragung determiniert; in die gleiche Richtung zielt Sybille Krämer, wenn sie feststellt, dass Medien »im Akt der Übertragung dasjenige, was sie übertragen, zugleich mitbedingen und prägen«.
„Was bedeutet es, einen Anruf zu beantworten?“ Diese, von Avital Ronell zu Beginn ihres ‚Telephone Book’ aufgeworfene Frage nach dem Telefon muß im folgenden als Frage nach dem Anrufbeantworter radikalisiert werden. Während das „Annehmen eines Anrufs“ eine Situation heraufbeschwört, „deren gestische Syntax ‚ja’ bedeutet, selbst wenn der Affirmation ein Fragezeichen folgen sollte: Ja?“ (Ronell 1989, S. 5), führt das Anschalten des Anrufbeantworters geradewegs in ein Paradox, denn der Anrufbeantworter sagt weder „Ja?“ noch „Nein!“. Das Paradox des Anrufbeantworters gründet in seiner widersprüchlichen Aufgabenstellung: Er soll einerseits der Aufrechterhaltung der Telekommunikation dienen und wird zugleich als ein „Kommunikationshemmnis“ empfunden. Deshalb kann er, so Knirsch, seine „eigentliche Funktion nicht uneingeschränkt erfüllen“ (Knirsch I998, S. 1). Doch was ist die „eigentliche Funktion“ eines Anrufbeantworters? „In dem Maße, in dem du das wurdest, was du bist“, schreibt Ronell mit Blick auf das „transzendentale Dilemma“ des Angerufenwerdens, „nämlich, zum Teil, ein automatischer Anrufbeantworter, wird es notwendig, Fragen zu stellen“. (Ronell 1989, S. 5). Fragen wir. Was bedeutet es, im metaphorischen oder gar im wörtlichen Sinn, „answering machine“ einer transzendentalen Telekommunikationsgemeinschaft zu sein, die nur auf eines zu warten scheint: den wunderbaren Moment der Verbindung?
Unsere Ausgangsthese ist, dass sich die unterschiedlichen methodischen Zuspitzungen und Richtungswechsel, die die Philologie seit ihrer disziplinären Ausdifferenzierung im 19. Jahrhundert erlebt hat, als Parametrisierung des Verhältnisses von Konjektur und Krux beschreiben lassen. Anders gewendet: Konjektur und Krux markieren die Grenzen eines epistemischen Bezirks, der von unterschiedlichen philologischen Methodenpolitiken konfiguriert wird. Die sich daraus ergebende "disziplinäre Matrix" an Verfahrensweisen, die den Anspruch erheben, 'Methode' zu sein, hat insofern politischen Charakter als die Entscheidung für bzw. gegen eine bestimmte Verfahrensweise implizit oder explizit ein Interesse verfolgt, das in aller Regel über das Anliegen einer bloßen Textrekonstruktion entschieden hinausreicht: Es geht darum, die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen eine philologische Aussage als 'wissenschaftlich qualifiziert' gelten darf.
Wir möchten im folgenden den Versuch unternehmen, das zu skizzieren, was wir die 'philologische Frage' nennen. Darunter verstehen wir die Frage nach dem epistemischen Status philologischer Theorie und der daraus resultierenden Praxis: Auf welche philologischen Traditionen und theoretischen Prämissen nehmen die hier versammelten Texte Bezug, in welchem Kontext stehen sie? Auf welche Ziele wird die philologische Tätigkeit hin ausgerichtet – wie wird das 'Erkenntnisinteresse' der Philologie definiert? Welches Autorschaftskonzept und welches Textverständnis werden zugrunde gelegt? Der Ausgangspunkt all dieser Fragen ist die etymologische Bedeutung des Begriffs „philologia“, gefasst als 'Liebe zum Wort'. Der Philologe ist demgemäß ein Wort-Liebhaber. Doch was heißt hier 'Liebe'? Und was ist überhaupt ein Wort?
Den Romanen des "philosophischen Schriftstellers" Italo Calvino lassen sich grundlegende Fragen der zeitgenössischen Ästhetik entnehmen. Sie eröffnen einen Horizont, innerhalb dessen sich auch das theoretische und literarische CEuvre des "Roman-schreibenden Philosophen" Umberto Eco bewegt, ja es scheint fast, als befänden sich die Werke beider in einem Dialog. Jedes lebendige Kunstwerk ist, wie Eco betont, ein Kunstwerk in Bewegung, offen für neue interpretative und kommunikative Möglichkeiten sowie für neue Möglichkeiten des ästhetischen Genusses. Der Interpretationsprozeß gleicht einer Pendelbewegung zwischen der "Offenheit" der Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten und der "Geschlossenheit" bzw. Bestimmtheit des Werkes durch seine Struktur. Der Interpret steht demnach innerhalb einer nicht stillzustellenden Bewegung. in deren – immer erneut notwendigen – Nachvollzug er sowohl Erkenntnisse über die "kombinatorischen Möglichkeiten des Codes" gewinnt, als auch über "die Codes (...) einer bestimmten Periode der Kunstgeschichte." Daher ist es die Aufgabe der semiotischen Interpretation eines ästhetischen Textes, "das strukturierte Modell für einen unstrukturierten Prozeß eines kommunikativen Wechselspiels" zu liefern. Für Eco ist die Interpretation ein pragmatisch-hermeneutischer Prozeß, der im "Taumel der Möglichkeiten" bestimmte Bedeutungsmöglichkeiten ausschließt und andere privilegiert. Ein "epochales" Kunstwerk ist nach Eco eine "epistemologische Metapher", es repräsentiert ein "diffuses theoretisches Bewußtsein", das von den wissenschaftlichen und ästhetischen Theorien seiner Zeit gespeist wird. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für die Romane Calvinos und Ecos: Der "Held" ihrer Romane ist der Interpretationsprozeß im Spannungsfeld zwischen Autor, Text und Leser. Dabei geht es um die Frage: Wie wird sich der Interpret im Verlauf der Interpretation seiner Rolle als Interpret bewußt? Die Absicht Ecos und Calvinos ist eine aufklärerische: Sie wollen einen "neuen Leser" schaffen, der sich seiner Rolle als Leser bewußt ist und der die Verantwortung für seine Lektürekonzeption übernimmt. "Ein Text will für seinen Leser zu einem Erlebnis der Selbstveränderung werden".
Im Anschluss an Foucault könnte man sagen, dass die Funktion 'Herausgeber' darin besteht, erster Leser und zweiter Autor eines Texts zu sein, dadurch Kohärenz zu stiften und dem Text einen Rahmen zu geben. Dies geschieht durch eine Reihe editorialer Tätigkeiten: erstens das sammelnde Zusammenlesen von Manuskripten, zweitens das arrangierende Zusammenstellen der Textteile (ein Vorgang, den man auch als Zusammenschreiben bezeichnen könnte); drittens das kommentierende Dazuschreiben, das sich auf den Text als ein Gewebe von Spuren bezieht. Mit dieser kommentierenden Bezugnahme auf den Text findet eine diskursive Rahmung statt, die sich häufig als Paratext manifestiert: als Fußnote, als Überschrift, als Marginalie, als Inhaltsverzeichnis oder als Index der erwähnten Namen und behandelten Themen. Dergestalt etabliert das kommentierende Dazuschreiben des Herausgebers – und zwar gleichgültig, ob es sich um einen fiktionalen oder einen faktualen Herausgeber handelt – ein zweites Netz editorialer Indices, die vom Rande her wie mit Zeigefingern auf den Text verweisen.
Im folgenden soll es darum gehen, das Spannungsverhältnis zu thematisieren, das »am Rahmen« von Texten bzw. Hypertexten zwischen Sprechakten (Performatives) und inszenierten Sprechakten (Performances) besteht. Zu klären ist dabei, wieso bestimmte Sprechakte »am Rahmen« von literarischen Werken keineswegs »entkräftet« sind, sondern im Gegenteil äußerst kraftvoll zu einer performativen Rahmung beitragen. Dies betrifft die literaturwissenschaftliche Fragestellung nach den peri- und paratextuellen Rahmungsstrategien ebenso wie die medientheoretische Problemstellung, inwieweit Performatives im Rahmen von Hypertexten als Programmbefehle wirksam sind. […] [I]ch [möchte] hier aber auch die literatur- und mediengeschichtlich relevante Frage aufwerfen, wie die Idee des Hypertextes im Rahmen der Literatur verkörpert wurde, bevor es die Hypertexte »in electronic form« gab. Dies erfordert eine Untersuchung der Rahmungsstrategien der Quasi-Hypertexte von einst im Horizont heutiger, elektronischer Hypertextualität.
Aby War burg hat seine kulturwissenschaftliche Herangehensweise einmal als »historische Detektivarbeit« umschrieben, die dem Prozess der »Einverseelung vorgeprägter Ausdruckswerte bei der Darstellung bewegten Lebens« auf die Spur zu kommen versucht. Folgt man dieser Auffassung, dann könnte man daraus den Schluss ziehen, dass sich die Logiken und Praktiken der Kulturforschung zum großen Teil an detektivischen Denk- und Arbeitsformen orientieren. Nun ist die detektivische Spurensuche aber auch das Modell semiotischer Verfahren: ein Modell, das man im Anschluss an Carlo Ginzburgs Essay zur Spurensicherung gerne auch als »Indizien-Paradigma« bezeichnet, wobei zwei Begriffe im Zentrum stehen: der Begriff des Symptoms und der Begriff der Konjektur. […] Angesichts einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Methodenreflexion, die sich sowohl gegen die Geltungsansprüche eines auf allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten zielenden Wissenschaftsverständnisses als auch gegen eine Semiotik wendet, die lange Zeit als „master-theory“ auftrat, stellt sich nicht nur die Frage, wie sich die kulturwissenschaftliche Detektivarbeit von der semiotischen Spurensicherung unterscheidet, sondern auch, wie sich die semiotischen Einsichten über verschiedene Formen von symptomatischer Bedeutsamkeit für die kulturwissenschaftliche Detektivarbeit respektive eine ‚Logik der Kulturforschung‘ nutzbar machen lassen. Der Ausgangspunkt meiner Überlegungen ist eine Merkwürdigkeit, nämlich dass sich – so hat es zumindest den Anschein – die Kulturwissenschaft gerade da programmatisch vom semiotischen Indizien-Paradigma abzugrenzen sucht, wo die größte Übereinstimmung herrscht, nämlich da, wo es um Zeichen und um die Deutung dieser Zeichen im Rahmen eines kulturellen Systems »auslegbarer Zeichen « geht.
Politeness has become a key qualification in intercultural competence and didactics. The paper presents parts of an empirical research of the development and shaping of verbal politeness in critical incidents investigating the way German and Turkish students of the German language deal with criticism and complimenting. The findings show that Turkish students of German as a foreign language avoid direct criticism and prefer manners considered to be polite in German. Complimenting is an expression of their own positive feelings and acts as “messages about oneself”, whereas the German students prefer “meritorious praise” referring to merits. The discriminating effects of migration within the Turkish students are smaller than expected perhaps because of the increase of transcultural knowledge. This should give new ideas for the didactics of politeness.
Even if translation has a long tradition within the conveyance of foreign languages, there has been a vehement discussion on its role since the 1970s – at least with respect to some languages, such as English. In the context of German as a foreign language this topic has been discussed only to some extent. With this in mind, the following article aims to examine the role of translation in the field of the German as a foreign language with specific focus on the advantages and limitations associated with its conveyance and the resultant consequences.
This study concentrates on the problems of subtitling, mainly focusing on compensating strategies in the context of its restrictions with respect to time and space. With the help of a corpus analysis, what kind of information is condensed in the subtitling and whether these reductions have a role on the reception of the film will be analysed with regard to the confrontation of 1119 translating segments.
This study examines the theory and practice of Kussmauls creative translating idea during the translating process of metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson. Creative translating could be functionalized for the process of literary translation. In this case it will be a vehicle for problem solving by the translation of the holistically metaphors defined by Lakoff/Johnson. These kinds of metaphors determine our live and are significant points of the language we use every day. Mostly they are very important for the receptively understanding of literary language and aims of the author and his text.
In terms of their functions and issues, the use of selection posters is possible in language teaching. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the didactic potential of selection posters in German language teaching. Because of this reason, with this study, it is tried to show that the selection posters can be dealt with as materials in the courses in German Language teaching, which can be used parallel to the needs and interests. Accordingly, the alternative ways or approaches are tried to be made concrete throughout the courses. Consequently, the selection posters constitutes a wide range in German language teaching in terms of local culture, vocabulary knowledge, the processes of linguistic studies, visualization, authenticity, actuality, and spoken and written studies.
Speakers of Russian from the former Soviet Union and speakers of Turkish form the two biggest groups of immigrants in Germany. There is a number of surveys, that focus on early second language acquisition of kindergarten and primary school children in these ethnic groups. In this article, I will discuss differences and similarities of the second language acquisition process, that Russian and Turkish speaking children go through. I will compare not only the interlingual development (pronunciation, lexicon, syntax and morphology) but also the sociocultural context. For this purpose the data of my case studies will be contrasted with the other research results.
After giving an overview of the implementation of Business German in the curricula of German Departments outside of Germany and showing which place Business German has taken within these departments today, this article focuses on the teaching goals and contents as well as on the competences that ought to be achieved by the students in the German Department at Istanbul University in order to explain which chances and opportunities this study field opens up to students of German language and literature.
The article addresses the growing importance of corpus-based research in the field of German foreign language acquisition. German corpora in general and learner corpora in particular are briefly introduced. A short overview of existing German learner corpora is followed by a detailed description of the error-annotated learner corpus Falko, a learner corpus of advanced learner German, which is accessible via internet (without any prior registration) and free of charge. Finally, a short example analysis demonstrates some of the functionalities of Falko. The aim of the article is to encourage researchers to employ corpora as helpful tools in their own work.
Islamophobia has arisen following to the event on 11 of September 2001 in Christian world. Remembering first reaction, all “Muslim” world was accused and new “Crusades” were on agenda. Concept and concept pairs of “Muslim Radicalism” “Muslim Terror” “Radical/Extreme Islam” “Radicalism” “Islamic” in pressor media after September 11 attacks and first shock. The aim was to differentiate “Islam” and terrorist who lost their identity via İslam. Representatives of the muslim world declared that these terrorist never represented Islam in any manner. The declaration was mutual and right. Despite mutual constructive efforts, due to discussion appeared after attacks, disintergration and polarization occured among believers of two monotheistic religions. In my opinion, regardless of place of birth, poets and writers who are philosopher, have specific issues national and local or world issues which they share, communicate and have information exchange on. Two main means of communication are philosophy and literature. The aim of the current paper is to discuss philosophic information included in “Avicenna and the Aristotelic Left” (Suhrkamp Verl.) by Ernst Bloch who lived in Tübingen released in 1963 and philosophic foundations of literature theory by Bertolt Brecht. My aim is to hope to declare that (Far) East and West have more in common compared to differences within limits of time and place given.
Mediengestützter Deutschunterricht im türkischen universitären Bereich : eine Bestandsaufnahme
(2010)
A trend in nature of a permanent increase towards multimedia lifestyle has arisen in all stratas of the society. Thus, rather than using written course-books, publishing houses prefer to encourage use of multimedia which are dependent to course-book or which are independent of course-book and language learners prefer to learn with multimedia. Thus it is encouraged that courses are supported in that manner. This study aims to examine scope and limits of computer aided German teaching which is flourishing as a foreign language within Turkey university education recently. This study has been applied in preparatory classes of departments which provide four-year education. Results of a survey on use of multimedia dependent on course-book or independent of course-book within courses within Turkey university education has been given within scope of this study. Evidences on competence of German teachers and learners in use of multimedia has been given and have been visualized through use of graphics. Problems of multimedia aided German courses and solutions offers will be submitted.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
Over the last years history has become an important issue in ‚Germanturkish’ literature. The question is which possibilities are created to take part in the history of a country under the conditions of migration. Analysing historical writing in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s novel “The Bridge of the Golden Horn”, this article concentrates on three aspects: First, the description of places in Berlin from a migrant’s viewpoint. Second, to discover Berlin as the entrance into German pre-wall-falling-history. Third, the narrator as a brilliant describer of German society in an everyday life microcosmos.
The learning outcomes of teaching translation in German departments at Moroccan universities have hardly been the subject of scientific debate among translation teachers and researchers alike. The actual translation course can only train students to pursue a career in intercultural communication and not in translation, because the teaching material and methodology don’t reflect the training objectives. The thesis of this paper is that the teaching of translation in the departments of German studies in Moroccan universities, as it stands, can have professional rather than academic goals, if the university pedagogical and technical conditions change and if the constraints projected in section 4 and the lines proposed in the same section below are followed.
In order to disseminate the information in newspapers, one of the instruments that increase sharing of knowledge in the globalizing world, at the international level, it is obligatory to translate texts from the source language to other languages. However, there are some criteria taken into account in order to transfer the information to a large target audience during the preparation of news. These criteria should also be taken into consideration while translating this kind of texts. Especially in the translation of news texts that are oriented towards the target audience and that address the knowledge/ interest levels of the target audience, the decisions and approaches of the translator are determining. In this study, the discussion will be based on what kind of knowledge the journalists/ translators who translate news texts should have. In this context, an analysis will be carried out regarding which factors have had a determining role in the translation of news in Turkish as source language into German to be used in a German newspaper.
This article has the objective to focus on the effects of globalization on the field of activity of the translators. With a historical overview covering the period from the Antique up to the present it is aimed to reveal that the emphasis on the translational demands were connected to the specific needs of that term. This analysis will show that the need for technical translation has increased. Based on this framework the effectivity of modern technical aids, which may be used with the purpose of accomplishing the translation of technical texts, is dealt with.
This paper aims to determine and classify by syntactic criteria, the functions of reflexivity (reflexive pronoun kendi) in Turkish, in contrast to German.
Reflexivity in Turkish can be expressed by synthetic elements such as affixes, but also by an analytical element – the reflexive pronoun kendi. And in German it is formed by the reflexive pronoun sich. The reflexive pronoun sich in German used both in anaphorical and lexical functions, which can be distinguished from each other by certain criteria.
Short stories of Siegfried Lenz, one of the most recognized Germanwriting authors of the post-war and contemporary literature, are the primary subject of the scientific article titled “The social aspect of Lenz in his short stories”. In this context, an attempt is made to analyze characters with the purpose of revealing the modern world whereby he handles the problems of modern world and modern human. In his short stories, Lenz presents a social world where certain behavioral and mental patterns are formed. In other words, the objective of this scientific article should be to conduct a thematic discussion in respect of the content of the short stories of Lenz. From this perspective, the central questions asked by the above mentioned scientific article may be formulated as follows: Could the short stories of Lenz be structured by adding one on the top of other, or are these short stories any expressions or presentations of different aspects of social life which cannot be combined with each other?
„Football“, „soccer“ in British terms, is the most famous sport of the world. The history of the football goes back to the ancient times. In this article, the football terms used in Germany and Turkey are handled together with the historical development of football. Various differences and similarities between these terms and their features are also demonstrated.
To reach even language users not acquainted to the use of grammars the Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (Germany) looked for new way to handle grammatical problems. Instead of confronting users with abstractions frequent difficulties of German grammar are introduced in form of exemplary questions like „Which form should be used or preferred: Anfang dieses Jahre or Anfang diesen Jahres?” Looking through the long list of such questions even laymen may find solutions of grammatical problems they might not be able to formulate as such.
In this paper I will present some empirical studies concerning a linguistic construction called binomials, e.g. auf und ab (‚up and down‘). Binomials consist of two coordinated elements in a fixed order ‚A and B‘, whereas empirically the reversed order ‚B and A‘ is rarely found and, asked for acceptability judgements, native speakers tend to reject it. In two corpus studies hypotheses on phonological principles responsible for the ordering of the constituents are tested. Furthermore I present a pseudoword experiment with German native speakers and Russian and Turkish learners of German as a second language. Results are discussed in the framework of optimality theory.
The basis of the following research represents a special selection of works of the diplomat and publicist Ernst Jäckh, particularly his pamphlets. In his works published during the First World War the author tried to popularize the German-Ottoman alliance (1914-1918). This article intents to figure out Ernst Jäckhs literary strategies of convincing an audience. Significant aspects that will be presented in detail are the specific genre and the rhetorical argumentation.
This article adresses one function of dialects showing their importance of controlling everyday language. On the example of Low German, a vernacular spoken in Northern Germany, the function of identity is shown and explained. Firstly the understanding of biography is given, followed by an overview about the research undertaking about biographical studies in linguistics, especially in dialectology and Low German philology. The main part concerns the exemplary analysis of an interview of a dialect speaker. The aim of the article is to show in detail the identity function of dialects and the chances qualitive methods can contribute to linguistic researches.
Integration and social advancement in our time without a solid language skills are no longer possible. What has not been done for decades, they now try through the integration abroad and in Germany make up very successful. But German is unfortunately only the first, though perhaps the most important step for a successful integration. The next question should now be: Lack of integration in spite of good knowledge of German - why?
Nazım Hikmet’s fairy tale “Cloud in Love” (Sevdalı Bulut) enjoys a world-wide popularity: It has been already translated into many languages, has been filmed and staged several times. This even confirms the thesis of the poet that the fairy tale would appeal to every nation, every age and every cultural level. This article aims to examine Hikmet’s fairy tales under the aspect of the interculturality in his intersemiotic and interlingual translations. First, Hikmet’s perception of fairy tales will be studied, from which some clues are to be gained about the translations of his work. Afterwards, examples from intersemiotic translations of this fairy tale will be indicated. Finally, the German translation of this work will be analyzed, taking into account the transmission of cultural and stylistic elements.
This article attempts a brief introduction on the topic of cognitive sciences. By emphasizing cognitive linguistics, which separates in two positions will be part of the cognitive Sciences expressed with their linguistic function and is the heart matter, stands for a criticism about their lack of diagnostics. These positions of cognitive linguistics, whose paper are the neuro-linguistics and the cognitive linguistics, are presented in detail and both cognitively linguistic point of views are questioned for their scientific validity. Cognitive Linguistics is a field of cognitive science understood. Cognitive science tries with their research on Imitate human brain, which has arisen from this area, and also Artificial Intelligent researches in which the brain researchers with their colleagues from the field of computer technology try to develop artificialintelligence as an objective. The contribution of the linguistic component directs the Cognitive Linguistics in their research.
Ekphrasis is a tool used with the purpose opening different levels of meaning in a literary text, which can be seen in Patricia Görg’s tale “Glücksspagat”. In the tale, parallel to the representation of the daily life of the museums keeper Maat, the reader is faced with fragments of ekphrasises of paintings and TV-simulations. The richness of this tale is achieved particularly due to the alternations between the ekphrasises. This article discusses the various functions of the use of Ekphrasis and simulations in the tale and focuses on the way they contribute to the creation of meaning.
The interest of this work devotes itself to the repeating linguistic actions of the students in the DaF conversation lessons. Repetitions in the lesson discourse are functionally different than repetitions in the daily discourse. The support of repetitions by the students in the class discourse is tried to be demonstrated here on the basis of examples. Recordings from the DaF conversation lessons were transcribed and reconstructed according to Hiat. The kinds of the repetitions and their functions in these DaF conversation lessons are limited with this study. The findings of the study should be concerned consciously in order to accomplish a better understanding and reacting to these repeating actions of the students like inquiry, correction, confirmation, precautionary self-control, verification and confirmation in the conversation lessons –most of which are accomplished by the students for a certain aim however unconsciously.
Recently the changing and the internationalization of the German philology are increasing continually. On this development not only the cooperation of its actants plays an important role, but also the subject of the German philology itself has been extended. One of the factors of the extension of its subjects is the so called ‘intercultural literature’ in Germany, which is the result of the migration since the beginning of the sixties. In this kind of the literature, among other things, the cultural differences are made a subject of discussion with specific literary means. One of the novels of the intercultural literature is “Selam Berlin” written by Yade Kara. In this article, it should be worked out which identity discourses are developed, how the new social formation in Germany has an effect on the individuals and which role the self and strange perceptions play in this novel.
The idea of a global world is not a new idea as some may think. The idea was already on the agenda of many philosophers in the countries where German was native language. Leibniz’s, a universal philosopher, dream for an easy and common European Language dates back to the 16th century. His thoughts gains significance for the present idea of Globalizm, for a common language for all nations seems to be an essential prerequisite for a global world. Rotterdam, being a reformist and humanist philosopher, is also known to have used concepts and terms such as “Global Citizenship” and “World Citizen” . Similar expressions can also be found in Kant’s “World Citizenship Theory” in the 18th Century. Likewise, Marks and Engels are known to have used the concepts in the same way Kant and Rotterdam had formerly used them.
This paper aims at establishing a connection between the ideas of the 16th, 17th and 18th century philosophers and today’s projects to form a Global World in view of the significance and necessity of a common language in achieving that end.
In this study the relationship between NLP and Linguistics has been investigated. Korzybski, who is interested in the neurological aspect of language puts forth that an artificial identification has been established due to verb “to be”. The notion he developed because of this connection forms the basic idea of NLP. What Chomsky’s studies contribute to NLP are “surface - deep structure” in Generative Transformational Grammar approach. According to this we express what we utter in daily speech with surface structure, but we make them meaningful with deep structure. NLP has transformed this knowledge into various techniques and practices for a more effective communication and happier life.
At the end of the 18th century, German literature boasted a wide range of exemplary translations, especially from ancient literatures. When, a few decades later, translation theory began to flourish in Germany, translations like J.H. Voß’s “foreignizing” versions of Homer’s epic poems were considered as examples to be followed. Although today’s dominant translation theories – as, for instance, skopos theory – tend to advocate “domesticating” procedures, most translators of literary texts cling to the tradition established by (pre-) romantic German translators and philosophers like Voß or Schleiermacher, thus obviously meeting the expectations of the German reader.
“Translational turn” in the cultural studies and “the cultural turn” in the translation studies show that the term “culture” is very important in the literary translation. The key terms of a foreign culture play a great role in literary translation because of the intercultural dialogue. The translator must pay attention to the clash of cultural terms in the literary texts and in the translation. The literary translation helps to understand between cultures if it carefully handles the cultural terms of a foreign culture which is translated into a target culture. The cultural terms which belong to Turkish culture are to be understood by the readers of the target culture. As readers, we must read the literary texts with a “thick description” and we hope the literary texts help intercultural dialogue if they are translated into a foreign culture. The translator must see the cultural terms diachronically and synchronically.
Surrounding globalism , due to digital connections, is felt in all the fields of our life. Globalism causes changes in local conditions. However, there are also local realities and peope live with local conditions. As a result of this, according to R. Robertsson emerge “globalocalisation”. How is a language influenced from this “globalocalisation” process? This study trys to research with samples the changes in language as a consequence of globalocal interactions.
The life of humans goes on through the coincidence of time and space. Every human has a different environment in life. According to Otto Friedrich Bollnow, humans can have prosperous and healthy life if they set up a balance between their lives in and outside their homes. This idea has been confirmed in the German author Herrad Schenk’s ,,Am Ende” and the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk’s ,,Die Geschichte des Prinzen” (,,Das schwarze Buch”) . It is the aim of this study to examine comparatively this balance expressed in both books.
The century-long historical and political power exercised by the Ottoman Empire in Southern Europe has left deep scars in the Romanian culture and even in the Romanian language. Consequently, there is still an area in which the oriental world is very much alive and this is Dobrudja. The costal town Balchik, situated in Dobrudja, is intensely illustrated as a gateway to the Orient in the Romanian literature and paintings of the 1920s and 1930s. Nevertheless, the way the Romanian-German authors (Oskar Walter Cisek, Adolf Meschendörfer) deal with this charming oriental world represents an exception. Cisek’s interest for Balchik is instinctively stirred by the oriental-Balkan atmosphere of his hometown Bucharest: In the novel “Die Tatarin”/“The Tatar” (1929), the author identifies the foundation for “the discovery” of the oriental-Balkan influenced Romanian Black Sea coast in the local German-language literature.The honeymoon places the protagonists of Adolf Meschendörfer’s novel “Der Büffelbrunnen”/“The Bufallo-Fountain” (1935) in Mangea Punar, today Costineşti, a small town on the Romanian Black Sea coast, which in the interwar period was populated by the Germans from Banat. In this way, the oriental world of Dobrudja is integrated into the text. Compared to Oskar Walter Cisek’s Balchik, Mangea Punar is only one episode from all the events portrayed in the book, because the story of the novel is mostly set in Kronstadt (Brasov). Meschendörfer’s dealing with this exotic region represents a unique endeavor for the Transylvanian Saxon literature of the 20th Century.
The subject of this article is to research the Turkish and Turkey’s image presented in the coursebooks teaching German as a foreign language. From this point of view, most of the coursebooks produced with the aim of teaching German as a foreign language in the last 20-25 years have been examined, how these coursebooks present the Turks and Turkey’s image has been determined, and thus the Turkish image in the coursebooks has been summed up under four headings.
This is a linguistic study in which applied discourse analysis is used. It is functional comparison of argument examples, such as ‘Mesela’, ‘Örneğin’ and ‘Beispiel’, ‘Beispielsweise’ in authentic discourse texts. It has been observed wether both languages show the same function or not.
In this study, the student mistakes, in the collaborative writing project, will be discussed. The texts written in the computer lab are sent to the instructor through internet and the teacher underlines the mistakes made by learners and sends the texts back to the students. The students get feedback both from teachers and from peers when they are writing and correcting their mistakes. Since the learners are either in their preparatory or 1st year, the common mistakes made by the students are incorrect structure usage, inappropriate linguistic use, overgeneralizations or mother tongue transfers. These errors result from their limited foreign language knowledge.
Literaturwissenschaft und Translation : die Notwendigkeit translationswissenschaftlicher Theorien
(2010)
Translation activity has been the analyzing object of various disciplines, particularly Linguistics and Literature for centuries. The attempts of these disciplines to explain translation activity have always been inadequate. Holmes has drawn the attention to these problems by his paper which he has delivered at a congress in 1972 and emphasized the necessity of a new discipline. In the light of these developments, translation studies emerged in 70's and brought along many discussions. These discussions have revolved around the attempts of literature and lingusitics to explain translation activity. Starting question of our study is as follows; "Do the literary theories adequate enough to justify translation activities?" As an answer to our prompting question, this study aims to verify that literary theories are inadequate to explain and justify translation activity.