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- Koelerion glaucae (3) (remove)
Der typische Sukzessionsverlauf auf basenreichen offenen Sandstandorten im Binnenland führt von Pionierstadien der Koelerio-Corynephoretea zu artenreichen Allio-Stipetum-Beständen (Festuco-Brometea). Innerhalb weniger Jahre können sich aber auch artenarme Dominanzbestände mit hohem Ruderalisierungsgrad entwickeln, die durch generalistische konkurrenzstarke Graminoide bestimmt werden. 32 Dauerbeobachtungsflächen, die ohne Pflegemanagement sind und mittlerweile seit bis zu 15 Jahren von uns untersucht werden, ermöglichen einen detaillierten Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Sukzessionslinien und die Geschwindigkeiten, mit denen sich Änderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung vollziehen. Dabei stehen uns neben den Daten der Vegetationsaufnahmen und den daraus abgeleiteten Informationen (wie z. B. mittleren Ellenberg-Zeigerwerten) für verschiedene Flächen auch Boden-Daten (N, P, pH) zur Verfügung. Eine Analyse aller Flächen dokumentiert die relative Stabilität offener Sandvegetation nährstoffarmer Standorte für die untersuchten Zeitfenster. Pioniergesellschaften des Sileno conicae-Cerastietum semidecandri s. l. und Jurineo-Koelerietum glaucae zeigen z. T. strukturelle Änderungen (so z. B. Zunahmen der Kryptogamendeckung). Eine Zunahme von Stipa capillata kann z. T. in 11–12 Untersuchungsjahren im Jurineo-Koelerietum festgestellt werden; dies korrespondiert mit einer Abnahme von Koeleria glauca und z. T. mit einer Ablösung von Tortula ruraliformis durch Hypnum cupressiforme var. lacunosum. Dennoch konnten sich während der Untersuchungsjahre in den Beständen die Arten des Jurineo-Koelerietum halten. Bestände des Allio-Stipetum zeigen in der spontanen Sukzession z. T. lange Stagnationen von mehr als 14 Jahren; vereinzelt tritt der Polykormonbildner Prunus spinosa auf. Stellenweise kommt es mit zunehmender Deckung von Stipa capillata jedoch zu gravierenden Abnahmen der Artenzahl. Bestände, die in ihrer Pionierphase durch höhere Bodennährstoffgehalte (besonders Phosphat) und höhere Ellenberg-Feuchtezahlen gekennzeichnet sind, entwickeln sich innerhalb weniger Jahre zu artenarmen Ruderalbeständen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden in einem Sukzessionsmodell dargestellt. Für ein Pflegemanagement ergibt sich aus den Ergebnissen, dass intakte Koelerion glaucae-Flächen oft nur sehr extensiv beweidet werden müssen. Insbesondere zur Dämpfung der Ruderalisierung in den nährstoffreicheren Flächen sowie zur Dynamisierung in größeren homogenen Beständen des Allio-Stipetum ist ein Pflegemanagement jedoch eine essentielle Maßnahme. Die in unseren Fällen eingesetzte Schaf- und/oder Eselbeweidung führt zur partiellen Förderung der besonders gefährdeten Pionierstadien im Mosaik mit dem Allio-Stipetum.
Inland sand vegetation, in our case steppic sandy grassland on base-rich soils, is highly endangered in Europe and therefore in the focus of restoration ecology. While there are studies which deal with short-term restoration success, results for an extended time are rare. We were able to analyse the success of a three-step restoration measure for 10 years.
The experiment was established on an exarable field in the Upper Rhine valley, Hesse, Germany. The three-step restoration approach comprised 1) abiotic restoration by deep-sand deposition, 2) inoculation with raked/mown plant material from two different donor sites with well-developed Koelerion glaucae/Allio-Stipetum vegetation and 3) low-intensity grazing by donkeys. The vegetation of the restoration and donor sites (also serving as reference sites to assess restoration success) was sampled on six permanent plots, respectively. Data analyses included ordination, classification and target-species ratios (TSR: relation of target species to all species).
Detrended correspondence analysis revealed a continuous succession of the restoration plots towards the corresponding reference plots: open soil decreased, ruderal species declined and target species increased. While speed of succession decreased, there was still a further improvement in the tenth year. The qualitative TSR (number of target species) reached a plateau after the sixth year with values only slightly lower than at the reference sites. The quantitative TSR (cover of target species) showed a steady improvement and even excelled one reference site. Koelerion glaucae species were present with constancy 17–67% since the 3rd year, with 33–100% since the 7th year. It does not completely resemble either reference site due to a mixture of propagules of both donor sites (e.g. by wind and donkeys) and input from the surroundings. Already in the first year, three Red-list species established themselves, since the 8th year 23 Red-list/near-threatened species have been present. Some ruderal species colonised the restoration site and occurred permanently.
Additionally, we studied the establishment of the highly threatened species Bassia laniflora after inoculation for 6–12 years on three further plots adjacent to the other ones. One of these plots was located on a former sandy field without abiotic restoration; two other plots represented typical Koelerion glaucae vegetation on a newer deep-sand deposition. Bassia laniflora established itself well on all plots. We conclude that restoration of steppic sandy grassland, including highly threatened species, was not only permanently, but increasingly successful over a time span of 10 years. Management by grazing, however, will remain essential to suppress ruderalisation.
In many regions of Central Europe, semi-natural grasslands have experienced severe vegetation changes, e.g. compositional change and overall species loss, because of land use changes, atmospheric nitrogen input and also climate change. Here we analysed the vegetation change in a dry grassland complex (Gabower Hänge) in the Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin (NE Brandenburg, Germany), one of the driest regions of the country. We resampled four 10 m² plots of each of four typical alliances (Festucion valesiacae, Koelerion glaucae, Armerion elongatae, Arrhenatherion elatioris) about 20 years after their original sampling with a recovery accuracy of approx. 10 m. The cover of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens was recorded in both samplings. The overall compositional change was analysed with a detrended correpondence analysis (DCA). To interpret this change, we calculated unweighted mean Ellenberg indicator values for old and new plots. Furthermore we tested differences in constancy of individual species between old and new plots as well as differences in species richness, cover of herb and cryptogam layer, ecological indicator values and unweighted proportion of species groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens), floristic status (native or not), life forms, CSR-strategy types and Red List species. The results of the ordination indicated no significant vegetation change, but revealed tendencies towards more nutrient-rich conditions. Ellenberg indicator values for nutrients and soil reaction were significantly correlated with the axes of the ordination. There were 28 species exclu-sively found in the new plots and 45 species of the old plots missing. While no species decreased signif-icantly, there were seven species that increased significantly. Mean species richness was significantly increased in the new plots. There were no significant differences in mean Ellenberg indicator values. Proportions of vascular plants, neophytes, hemicryptophytes and CS-strategists decreased. We conclude that overall vegetation changes are small, indicating that the dry grassland complex at the Gabower Hänge is still in a good state and of high conservation value. This relative stability over time compared to the situation in many other dry grasslands throughout temperate Europe is likely attributable to low nitrogen deposition and the dryness of the local climate. However, the detected tendency towards more nutrient-rich conditions should be taken into account in future management.