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Counter to the often assumed division of labour between content and function words, we argue that both types of words have lexical content in addition to their logical content. We propose that the difference between the two types of words is a difference in degree. We conducted a preliminary study of quantificational determiners with methods from Distributional Semantics, a computational approach to natural language semantics. Our findings have implications both for distributional and formal semantics. For distributional semantics, they indicate a possible avenue that can be used to tap into the meaning of function words. For formal semantics, they bring into light the context-sensitive, lexical aspects of function words that can be recovered from the data even when these aspects are not overtly marked. Such pervasive context-sensitivity has profound implications for how we think about meaning in natural language.
A translation process is often seen as only a simple code exchange, but, in fact, it always requires an adaptation of terms, expressions, and structures, which is not exactly straightforward. This paper describes the process of translating and adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Brazilian Portuguese. A brief description of the project, concerning both historic and linguistic aspects, was done in order to emphasize the cultural and linguistic challenges faced during the process.
Korean is a generalized classifier language where classifiers are required for numerals to combine with nominals. This paper presents a number construction where the classifier is absent and the numeral appears prenominally. This construction, which I call the classifier-less number construction (Cl-less NC), results in a definite or a partitive reading where the referent must be familiar: ‘the two women’ or ‘two of the women’. In order to account for this, I argue that Korean postnominal number constructions are ambiguous between a plain number construction and a partitive construction. After motivating and proposing an analysis for the partitive structure, I argue that Cl-less NC is derived from the partitive construction, explaining its distributional restriction and the interpretation.
The goal of this paper is to evaluate two approaches to quantification in event semantics, namely the analysis of quantificational DPs in terms of generalized quantifiers and the analysis proposed in Schein (1993) according to which quantifiers over individuals contain an existential quantifier over sub-events in their scope. Both analyses capture the fact that the event quantifier always takes scope under quantifiers over individuals (the Event Type Principle in Landman (2000)), but the sub-events analysis has also been argued to be able to account for some further data, namely for adverbs qualifying ‘ensemble’ events and for mixed cumulative/ distributive readings. This paper shows that the sub-events analysis also provides a better account of the Event Type Principle if a broader range of data is considered, including cases with non-existential quantifiers over events: unlike the generalized quantifiers analysis, it can successfully account for the interpretation of indefinites in bare habituals and sentences that contain overt adverbs of quantification.
This paper briefly presents the current situation of bilingualism in the Philippines, specifically that of Tagalog-English bilingualism. More importantly, it describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Tagalog, the basis of Filipino, which is the country’s national language. Finally, the results of a pilot study conducted on Tagalog-English bilingual children and adults (N=27) are presented. The results showed that Story Structure is similar across the two languages and that it develops significantly with age.
This paper is about what Ninan (2014) (following Wollheim 1980) calls the Acquaintance Inference (AI): a firsthand experience requirement imposed by several subjective expressions such as Predicates of Personal Taste (PPTs) (delicious). In general, one is entitled to calling something delicious only upon having tried it. This requirement can be lifted, disappearing in scope of elements that we will call obviators. The paper investigates the patterns of AI obviation for PPTs and similar constructions (e.g., psych predicates and subjective attitudes). We show that the cross-constructional variation in when acquaintance requirements can be obviated presents challenges for previous accounts of the AI (Pearson 2013, Ninan 2014). In place of these, we argue for the existence of two kinds of acquaintance content: (i) that of bare PPTs; and (ii) that of psych predicates, subjective attitudes and overt experiencer PPTs.
For (i), we propose that the AI arises from an evidential restriction that is dependent on a parameter of interpretation which obviators update. For (ii), we argue that the AI is a classic presupposition. We model both (i) and (ii) using von Fintel and Gillies’s (2010) framework for directness and thus connect two strands of research: that on PPTs and that on epistemic modals. Both phenomena are sensitive to a broad direct-indirect distinction, and analyzing them along similar lines can help shed light on how natural language conceptualizes evidence in general.
This paper describes Estonian version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Estonian. A short description of Estonian, some challenges in the adapting MAIN to Estonian, the first experiences of using the Estonian MAIN and a summary of the first results are presented.
This contribution provides an overview of the current state of affairs with respect to the Dutch version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). We describe properties of the Dutch MAIN, the creation of the Dutch MAIN, and the results of recent research with this new instrument to measure narrative competence.
This article takes the renowned study "Der Akt des Lesens" (1976) by Wolfgang Iser and its translation "The Act of Reading" (1978) as its starting point. The differences between the two texts are discussed in terms of Iser's own idea of translatability as a cultural practice that was outlined in the short text "On Translatability". This theoretical frame will shed light on the decisions made in his own translations, and will help to develop a conceptualization of self-translation as a practice inherent in cultural change. [...] I will propose a combination of two concepts, Iser's 'translatability' (in II.) and the notion of 'autocommunication' by Lotman (III.), to suggest a concept of self-translation that entails three interrelated aspects: a) translation as a rewriting of the text as such, b) translation as continued work on one's argument as well as c) the re-translation back to the original source as a manifestation of a change in one's thought structure - Änderungen der eigenen Denkstruktur, as one of Werner Heisenberg's papers is entitled, and to which I will come back in my conclusion (IV.). Hence, the focus is mainly systematic and conceptual, however, I will first comment on my example of self- and re-translation and start with a comparison of different versions of Iser's "Der Akt des Lesens" and the shorter texts that led to the actual monograph.
Adapting MAIN to Arabic
(2020)
Goldsteins Karriere in den USA startete mit wichtigen Publikationen in der neuen Sprache und vollzog sich nahezu vollständig in der Fremdsprache, deutsche Aufsätze verzeichnet seine Bibliographie nach seiner Emigration nur ganz vereinzelt. [...] Auf der Ebene des bibliographischen Befundes handelte es sich also um einen nahezu vollständigen Übergang in die fremde Sprache unter bruchlos fortlaufender Publikationstätigkeit, an dessen Nahtstelle die Übersetzung seines wichtigsten Buches stand. [...] Aus der "Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen" war "A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man" geworden. Das amerikanische Buch war keine 'Einführung' mehr, keine 'Introduction', sondern bereits der Untertitel signalisierte eine besondere Perspektive auf die Biologie. [...] Dabei liegt Goldsteins Originalität darin - so der erste Teil der These, die in diesem Aufsatz aus dem Vergleich des deutschen Originals mit der englischen Übersetzung entwickelt werden soll -, dass er aus seinen akribischen empirischen Beobachtungen eine neue epistemologische Perspektive auf organismische Prozesse entwickelt hat, mit der er zugleich die alten ontologischen Diskussionen um eine den Lebensphänomenen und den lebenden Systemen eigene Wesenheit überwunden zu haben hoffte. Genau diese Stoßrichtung verschleiert aber der entscheidende Zusatz zur englischen Übersetzung, wenn sie diesen 'approach' als 'holistisch' charakterisiert. Denn Holismus und Ganzheitlichkeit stehen typischerweise für jene ontologische Richtung des Vitalismus, gegen die sich Goldstein wiederholt explizit gewandt und die im Buch vor allem als Kritik an Hans Drieschs Entelechie-Lehre ihre Spuren hinterlassen hatte. Goldsteins epistemologische Neuausrichtung der Biologie hatte auch hinter seiner Distanz zur Psychoanalyse gestanden - bzw. sie theoretisch legitimiert, weil er wie viele seiner neuropsychiatrischen Kollegen die Verabsolutierung sexueller Motive seitens der Psychoanalyse nicht mitvollziehen wollte. 'Triebe' oder 'Instinkte' konnten als empirische Beschreibungen biologischer Verhaltensweisen durchaus ihre Zwecke erfüllen, aber wenn daraus eigene Entitäten wurden, war damit der Schritt von der Epistemologie zur Ontologie vollzogen, den Goldstein zu vermeiden suchte, weil seine Theorie des Organismus gerade auf die Differenz zwischen beiden wissenschaftlichen Perspektiven abhob. Der zweite Teil der These lautet deshalb, dass die englische Übersetzung von Goldsteins Buch maßgeblich seine Rezeption als holistischer Biophilosoph und damit als ontologischer Vitalist gebahnt hat. Diese entscheidende Verschiebung, die eigentlich im Widerspruch zur Präzisierung von 'Einführung' durch 'approach' steht, wurde vom Haupttitel noch verstärkt, weil hier gerade umgekehrt die epistemologische Perspektive fallengelassen wurde, die dem - zugegebenermaßen unübersetzbaren - Wort 'Aufbau' eingeschrieben war, während das selbstständig gewordene Wort 'Organismus' nun in der Tat eine Erörterung seines Wesens anzukündigen schien. [...] Vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung von Goldsteins Anschauungen erscheint die englische Übersetzung des Organismus-Buchs als Wendepunkt von einer Vitalismus-skeptischen und epistemologischen Form der Biophilosophie zu einer affirmativ-vitalistischen, ontologischen Position.
This paper describes the current state of affairs concerning the West Frisian adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). We provide a short description of the West Frisian language, the process of adapting MAIN into West Frisian and the results of recent research using this adaptation.
What is the effect of weathering in a confined space? What if this space is the bathroom of the famous Mexican painter Frida Kahlo? Writer Mario Bellatin and photographer Graciela Iturbide venture into this once intimate room and through a series of artistic interventions breathe new life into it. The logic of the archive is their guiding principle: in order to preserve what has been locked away and stored, it must be exposed and put to new uses.
The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN; Gagarina, et al., 2019) to Catalan contributes to advancing our knowledge of the development of children’s narrative skills in a diversity of languages using the same protocol, making it possible to evaluate narratives also in Catalan-speakers. The adaptation of MAIN will be very useful in Catalonia, because it is a region where two official languages (Catalan and Spanish) coexist, Catalan being the language of schooling, so that most of the population is bilingual. However, currently there is no instrument for assessing narrative skills that allows for parallel assessment of Catalan in bilingual children. For these reasons, this adaptation will be of great value to promote the study of narratives in the bilingual population considering Catalan within the possible language combinations. The present paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Catalan and reports results from the first pilot study using the Catalan MAIN.
Zwar verfasste und veröffentlichte Schlegel das Gros seiner Schriften auf Deutsch, mehrere wichtige Publikationen erschienen aber auf Französisch und Latein. Schlegels berühmte Übersetzungsleistungen und seine mehrsprachige Publikationspraxis legen die Vermutung nahe, er habe sich als Selbstübersetzer betätigt, um etwa seine deutschsprachigen Schriften für ein internationales Publikum zugänglich zu machen. Dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall: Entweder wurden seine Schriften von Dritten übersetzt, mit oder ohne Mitwirkung des Autors, oder er selbst hat die jeweilige Schrift direkt in der Fremdsprache verfasst. Diese Sprachwahl ist meines Erachtens ein wesentlicher Grundzug von Schlegels Publikationsstrategie. Schlegel übersetzte seine Schriften weder selbst noch gab er sie als Selbstübersetzungen an. Und trotzdem lässt sich bei Schlegel das Phänomen der Selbstübersetzung feststellen. Denn er übernahm frühere Gedanken, Ausdrücke und Botschaften in neue, in einer anderen Sprache verfasste Schriften und passte sie dem Zielpublikum an. So tauchen äquivalente Textpassagen, seien es einzelne Sätze, seien es ganze Absätze, in Texten auf, die in unterschiedlichen Sprachen verfasst wurden. Diese Selbstübersetzungen spiegeln auf einer interlingualen Ebene die enge intertextuelle Vernetzung seines scheinbar disparaten Werks wider und sind eng mit analogen intralingualen Verfahren wie Kommentieren, Paraphrasieren, Zusammenfassen oder Zitieren verbunden, die Schlegels Schreib- und Arbeitsweise prägen. Seine Texte zeichnen sich durch eine starke Selbstreferenz aus, die über die häufig vorkommenden und selten ausgewiesenen Selbstzitate sowie die Übernahme und Weiterentwicklung bereits an anderer Stelle ausformulierter Gedanken hinausgeht. Zunächst soll Schlegels selbstreferentielle Schreibweise anhand eines kurzen zweisprachigen Textvergleichs veranschaulicht werden (I.). Anschließend wird im Hauptteil dieses Beitrags (II.) Schlegels Selbstübersetzung anhand der "Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d'Euripide" und der Wiener Vorlesungen "Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur" beleuchtet. In einem abschließenden Abschnitt (III.) soll die mehrsprachige Publikationspraxis hinterfragt und die Bedeutung der Sprachwahl für Schlegels Denken erläutert werden.
This paper gives an introduction to the Cantonese adaptation of Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), which is part of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery. We here discuss the motivation for adapting this assessment instrument into Cantonese, the adaptation process itself and potential contexts for use of the Cantonese MAIN.
This paper presents the adaptation of MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilinguals. The Gondi and Halbi communities and the context in which Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilingual children are growing up are described, and the adaptation process is outlined together with its theoretical underpinnings. Finally, results from a study of 54 Halbi-Hindi bilinguals from Grade 3 (Mean age = 8.5 years), Grade 5 (Mean age = 10.9 years) and Grade 7 (Mean age = 12.9 years) are presented. The results showed that, for the macrostructure of Grade 3 and Grade 5, L1 retelling was significantly better than L2 retelling, though this pattern was not found in Grade 7 where the performance was at the same level across languages for retelling. Narrative macrostructure was consistently higher in tellings than in the retellings regardless of languages and grades.
This paper describes the rationale for the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) (Gagarina et al., 2012, 2015, 2019) to Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic) and presents some preliminary results from the macrostructure measures. Gaelic is a heritage minority language in Scotland being revitalised through immersion education, which spans across all levels of compulsory education (preschool, primary and secondary level). MAIN was adapted to Gaelic for two reasons: (i) to gauge the language abilities of children attending Gaelic immersion schools using an ecologically valid test, and (ii) to help identify areas of language impairment in children with Developmental Language Disorders within a broader battery of language tasks. Preliminary results from the macrostructure component indicate a wider range of Gaelic language abilities in six- to eight-year-old typically developing children in Gaelic-medium education. These results set the stage for future use of the tool within this context.
This chapter argues that paying attention to the weather and its associated processes of geological, biological, and social weathering can destabilize knowledge traditions that insist on dichotomies. Looking to specific histories and current conditions in Guyana and Suriname, this chapter shows how notions of weathering can accommodate a wide range of referents, ranging from the weathering of rock to socio-political and historical afterlives of violent colonial displacements.
The essay investigates the meteorological phenomena represented in Dante Alighieri's Commedia and their interrelation with the subjectivity of the dead in Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. Examining how the dead weather the afterlife and how the elements affect them, in turn, the essay takes the complex enantiosemy of the word 'weathering' as a conceptual guiding thread for the exploration of dynamics of exposure ('Inferno'), vulnerability ('Purgatorio'), and receptivity ('Paradiso').
In this paper, we present some features of the European Spanish adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), most of them related to specificities of the Spanish grammar as compared to English, the source language of the original MAIN (Gagarina et al., 2012). These two languages differ in e.g. 1) the use of 3rd grammatical person to address the hearer; 2) the ways of maintaining nominal cohesion: English (non-pro drop) vs. Spanish (pro-drop); 3) the verbal paradigm with regard to morphological tense and aspect morphology. Finally, preliminary results for micro- and macrostructure measures in the narratives of children with Spanish as L1 and L2 confirm their consistency across MAIN stories and procedures.
In the first half of this article I will explore Van Helmont's philosophy of language and translation, in part by contextualizing it within the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century traditions upon which he drew. Since Van Helmont is so explicit about the philosophy of language and translation that he developed, I will investigate in this article if he turned his philosophy into practice. Therefore, the second half of this article will discuss Van Helmont's practices of using and translating between his two main languages (Dutch and Latin). The way in which he employed the languages in which he wrote raises questions about his practice of self-translation and the use of language. Did his mother tongue always figure as the first language into which his thoughts were translated, or could it also have been Latin as the first language for his profession? Van Helmont might have been switching primary languages for the different purposes of his writings. Before going into more detail about his philosophy and use of language, I will briefly introduce this relatively unknown author to the reader.
'Grimms Wörter', Günter Grass’ „Liebeserklärung“ an die deutsche Sprache und die Verfasser des 'Deutschen Wörterbuchs' (2010), erlaubt sich zahlreiche ernste Scherze – erotischer wie auch erkenntniskritischer Art – mit den Elementarteilchen der Sprache, dem Alphabet. Als Kollege und Freund antwortet er auf den Parzivâl-Roman Adolf Muschgs 'Der Rote Ritter' (1993) mit Buchstabengedichten und Menschenalphabeten, weil für beide nur über die Sprache, das Lesen und das Schreiben eine Identität entwickelt werden kann. Ohne diese Elementarschule, an deren Anfang der Fall Adams in die Erkenntnis und an deren Ziel der Zweifel an allen Ideologien zwischen Rechts und Links steht, würde Parzivâl der reine Tor bleiben, als der er angetreten ist und als der er in seiner Narrheit Gewalt ausgeübt hat. Um von der anfänglichen Sünde Adams zum Ziel des Zweifels zu gelangen, muss der dumme Junge einen Lernprozess durchlaufen, in dessen Zentrum das Fragen steht: die Frage des Mitleidens und die der Schuld. – Ein anderer Parzivâl, erlebt auch Oskar Matzerath seine Blutstropfenszene, teilt mit dem Roten Ritter dessen Mutterkomplex, findet aber im Gegensatz zu diesem keine Erlösung, schon gar nicht durch die Vergewaltigung der Krankenschwester Dorothea, die die Jeschutes durch den törichten Parzivâl „imitiert“. Schuldig bekennt sich schließlich in aller Deutlichkeit Günter Grass selbst: als Tor, der nicht gefragt hat, als Juden deportiert wurden, und der unter der Narrenkappe des Simplicissimus in den Weltkrieg gezogen ist.
Preface: New language versions of MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives - revised
(2020)
Enduring ornament
(2020)
This is an essay about rust. Iron usually plays the part of strength, stubbornness, and impenetrability, but rust registers the dimension of time in the material, reminding us that it always carries the potential for its own decomposition. While great expense is incurred to stave off iron's oxidization, we read the uselessness that rust precipitates as an interruption of the instrumental logics that sustain racial capitalism. Looking to the rusted ring that became Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven's "Enduring Ornament" (1913), we consider how the discarded and defunctionalized lend themselves to ornamental redeployment. The essay then turns to works by the contemporary American artists David Hammons and Andrea Fraser, both of which transform Richard Serra's rusty steel sculptures into a backdrop for fleeting gestures of impromptu reclamation. Attending to questions of susceptibility and monumental weathering, these reflections look to rusty leakages that play out the impossibility of refusing the environment. Rust, we suggest, is a material archive of exposure that does not keep itself, but flakes apart and seeps away.
Anhand des wissenschaftsphilosophischen Sachbuches "Der Baum der Erkenntnis" ("El árbol del conocimiento"), das in den 1980er Jahren von den chilenischen Biologen und Neurowissenschaftlern Humberto Maturana und Francisco Varela in spanischer Sprache veröffentlich wurde und für den Soziologen Niklas Luhmann zu einem wichtigen Standbein seiner Theorie der Gesellschaft und der sozialen Systeme wurde, soll gezeigt werden, wie einerseits Selbstübersetzung von der Wissenschaft in die Öffentlichkeit und andererseits Fremdübersetzung von der einen Sprache in die andere - in diesem Fall aus dem Spanischen ins Deutsche und Englische - Interferenzen und Reibungen innerhalb des Wissenstransfers produzieren. Zunächst soll ein Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Formen des Popularisierens als interdiskursive Selbstübersetzung gegeben werden. Im zweiten Teil wird dann die interlinguale Übersetzungsleistung diskutiert, die das spanische Original durch jeweils andere Sprach- und Forschungskontexte leicht verändert und dem fremdsprachigen Begriffsrepertoire einverleibt. Zuletzt soll in einem dritten Teil mit Rückgriff auf Luhmann das Prinzip der Autopoiesis als ein Prozess ausgewiesen werden, der bereits in "El árbol del conocimiento" nicht einfach als ein Wissenstransfer zu verstehen ist, sondern als ein Transfer der Bedingungen, wie Wissen im Übersetzen vom Übersetzen entsteht.
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), an assessment tool in the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery, aims to improve the assessment of bilingual children. This paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Urdu. Given the lack of language assessment tools for Urdu-speaking children, the Urdu MAIN is an important new instrument that is made widely and freely accessible to researchers and practitioners, allowing them to examine the narrative abilities of children acquiring Urdu as a first, heritage, second, or additional language.
The chapter engages the nature-culture divide with the generative ambivalences of weathering in both language and physics. Taking the different uses of the enantiosemic and ambitransitive verb as indicative of the human's fraught relationship with its environment and itself, it analyses multiple ways in which 'weathering' can involve subject-object relations, objectless subject-predicate relations, or even subjectless processes, and proposes to think them with mechanics, thermodynamics, and chaos theory.
This paper presents the Croatian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), outlines its development and describes the research that has used it to assess narrative skills in monolingual and bilingual speakers. The Croatian version of MAIN has so far been used in three research projects and results have been presented in five peer-reviewed articles (published or in press) covering a total of 175 children in the age range from 5;0 to 9;0 (20 with developmental language disorder) and 60 adults, age range from 22 to 76. The accumulated results indicate that MAIN can differentiate narrative skills of speakers in distinct age groups and can distinguish children with language disorders form children with typical language development.
This paper provides the background to the process of translation and piloting of the Serbian version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), Multilingvalni Test za Procenu Narativa (MTPN). Our review of the sparse research literature on Serbian children’s narrative abilities reveals a need for a well-designed narrative instrument, which will enable researchers and practitioners to assess the production and comprehension of narratives in children of a wide age range, typically and atypically developing, monolingual and bilingual, crucially allowing for cross-linguistic comparisons. We encountered two kinds of challenges during the process of translation and adaptation of the instrument from English into Serbian. The first concerned the lack of established Serbian technical terminology needed to describe test administration to the future users of the test: researchers and practitioners working in different disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, Speech and Language Therapy. The second challenge concerned the translation of linguistic structures required to produce a successful rendition of the narrative: in contrast to English, but in line with other Slavic languages, Serbian relies heavily on verbs marked for perfective aspect in story-telling. Our discussion of preliminary data from four Serbian monolingual children, aged 5;5-10, demonstrates that MTPN is a successful tool in assessing narrative abilities in children acquiring Serbian.
This paper describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Danish and the use of MAIN in a Danish context. First, there is a brief description of the Danish language followed by details of the process of translating and adapting the MAIN manual to Danish. Finally, we briefly describe some of the research contexts in which the current and previous MAIN materials have been piloted and applied.
The Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP) requires that epistemic modals take wider scope than strong quantifiers such as every or most (von Fintel and Iatridou, 2003). Although fairly robust in its realization, a few systemic classes of counterexamples to the ECP have been noted. Based on these, previous work has argued for two claims: subjective modals obey the ECP, whereas objective ones don’t (Tancredi, 2007; Anand and Hacquard, 2008); and every respects the ECP, whereas each violates it (Tancredi, 2007). This paper argues that explicit Questions Under Discussion (QUDs; Roberts, 1996; Ginzburg, 1996) also systematically influence the ECP: scopal orderings that provide relevant answers to the given QUDs are preferred, and this tendency can override the ECP. To support this claim, the paper presents an experimental study. The results corroborate the existence of systematic QUD effects on the ECP, and support the view that the ECP is derived from a confluence of various pragmatic and lexical biases.
Imposters are grammatically third-person expressions used to refer to the firstperson speaker or second-person addressee (e.g. ‘the present authors’ when used to refer to the first-person writer, ‘Mommy’ or ‘Daddy’ when used by parents for self-reference in child-directed speech). Current analyses of imposters differ in whether they derive the unusual referential properties of imposters using syntactic means or attribute them to semantic and pragmatics. We aim to shed light on these competing approaches by means of a psycholinguistic experiment focusing on first-person imposters that investigates the kinds of pronouns (first-person vs. third-person) used to refer to imposter antecedents. Our results show that manipulating the prominence of the first-person speaker does not significantly boost the acceptability of first-person pronouns in imposter-referring contexts. However, our results suggest that a purely syntactic approach may not be sufficient either, as psycholinguistic processing factors also appear to be relevant.
The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) for use with Slovak speaking children is a vital step in the process of creating a transparent evaluation of children’s narrative abilities. Since its first translation and adaptation in 2012, new pilot data from different groups of children has been collected in Slovakia. This paper describes the process of adapting the instrument to fit the Slovak language and reports on analyses of narrative production in monolingual (103 Slovak-speaking children) and bilingual (37 Slovak-English speaking) pre-school children. Within a pilot study, the story elicitation method was also compared (telling vs. retelling) within a small sample of 10 monolingual Slovak-speaking children. All results show transparent and detailed possibilities in terms of finding a meaningful evaluation that can evaluate a child’s complex narrative abilities.
Seit Jacob Burckhardts Thesen zum Individualismus in der Renaissance gilt das 'Selbst' als eine eingehend diskutierte Größe, die ungeachtet ihrer diversen Erscheinungsformen nicht nur als das bündige Kennzeichen einer Schwellenzeit, sondern geradezu als ihr alleiniges Produkt angesehen wurde: die Epoche zwischen Spätmittelalter und Aufklärung steht schlichtweg für den 'Ursprung' der modernen Individualität. [...] Dem wohl prominentesten oratorischen Initiator, der explizit für eine 'reformatio mundi' steht, widerfuhr seitens der historiographischen Nachwelt bezeichnenderweise beides, eine ergebene Verklärung als Führergestalt sowie die Apotheose im prometheischen Schema: Martin Luther gilt bis heute nicht nur als 'Rebell' oder 'Revolutionär', sondern vor allem auch als 'Schöpfer der deutschen Schriftsprache'. Spätestens hier gilt es zu differenzieren. Gerade die Person des Wittenberger Gelehrten, Predigers und Seelsorgers gibt Anlass zur sorgsamen Klärung eines frühneuzeitlichen Selbst-Bewusstseins. Das Selbst-Verständnis des Augustinermönchs gründet zunächst ausschließlich in theologischen Traditionen und ist daher vor allem mit Komposita wie 'Selbsterforschung', 'Selbstgespräch' ('soliloquium') und 'Selbsterkenntnis' ('cognitio sui') in Verbindung zu bringen. Diese Kategorien aber sind primär und unlösbar an die Sündhaftigkeit jedes einzelnen Menschen gekoppelt [...] Und dennoch - in diesem der Moderne eher fremd anmutenden Katalog der genannten Komposita begegnet tatsächlich auch die 'SelbstÜbersetzung': als Praxis und Phänomen wie in Form erhellender Paraphrasierungen. Voraussetzung für die Praxis scheint zunächst ein Geschehen auf der machtpolitischen Ebene zu sein. Mit dem Rückgang der von Papst und Kaiser getragenen Universalherrschaft im westlichen Europa, mit dem Schwinden eines nachantiken Herrschaftsanspruchs ('translatio imperii') im Sinne des mittelalterlichen römischen Reichsgedankens ist gleichermaßen auch der rasch fortschreitende Rückgang des Lateinischen als flächendeckende Gelehrten- und Verwaltungssprache eingeleitet. Indem nun die einzelnen regionalen Teilherrschaften nach politischer Autonomie streben, erhält auch die polyphone Sprachkultur Europas einen neuen Stellenwert: weitgehend noch pränationale, also eher territoriale Interessenkollektive verlegen sich auf die Regelung ihrer Angelegenheiten im eigenen Idiom. Dieses kann damit aus dem Schattendasein eines als 'laienhaft' und 'illiterat' verachteten Ungenügens heraustreten und sich als vollgültiges Pendant der antiken Vorgaben erweisen. [...] Ein zweites Novum tritt zeitgleich hinzu. Zwecks parteigebundener Regelung der lokalen und bald auch der bi- oder multilateralen Angelegenheiten erhalten die antiken Vorgaben der Redekunst eine neue und sehr zentrale Funktion: das vor Ort im Sinne bestimmter Interessen auftretende Einzel- oder Kollektivsubjekt (Territorialgewalt) artikuliert sich sprachlich-persuasiv, vertritt einen lokalen Standpunkt ('opinio' / 'point de vue') und versucht seine Zuhörer durch Überzeugung zu einem politisch wirksamen Handeln zu bewegen. Hierfür dient der Autortext, ebenso aber auch seine zweckgerichtete Übersetzung. In dieser konkretisiert sich ein Subjekt nicht nur als Mittler zwischen Parteien, Ständen und Interessen, sondern auch zwischen Sprachen und Kulturen.
Using MAIN in South Africa
(2020)
South Africa is a country marked by cultural and linguistic diversity with 11 official languages. The majority of school children do not receive their formal schooling in their home language. There is a need for language assessment tools in education and rehabilitation contexts to distinguish between children with language learning problems and/or SLI, and language delay as a result of limited exposure to the language of learning. The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) provides clinicians and researchers with an appropriate and culturally relevant tool to assess bilingual children in both languages. So far MAIN has been widely used in Afrikaans-English bilingual children. However, translating and adapting MAIN to our other nine official languages to achieve functional and cultural equivalence is more challenging.
Einleitung
(2020)
With increasing importance of organizational effectivity and efficiency measures like Balanced Scorecard and optimization of employee work behavior to achieve higher organizational efficiency, Human Resource activities concerning leadership development and academic leadership research are growing. Throughout the course of the twentieth century, a multitude of empirical studies show primarily positive relationships between different constructs of leadership models and desirable variables of organizational behavior. It becomes apparent, though, that in academic research the selection of analyzed leadership models and their consequences is very heterogeneous. This Master Thesis has the objective to contribute to Leadership Research by applying a comparative empirical study in the–until today–often neglected study population of in-house and sales personnel within the pharmaceutical industry. For this purpose, an online employee survey with N = 137 participants from a leading pharmaceutical company in Germany was conducted. Based on contemporary leadership theory, a range of Hypotheses regarding consequences of modern leadership models is empirically tested. The results of the study reconfirm Identification with Manager, Trust & Loyalty and Employee Satisfaction as consequences of Authentic as well as Transformational leadership. Work context as in-house vs. sales setting shows moderating effects on some of the leadership-consequences relationships. As the research involves multiple structurally different variables as well as constructs and compares feedback of different study populations, tangible management implications to boost desirable work attitudes and behaviors can be derived and appropriately adapted to match the respective work context. Ramifications for future scientific research are also presented.
This paper presents the Italian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), describes how it was developed and reports on some recent uses of MAIN within the Italian context. The Italian MAIN has been used in different research projects and for clinical purposes; results have been presented at conferences and in peer reviewed papers. The results indicate that MAIN is an appropriate assessment tool for evaluating children’s narrative competence, in production and comprehension from preschool age (5 years) to school age (8 years) in typical language development, bilingual development and language delay/disorders.