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This article adresses one function of dialects showing their importance of controlling everyday language. On the example of Low German, a vernacular spoken in Northern Germany, the function of identity is shown and explained. Firstly the understanding of biography is given, followed by an overview about the research undertaking about biographical studies in linguistics, especially in dialectology and Low German philology. The main part concerns the exemplary analysis of an interview of a dialect speaker. The aim of the article is to show in detail the identity function of dialects and the chances qualitive methods can contribute to linguistic researches.
Integration and social advancement in our time without a solid language skills are no longer possible. What has not been done for decades, they now try through the integration abroad and in Germany make up very successful. But German is unfortunately only the first, though perhaps the most important step for a successful integration. The next question should now be: Lack of integration in spite of good knowledge of German - why?
Nazım Hikmet’s fairy tale “Cloud in Love” (Sevdalı Bulut) enjoys a world-wide popularity: It has been already translated into many languages, has been filmed and staged several times. This even confirms the thesis of the poet that the fairy tale would appeal to every nation, every age and every cultural level. This article aims to examine Hikmet’s fairy tales under the aspect of the interculturality in his intersemiotic and interlingual translations. First, Hikmet’s perception of fairy tales will be studied, from which some clues are to be gained about the translations of his work. Afterwards, examples from intersemiotic translations of this fairy tale will be indicated. Finally, the German translation of this work will be analyzed, taking into account the transmission of cultural and stylistic elements.
This article attempts a brief introduction on the topic of cognitive sciences. By emphasizing cognitive linguistics, which separates in two positions will be part of the cognitive Sciences expressed with their linguistic function and is the heart matter, stands for a criticism about their lack of diagnostics. These positions of cognitive linguistics, whose paper are the neuro-linguistics and the cognitive linguistics, are presented in detail and both cognitively linguistic point of views are questioned for their scientific validity. Cognitive Linguistics is a field of cognitive science understood. Cognitive science tries with their research on Imitate human brain, which has arisen from this area, and also Artificial Intelligent researches in which the brain researchers with their colleagues from the field of computer technology try to develop artificialintelligence as an objective. The contribution of the linguistic component directs the Cognitive Linguistics in their research.
Ekphrasis is a tool used with the purpose opening different levels of meaning in a literary text, which can be seen in Patricia Görg’s tale “Glücksspagat”. In the tale, parallel to the representation of the daily life of the museums keeper Maat, the reader is faced with fragments of ekphrasises of paintings and TV-simulations. The richness of this tale is achieved particularly due to the alternations between the ekphrasises. This article discusses the various functions of the use of Ekphrasis and simulations in the tale and focuses on the way they contribute to the creation of meaning.
The interest of this work devotes itself to the repeating linguistic actions of the students in the DaF conversation lessons. Repetitions in the lesson discourse are functionally different than repetitions in the daily discourse. The support of repetitions by the students in the class discourse is tried to be demonstrated here on the basis of examples. Recordings from the DaF conversation lessons were transcribed and reconstructed according to Hiat. The kinds of the repetitions and their functions in these DaF conversation lessons are limited with this study. The findings of the study should be concerned consciously in order to accomplish a better understanding and reacting to these repeating actions of the students like inquiry, correction, confirmation, precautionary self-control, verification and confirmation in the conversation lessons –most of which are accomplished by the students for a certain aim however unconsciously.
Recently the changing and the internationalization of the German philology are increasing continually. On this development not only the cooperation of its actants plays an important role, but also the subject of the German philology itself has been extended. One of the factors of the extension of its subjects is the so called ‘intercultural literature’ in Germany, which is the result of the migration since the beginning of the sixties. In this kind of the literature, among other things, the cultural differences are made a subject of discussion with specific literary means. One of the novels of the intercultural literature is “Selam Berlin” written by Yade Kara. In this article, it should be worked out which identity discourses are developed, how the new social formation in Germany has an effect on the individuals and which role the self and strange perceptions play in this novel.
The idea of a global world is not a new idea as some may think. The idea was already on the agenda of many philosophers in the countries where German was native language. Leibniz’s, a universal philosopher, dream for an easy and common European Language dates back to the 16th century. His thoughts gains significance for the present idea of Globalizm, for a common language for all nations seems to be an essential prerequisite for a global world. Rotterdam, being a reformist and humanist philosopher, is also known to have used concepts and terms such as “Global Citizenship” and “World Citizen” . Similar expressions can also be found in Kant’s “World Citizenship Theory” in the 18th Century. Likewise, Marks and Engels are known to have used the concepts in the same way Kant and Rotterdam had formerly used them.
This paper aims at establishing a connection between the ideas of the 16th, 17th and 18th century philosophers and today’s projects to form a Global World in view of the significance and necessity of a common language in achieving that end.
In this study the relationship between NLP and Linguistics has been investigated. Korzybski, who is interested in the neurological aspect of language puts forth that an artificial identification has been established due to verb “to be”. The notion he developed because of this connection forms the basic idea of NLP. What Chomsky’s studies contribute to NLP are “surface - deep structure” in Generative Transformational Grammar approach. According to this we express what we utter in daily speech with surface structure, but we make them meaningful with deep structure. NLP has transformed this knowledge into various techniques and practices for a more effective communication and happier life.
At the end of the 18th century, German literature boasted a wide range of exemplary translations, especially from ancient literatures. When, a few decades later, translation theory began to flourish in Germany, translations like J.H. Voß’s “foreignizing” versions of Homer’s epic poems were considered as examples to be followed. Although today’s dominant translation theories – as, for instance, skopos theory – tend to advocate “domesticating” procedures, most translators of literary texts cling to the tradition established by (pre-) romantic German translators and philosophers like Voß or Schleiermacher, thus obviously meeting the expectations of the German reader.
“Translational turn” in the cultural studies and “the cultural turn” in the translation studies show that the term “culture” is very important in the literary translation. The key terms of a foreign culture play a great role in literary translation because of the intercultural dialogue. The translator must pay attention to the clash of cultural terms in the literary texts and in the translation. The literary translation helps to understand between cultures if it carefully handles the cultural terms of a foreign culture which is translated into a target culture. The cultural terms which belong to Turkish culture are to be understood by the readers of the target culture. As readers, we must read the literary texts with a “thick description” and we hope the literary texts help intercultural dialogue if they are translated into a foreign culture. The translator must see the cultural terms diachronically and synchronically.
Surrounding globalism , due to digital connections, is felt in all the fields of our life. Globalism causes changes in local conditions. However, there are also local realities and peope live with local conditions. As a result of this, according to R. Robertsson emerge “globalocalisation”. How is a language influenced from this “globalocalisation” process? This study trys to research with samples the changes in language as a consequence of globalocal interactions.
The life of humans goes on through the coincidence of time and space. Every human has a different environment in life. According to Otto Friedrich Bollnow, humans can have prosperous and healthy life if they set up a balance between their lives in and outside their homes. This idea has been confirmed in the German author Herrad Schenk’s ,,Am Ende” and the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk’s ,,Die Geschichte des Prinzen” (,,Das schwarze Buch”) . It is the aim of this study to examine comparatively this balance expressed in both books.
The century-long historical and political power exercised by the Ottoman Empire in Southern Europe has left deep scars in the Romanian culture and even in the Romanian language. Consequently, there is still an area in which the oriental world is very much alive and this is Dobrudja. The costal town Balchik, situated in Dobrudja, is intensely illustrated as a gateway to the Orient in the Romanian literature and paintings of the 1920s and 1930s. Nevertheless, the way the Romanian-German authors (Oskar Walter Cisek, Adolf Meschendörfer) deal with this charming oriental world represents an exception. Cisek’s interest for Balchik is instinctively stirred by the oriental-Balkan atmosphere of his hometown Bucharest: In the novel “Die Tatarin”/“The Tatar” (1929), the author identifies the foundation for “the discovery” of the oriental-Balkan influenced Romanian Black Sea coast in the local German-language literature.The honeymoon places the protagonists of Adolf Meschendörfer’s novel “Der Büffelbrunnen”/“The Bufallo-Fountain” (1935) in Mangea Punar, today Costineşti, a small town on the Romanian Black Sea coast, which in the interwar period was populated by the Germans from Banat. In this way, the oriental world of Dobrudja is integrated into the text. Compared to Oskar Walter Cisek’s Balchik, Mangea Punar is only one episode from all the events portrayed in the book, because the story of the novel is mostly set in Kronstadt (Brasov). Meschendörfer’s dealing with this exotic region represents a unique endeavor for the Transylvanian Saxon literature of the 20th Century.
The subject of this article is to research the Turkish and Turkey’s image presented in the coursebooks teaching German as a foreign language. From this point of view, most of the coursebooks produced with the aim of teaching German as a foreign language in the last 20-25 years have been examined, how these coursebooks present the Turks and Turkey’s image has been determined, and thus the Turkish image in the coursebooks has been summed up under four headings.
This is a linguistic study in which applied discourse analysis is used. It is functional comparison of argument examples, such as ‘Mesela’, ‘Örneğin’ and ‘Beispiel’, ‘Beispielsweise’ in authentic discourse texts. It has been observed wether both languages show the same function or not.
In this study, the student mistakes, in the collaborative writing project, will be discussed. The texts written in the computer lab are sent to the instructor through internet and the teacher underlines the mistakes made by learners and sends the texts back to the students. The students get feedback both from teachers and from peers when they are writing and correcting their mistakes. Since the learners are either in their preparatory or 1st year, the common mistakes made by the students are incorrect structure usage, inappropriate linguistic use, overgeneralizations or mother tongue transfers. These errors result from their limited foreign language knowledge.
Literaturwissenschaft und Translation : die Notwendigkeit translationswissenschaftlicher Theorien
(2010)
Translation activity has been the analyzing object of various disciplines, particularly Linguistics and Literature for centuries. The attempts of these disciplines to explain translation activity have always been inadequate. Holmes has drawn the attention to these problems by his paper which he has delivered at a congress in 1972 and emphasized the necessity of a new discipline. In the light of these developments, translation studies emerged in 70's and brought along many discussions. These discussions have revolved around the attempts of literature and lingusitics to explain translation activity. Starting question of our study is as follows; "Do the literary theories adequate enough to justify translation activities?" As an answer to our prompting question, this study aims to verify that literary theories are inadequate to explain and justify translation activity.
Despite the everyday presence of disasters in the media and a growing number of disaster movies made in Germany, there is only a small amount of disaster literature in contemporary German writing. This article aims to explore, how disasters are enacted in different ways in contemporary novels, film and media in German language by comparing Frank Schätzing’s beststeller “Der Schwarm”, Tomas Glavinic’s “Die Arbeit der Nacht” and the movie “Die Sturmflut.”
The "Turkish book" (Türckenbüchlein) took a place in the german literature, especially at the 16 th. century. War between these two cultures, has been one of the main elements determining for the image of the Turks in this age. These books, about the cruelties of the Turks, make the Christian society brave and call them to fight against the Turks. This article aims to illustrate the function of the books on the basis of representative exemples as Johannes Brenz and Bernhardin Türck.
Frauen- und Männerstimmen in Medien (Moderatorinnen und Moderatoren in Rundfunk und Fernsehen)
(2010)
Just 30 % of the effect of female and male speakers are activated by the lexems and sentences. 70 % are activated by paraverbal and extraverbal constituents. A deep voice is associated with authority and objectivity. We can realise this phenomenon at male voices. Women never reach such a deepness in their voices Their voice is sensed more expressive and it activates stereotypes like „emotional“ and „trivial“. The contents of female speakers are not taken as seriously as the contents of male speakers.
Türkische Germanistik: Alternativen für eine realitätsnahe, inhaltliche und methodische Gestaltung
(2010)
It seems that philologies function as the centers for teaching foreign language from the angle of society. Although this kind of idea is not totally true, some problems in practice take attention. Theoretical knowledge is given in the linguistics and literature classes, but analytical and critical suggestions are rarely made in the lectures. This situation creates a contradiction between the students and the transfer of scientific idea and knowledge. If the lessons are not student-centered they will not motivate students. Shortly, the relation between theory and practice should take its place in teaching.
For making students think critically in literature and linguistics classes, from the respect of method and content, the subjects in the lessons should be questioned and discussed. But historical prejudices belonging to cultures should not be evaluated radically. Turkish Germanistics should be shaped in the respect of theory and content by thinking globally but not violating the essential principles of germanistics.
The article shows that Heinrich Rückert is one of the most interesting voices within the corpus of texts showing German encounters with Islam in the 19th century. While actual reflections on the European and American relation to Islam are largely influenced by a point of view stressing a “Clash of Civilisations” (Samuel Huntington), especially after 9/11, Rückert's occupation with the texts and poems of Mevlana Rumi shows that the humanistic and poetic implications of Rumi’s work helped Rückert to find a poetic language that placed itself in the tradition of Goethes’s “West-östlicher Divan” and a German pantheism that is to be seen in the context of the “Spinoza renaissance” at the beginning of the 19th century. Islamic culture is in Rückert’s work a part of the heritage of mankind and of a humanism that goes far beyond the limits of eurocentrism.
During 1933 and 1939, the Swiss author, journalist and photographer Annemarie Schwarzenbach visited the so-called »Orient« four times. In the intellectual history of the West this part of the world was considered the topography of the »Other«. So the model of dichotomy between the two sexes, predominating the society of the 19th century, got an equivalent outside. A male and strong Europe was opposed to a female and weak East so that the »Orient« became the embodiment of challenging sexuality and devoted feminity. First Schwarzenbach regarded Turkey just as one station of the first and last journey on her way to Persia and Afghanistan, but in her texts it turns out to be a country, which is characterized by a male force („eine männliche Kraft“). Turkey’s female inhabitants get a specific role: They are the standard according to which women from other countries are described. For the European protagonists Turkey is the starting point of their search to a border („Schwelle“) to cross. This process also shifts the established borders of hegemonic discourses. Categories like »me« versus »the other« or »own« versus »strange« become deconstructed for the benefit of polyphonic concepts of identity, which in turn include breaks and contradictions. Thus the literary subject moves between finding and dissolving itself. The article demonstrates that Schwarzenbach´s texts about Turkey include writing techniques that evolve different processes regarding the identity of gender and culture.
The argument that worldwide globalization will lead to a cultural homogenization is rarely acceptable for literary translation. German authors are still translated into Turkish, and the classics are retranslated. In view of Translation Studies, retranslations are very interesting because for being justified they are required to be superior to previous translation(s). This challenge is especially immense if it is the translation of an author like Heinrich von Kleist, whose narrative language is not only well-known but also exceptional. The aim of this study is to analyze the individual strategies of the Turkish translators and to demonstrate on examples whether they had been successful on their aim to satisfy Kleist’s specific literary style. The study is done on the example of the novella “Die Marquise von O...” (1808). For the analysis, the translations of Melâhat Togar (1952), Alev Yalnız (1992) and Ayalp Talun İnce (2004) are examined with regard to their distinctive strengths and weaknesses.
In Turkey currently there are about 20 Translation Studies departments with over 4000 students in six different languages. All these departments generally include a final project in their curriculum in the last two semesters, where the students have to prove their translation competence. In the literature and at the web sites of the Translation Studies departments in Turkey and abroad there is very little teaching material about these final projects while these projects are invaluable for the prospective translators. Therefore these projects have to be arranged as very functional, effective and representative of the translation reality. While the connection to the real translation market is assured, the students have to demonstrate their translation competence. Thus all Translation Studies departments have to consider these conditions and to organize this course under the real conditions of translation market and taking into consideration translation theory as well.
The main theme in the three scenes and one stage theatre play called "Lawyers" which was written by Rolf Hochhuth in 1980 is "death". The date in the play goes back to May 1978 when the body of the Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was found. In the play, the minister Heilmeyer is a lawyer like his daughter Tina and his prospective son-in-law Dieter. However, Heilmeyer worked as a judge at the times of Hitler's Germany. It is seen that lawyers from two different generations encounter topics like death, death sentence, suicide, right to kill and survive. Hochhuth not only questions his own society with a critical attitude and but also he keeps on becoming the conscience of the society with the chronological narrative and the play in which the ideas are associated. The play is analyzed in the light of the perspectives of social reality and readers.
The mediation of German cultural studies has become a firm component of the foreign language lessons, because without knowledge about the culture of the target language communication cannot succeed. However, the aim of the study of the German cultural study lessons should not be to provide a comprehensive picture for the purposes of the actual study of the culture and geography, but to choose from the contents with the help of which then an intercultural competence can be developed. The concept "German cultural studies" is extended by the component "intercultural", so that now we speak of „German cultural and intercultural studies“. This contribution would like to point out which developments the field „German cultural and intercultural studies“ has taken in Turkey and which role the study of intercultural aspects plays in the German lessons at school and in the teacher advanced training. Furthermore this contribution would like to introduce the teaching draughts which were sketched for the teaching field “German cultural and intercultural studies” in the German teacher training. Moreover, it should be discussed with which subjects and methodical possibilities the learning aim of an intercultural competence can be reached.
This article compares the noun plural systems of ten Germanic languages focusing on the number of allomorphs, their formal shape and the assignment principles used for allomorph distribution. It further aims at identifying the interrelating factors, categories, and features decisive for the very different ways in which plural allomorphy is organized in languages of the same origin. The major relevant factors are pointed out with special emphasis on the role of gender, semantic and rhythmic assignment, and the role of high token frequency. On formal grounds, the fusion vs. separation of case and number as well as the role of zero morphology vs. redundant marking, of stem alternation and the direction of influence between stem and affix are discussed.
In den letzten Jahren hat es sich durch die Globalisierung bemerkbar gemacht, dass heute die Grenzen zwischen verschiedenen Wissenschaftszweigen sowie Literatur, Kultur und Politik aufgehoben wurden. Die Globalisierung verursachte daher eine unaufhörliche Ausweitung der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen. Unter dem Lichte des oben angeführten verdichteten sozialen Beeinflussungsprozesses erreicht der Zeitmensch eine neue d.h. zeitgemäße Wahrnehmungswelt, die zur Globalisierung parallel lief. In diesem Zusammenhang habe ich die inhaltlichen Gemeinsamkeiten der problematischen Seelenzustände in Bezug auf Individualproblematik der betreffenden Texte „Ist Es Eine Komödie Ist Es Eine Tragödie?“ von Th. Bernhard (1931-1989) und „Die Oper Auf Der Strasse“ von S.K. Aksal (1920-1993) in die Hand genommen. Das Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die sinnlosen und problematischen Lebensabschnitte in den oben genannten Kurzgeschichten aus der Sicht des fähigen und talentierten Lesers zustande zu bringen und erst durch die interkulturellen Zusammenhänge die gemeinsamen Menschen- und Zeitfragen durch die kritische Lektüre der Texte dem Leser nahe zu bringen. Meine Arbeitsmethode ist eben deswegen Leserorientierte, psychoanalytische Annäherung und Komparatistik als Untersuchungsform.
Translation is an intercultural and literary process. The intertextuality of each literary translation depends on the difference of the cultural context. It is important to respect a double difference, on the one hand the poetic and on the other hand the cultural variance. This is the result of many theories on current translations. George Steiner and Peter Utz are of the opinion that we can compare translations with interpretations of fiction because both are not completed and time-dependent. The process of interpretation of fiction as well as the translation are both parts of a hermeneutic process. The only difference is that the translation represents the meaning of the original of the fiction whereas the interpretation creates and documents a reading process.
Due to the cultural and technological improvement in daily life, technological terms such as New Media Instruments gain more popularity among the foreign language didactics. In the media society the medium of instruction book is pushed for a function change. Pupils or students are continuously confronted outside of class with a variety of different media. Today we can clearly speak of new teaching and learning tools. The reciprocal effect of language policy and educational factors that shape the relationship between language and text books, lead in the case of German in a non-defined language policy. This constellation is also reflected in the design of textbooks. When you consider that textbooks are intimately linked with the education targets of a country and the practical learner expectations, then this seems today perhaps in a premature stage. On the one hand, the knowledge about the operation of related equipment and their applications, or the ability to be able to bring into use, are necessary and on the other hand, the technical competence of German as a foreign language is highly required. The attempt would enter with little skill in a personal and comprehensive online project fail for many Germanists even from the technical point of view and with some certainty. This begs the question: Is in fact the digital environment inevitable?
Writing was to be processed for Christa Wolf always important impulse of conflicts and crises and be argued with experiences. The reunification of Germany and the fast agreement process belong to their most important experiences. In its novel “Medea.Stimmen” refers it in the mythischen garb to the socio-political change, which is realized by the two countries Colchis and Corinth. The present work points first the personal experiences out of the author shortly before and after the reunification and it examines the two countries Kolchis and Korinth under the aspect of their radical change phase, represented in the novel, in order to then light up their effect on the literary figures.
The paper focuses on experience gained at the university of Hildesheim (Germany) where a modular course programme has been introduced which concentrates on less frequently learnt European languages, such as Dutch, Danish, Portuguese and Italian, putting into practice relevant results of research in the field of Contrastive Linguistics. The paper ends with a presentation of the outline of a Turkish reading course for German learners, raising the question to what extent experience gained by comparing and teaching Indo-European languages can be applied to fundamentally different languages like German and Turkish.
Learner autonomy has been discussed since the 70th in the last century. It was argued, that learners should be familiar with foreign language learning, because language learning will get more and more important in a society of the future. So even after school time people should be able to develop foreign language skills without any formal teaching. In recent time a new concept has been added: teacher autonomy. Learner autonomy and teacher autonomy are interdependent. In other words: We can not develop learner autonomy without developing teacher autonomy. Our discussion starts with some simple facts. Gordon Wells observed in his famous Bristol Project several children for more than ten years and compared their language development and learning behaviour in two contexts: school and families. Interesting differences have been found. On the one hand children are more initiative and more curious in the family context. On the other hand they loose more and more initiatives through school experiences. The concepts of learner autonomy and teacher autonomy and consequences for teacher training will be discussed in the context of these findings.
The conference paper interprets Spinoza's concept of “sola scriptura” as a reductio ad absurdum of historicalcritical approaches to text interpretation. It shows that despite Spinoza's emphasis on the revelatory function of scripture and despite his claim that there is only one method of reading it, he intently and distinctly undermines this very hermeneutics as unreliable and incompatible with both reason and truth. The text follows the central intuition that for Spinoza, this insuffiency of hermeneutics accounts for its political potential, as a means of uncoupling politics and theology.
»Viele Buchstaben haben einen Bauch, einen Kopf, sind schlank oder fett«, schreibt der Typograph Kurt Weidemann in einer Vorlesung über Wahrnehmung, Ideenfindung und Gestaltgebung. »Das Umlegen eines Buchstabens zum Sichtbarmachen des Totseins übersetzt die Figur des Buchstabens ins Menschliche.« Damit führt uns Weidemann zum Thema, nämlich dem menschlichen Antlitz der Buchstaben, ihrer Anatomie, die offenbar der des Menschen so ähnlich ist, bis hin zur Entfaltung einer Bedeutung, die allein auf ihre Gestalt oder Anmutung zurückgeht und nicht nur auf das, was ein Autor ihnen in der Aneinanderreihung von Wörtern und Sätzen zuschreibt. […] Tatsächlich ist Weidemann nicht der erste, der eine Beziehung zwischen Typographie und menschlichem Körper hergestellt hat. Geofroy Torys „Champ Fleury“, in Paris 1529 gedruckt, ist vordergründig eine Abhandlung über Buchstaben und ihre Formen, bei genauerer Lektüre jedoch viel mehr als das. […] Seine Abhandlung gibt die Gelegenheit, einen Wahrnehmungsakt aus der frühen Neuzeit mit Text-Mensch-Relationen der Gegenwart in Verbindung zu bringen. Ich wähle für meine kurze Betrachtung des Verhältnisses von Schrift und Schriftgestaltung, Beschreibemedium und Bedeutung zwei Werke, zwischen deren Publikation fast 500 Jahre liegen. Champ Fleury ist ein Produkt der Renaissance, und den Film Memento aus dem Jahr 2000 und inszeniert von Christopher Nolan ist ein Produkt unserer postmodernen Gegenwart.
Es waren gleich drei Gebetbücher, die im Jahr 1786 von jüdischen Aufklärern herausgegeben wurden. Zuerst erschien Isaak Satanows hebräische Gebetbuchausgabe Tefilot Jisrael, als deren zweiter Teil David Friedländers deutsche Übersetzung der Gebete der Juden auf das ganze Jahr in hebräischen Buchstaben herausgegeben wurde und schließlich folgte Isaak Euchels deutsche Übersetzung der Gebete der hochdeutschen und polnischen Juden in gotischen Lettern. Auch wenn der Titel von Euchels Übersetzung danach klingt, handelte es sich nicht um die täglichen Gebete nach deutschem und polnischen Ritus, einem Sidur minhag aschkenas, sondern um allgemeine Gebetbücher. Die Übersetzungen beinhalten Gebete für die Feier- und Festtage sowie die Sprüche der Väter (Pirkej avot beziehungsweise Masechet avot), die üblicherweise im Machsor enthalten sind, und sie verzichten auf die Aufnahme von Pijjutim, folgen somit auch keinem bestimmten Ritus. Konsequenterweise betitelte Euchel seine zweite Ausgabe von 1799 simpel mit Gebete der Juden. ...
Solange es nur um die großen Namen unter ihren Beiträger geht, gehört die „Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung“ zum Prominentesten in Literatur und Philosophie um 1800: Kant und Fichte zählen dazu, Schiller und August Wilhelm Schlegel. Auch sind, obwohl es sich hier ausschließlich um Rezensionen, also Sekundärliteratur handelt, einige ihrer Beiträge in den Kanon eingerückt: allen voran Schillers Bürger-Rezension. Ebenso ist Kants Besprechung von Herders „Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit“ über den Kreis der Kant-Spezialisten hinaus gegenwärtig. Dass hier bedeutende Namen über bedeutende Werke schreiben: das hielt die Erinnerung an die „A. L. Z.“ in einer an Namen und Werken orientierten Literatur- und Philosophiegeschichtsschreibung wach. Allerdings nur als Quellenangabe. Denn die Texte selbst liest man längst in den Werkausgaben, in die all das eingegangen ist, was der Germanistik und der akademischen Philosophie an der „A. L. Z.“ wichtig erschien. Die Zeitschriftenforschung, die alternativ zur Personen- und Werkgeschichte nach der eigenen Kontur dieses Mediums fragt, hat sich die „A. L. Z.“ noch kaum vorgenommen. Noch die jüngeren Beiträge, die ausdrücklich über diese Zeitschrift und nicht nur über deren berühmte Beiträger reden wollen, halten sich an Namen. So ist sie zum einen als Promulgator des Kantianismus vorgestellt worden, zum anderen als Kontrasthintergrund, von dem sich die Polemik der Brüder Schlegel abhebt.
"Dieser Beitrag zum Tagungsthema "Krieg, Helden und Antihelden im Mittelalter" beginnt mit einer Skizze der leitenden Interessen der ersten deutschen Geschichtsdichtung am Krieg und am kriegerischen Heldentum (I). Als Gegenentwurf und Korrektiv zu der bekanntlich auch vom "Annolied" kritisierten heroischen Geschichte wird dann die Kain-Abel-Mythe in der Auslegung durch Aurelius Augustinus herangezogen (II.). Die Rezeption der biblischen Erzählung vom Brudermord im "Heliand" (III.), in der "Wiener Genesis" und der "Weltchronik" des Jans Enikel (IV.) Iässt erkennen, dass diese Ursprungsgeschichte das Nachdenken über die eingeschliffenen Rechtfertigungen des Tötens ("homicidiurn") immer wieder neu entfacht hat. Klare Motivierung, namentlich Mutmaßungen über Defizite oder niedere Motive, ermöglichten wohl die Zuweisung von Schuld und die moralische Ausgrenzung des Täters. Der Blick auf eine Episode im "Willehalm" Wolframs von Eschenbach zeigt jedoch, wie vielschichtig und eng miteinander verflochten die Opfer- und Täterrollen sein können. Zuschreibung von Schuld und Unschuld erweist sich unter solchen Vorzeichen als Akt der Selbstrechtfertigung (V.)."
"Das zwischen dem Herbst 1989 und dem 3. Oktober 1990 entstandene literarische Material, das von einer vielfältigen Haltung der DDR-Intellektuellen zur deutschen Wiedervereinigung zeugt, scheint mir [...] besonders wichtig. Die Textsammlung [Grenzfallgedichte : eine deutsche Anthologie] - etwa 100 Gedichte - die hier kurz besprochen wird, bildet einen vielstimmigen Kommentar, manchmal genau datiert, zu den politischen Ereignissen jener Zeitspanne, in der sich der Lauf der deutschen Geschichte radikal verändert hat."
"Die erste deutschsprachige Monolognovelle war zunachst vor allem ein Medienereignis im Zeitalter beginnender Massenkommunikation. Während, so Arthur Schnitzler rückblickend, die Lesung von "Lieutenant Gustl" Ende November 1900 in der Literarischen Vereinigung in Breslau unaufgeregt zur Kenntnis genommen worden war, wirkte ihr Druck am 25. Dezember in der Weihnachtsbeilage der "Neuen Freien Presse" explosiv. Ein Grund liegt in der besonderen Rolle, die die "Neue Freie Presse" in der Öffentlichkeit spielte. Ihr Feuilleton wie auch die Beilagen zu den hohen Festtagen waren ein Schauplatz öffentlicher Aufmerksamkeit. [...] Es waren [...] maßgeblich das besondere Datum und der exponierte Ort der bedeutendsten Zeitung der Monarchie, die dem "Lieutenant Gustl" zu einer Prominenz verhalfen, von der aus alles Weitere seinen Ausgang nahm."
"Die folgenden Überlegungen zum "Andreas" sind von Hofmannsthals Diktum ausgelöst, "dass auf einem gesunden Selbstgefühl (...) das ganze Dasein ruht." [...] Denn im Dilemma der unbewältigten Identität einer höchst fragilen literarischen Gestalt auf intensiver Suche nach dem Selbst scheint mir die Problemzone des Romanvorhabens zu liegen."
Recent critical discussions of German migrant and post-migrant literature has repeatedly focussed on the phenomenon of the exotic: where some writers seem consciously to exoticise their writing, exaggerating myths about Oriental culture and thus highlighting differences between East and West, perhaps with the aim of making foreigners exciting, likeable or deserving of sympathy, others react against this, rejecting clichés and highlighting continuities, apparently with the aim of making cultural boundaries traversable. Both are understandable strategies tor dealing with displacement. ln this context l should like to adopt a term from quite a different discipline. Bultmanns concept of demythologising. ln theology, demythologising means dissectting the "myth" - the sacred but implausible narrative - to distil from it a kerygmatic truth. If we regard the exotic as being, in this technical sense, the "myth", then it is not entirely devoid of a relationship to reality, but it cannot simply be read as "teal". Thus demythologising is the opposite process to exoticising. Drawing on satirical texts by four Turkish-German writers and cabaretts, this paper looks at ways in which this ethnic minority can use ironic self-depiction to capture and defuse the stereotypes with which it is confronted. Under the rubric "cold turkey", that is, Turkishness without the psychedelics, it shows how the satirists transpose clichés into everyday situations, where they become absurd. The paper’s conclusion is likely to be that hybrid communities are inevitably torn between a desire to highlight demarcation lines (exoticism) and a need to accentuate the potential for assimilation (demythologising). Humour, which in any case has a tendency either to underline or to debunk stereotypes, serves as a highly effective tool for working out this dichotomy, and as all four satirists have successfully reached main-stream German audiences, it would also appear to be a key mechanism in achieving intet-cultural understanding.
"What characterizes the literature of the transition? ln the late medieval period the forms and aspirations of literary endeavor stood in clear continuity with those of the High Middle Ages; but they were also rapidly expanding in scope, with many innovations that would become important for the Renaissance and the Rcformation. [...] Bringing all these elements under a common denominator we may say that the intellectual life of the centuries of transition showed a great openness to new ideas - an openness that stands in contrast both to the more rigid cognitive hierarchies of the High Middle Ages and to the entrenched positions of the Reformation. The resulting diversification of German literature reveals itself in the new forms of writing pioneered by new classes of writers for ever-widening circles of readers. We shall observe this increased diversity in the traditional centers of literary production, the court and the cloister, but even more so in the new literary world of the cities. And we shall see the parallel rise of Iewish literary awareness as belonging in die same broad context."
Als ein Werk des Deutschen Ordens wurde die 'Mitteldeutschen Hiob-Paraphrase' im Jahre 1338 vermutlich in PreuBen vollendet. Die Hiobgeschichte wird hier Vers um Vers nacherzählt, wohl mit dem Ziel, das schwierige Bibelbuch dem noch lateinunkundigen Klosternachwuchs zugänglich zu machen. Alle 42 Kapitel des biblischen Hiobbuches werden hier vollständig in deutsche Verse übersetzt und ausgelegt. Unser Dichter hatte eine lateinische Bibel vor sich mit der 'Glossa ordinaria' am Rand, und die Glosse ist stellenweise mitparaphrasiert worden. Teilweise steht die Exegese in deutlich abgegrenzten, den Text unterbrechenden Einschüben, in denen die Stimme des Dichters den Leser unmittelbar unterrichtet, teilweise aber verschmilzt sie mit den Bibelworten, wobei Hiob und seine Freunde sich selbst kommentieren. Der Text ist aus mehreren Gründen wesentlich länger geworden als die biblische Vorlage. Fast jedes Wort des Bibeltextes wird übersetzt, und die Versform erschwert eine knappe Formulierung. Wichtiges wird zwei- oder dreimal wiederholt und neuer Stoff hinzuefügt. Aber vor allem die Erklärungen und Auslegungen des Dichters tragen dazu bei, daB sich das Werk zu einer Länge von mehr als 15 000 Zeilen ausdehnt und an die Stelle der Poesie des hebräischen Werkes, die noch die lateinische Fassung prägt, ein durchaus lehrhafter Ton tritt. Die außerordentliche Vielfalt des Wortschatzes mit seinem relativ hohen Anteil an 'hapax legomena' macht das Werk für Sprachwissenschaftler besonders interessant, ein Charakteristikum übrigens, das es mit dem hebräischen Urtext gerneinsam hat. Der langatmige didaktische Stil hat jedoch dazu geführt, daß es von Literaturwissenschaftlern kaum untersucht worden ist.
"Im Jahre 1631 schreibt Melchior Goldast "von Haiminsfeld" einen kurzen Brief aus Frankfurt am Main an seinen jüngeren Zeitgenossen Martin Opitz "von Boberfeld", in dem er dessen Komplimete erwidert. Schon seit langer Zeit bewundert er Opitz' Geist. Er spricht von seinen und von Opitz' laufenden Arbeiten, von seinen Plänen für seine berühmte Bibliothek, und am Schluß auch von seiner eigenen Festschrift, die ein ungenannter Freund für ihn herauszugeben beabsichtigte - ob Opitz vielleicht einige Verse beisteuern wollte? Dieser vor kurzem entdeckte und einzige erhaltene Brief aus dem Goldast-Opitz-Schriftwechsel bezeugt, daß der Respekt, den Opitz beispielsweise in seinem Annolied-Kommentar mehrfach vor Goldast äußerte, auf Gegenseitigkeit beruhte. [...]"
Die Optimierung von Fuzzy-Zielfunktionen in Fuzzy-(Mehrziel-)LP-Systemen - Ein kritischer Überblick
(2007)
Klassische Programmierungsmodelle benötigen eindeutig bestimmte Koeffizienten und exakt festgelegte Restriktionsgrenzen. Um eine Fehlmodellierung zu vermeiden, ist daher in der Regel eine umfangreiche Informationsaufnahme und -verarbeitung notwendig. Oft wird man dennoch bei Realproblemen einige der Modellparameter nur größenordnungsmäßig angeben können. Während in den klassischen Modellen nur der Weg bleibt, diese ungenauen Größen durch "Mittelwerte" zu ersetzen, bieten Fuzzy-Modelle die Möglichkeit, die subjektiven Vorstellungen eines Entscheiders so präzise zu modellieren, wie dieser es ausdrücken will und kann. Das Risiko, mit einem falschen Bild der Realität zu arbeiten und Lösungen auszuwählen, die nicht dem Realproblem entsprechen, wird somit deutlich reduziert. Beschränken wir die Betrachtung auf den am häufigsten benutzten Modelltyp, die Linearen Programmierungsmodelle, so lässt sich eine Fuzzy-Erweiterung allgemein durch das nachfolgende Fuzzy Lineare Programmierungs-Modelle (FLP-Modell) ausdrücken. ...
Im weiteren Teil dieses Einleitungsartikels werde ich […] auf einige offene Fragen in der Argumentationstheorie generell eingehen und dann auf solche, die speziell durch die beiden Arbeiten in diesem Arbeitspapier aufgeworfen wurden. Danach werde ich auf die Wahl des Datenmaterials eingehen und auf die speziellen Probleme, die das gewählte Medium (Internet-Forum) mit sich bringt. Anschließend werden sowohl konvergente als auch divergente Ergebnisse der beiden Arbeiten diskutiert, letztere insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Frage, ob sie durch den unterschiedlichen Diskussionsgegenstand bedingt sind. Zum Schluss werden dann noch einige terminologische Details angesprochen.