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The genus Cheilosia (Diptera: Syrphidae: Rhingiini) of Nepal is reviewed. We recorded 37 species of Cheilosia, of which 29 species are described here. Twenty-six of the new species are classified to a subgenus: Cheilosia (Cheilosia) angusta sp. nov., C. (C.) falcata sp. nov., C. (C.) hauseri sp. nov., C. (C.) maculata sp. nov., C. (C.) pica sp. nov., C. (C.) pilivena sp. nov., C. (C.) spinosa sp. nov., C. (C.) spuria sp. nov., C. (C.) weiperti sp. nov., C. (Montanocheila) albipicta sp. nov., C. (M.) alpha sp. nov., C. (M.) brevimontana sp. nov., C. (M.) gilva sp. nov., C. (M.) minuscula sp. nov., C. (M.) nigella sp. nov., C. (M.) pernigra sp. nov., C. (M.) picta sp. nov., C. (Floccocheila) collis sp. nov., C. (F.) crassata sp. nov., C. (F.) illustratoides sp. nov., C. (F.) indistincta sp. nov., C. (F.) leucozonoides sp. nov., C. (F.) vellea sp. nov., C. (Eucartosyrphus) procera sp. nov., C. (Pollinocheila) rava sp. nov., and C. (Taeniochilosia) nepalensis sp. nov. The remaining three new species, C. flavigena sp. nov., C. insolita sp. nov., and C. versa sp. nov., are described based on a female only, and are thus not classified to a subgenus. The subgenus Taeniochilosia Oldenberg, 1916 is here re-defined to also include species with a pilose eye in combination with the previously defined characters. Cheilosia nigriventris Barkalov & Cheng, 2004 is herewith placed as junior synonym of Cheilosia erratica Barkalov & Peck, 1997, and the description of the female sex is provided. We provide digital photographs and line drawings to illustrate morphological details of all species, and an identification key to the subgenera and to the species recorded for Nepal. We explored the infrageneric classification of some Nepalese species new to science for which molecular work was possible using mtDNA COI barcode sequences. A maximum likelihood analysis of the assembled COI barcode dataset with multiple representatives of the most speciose Palearctic subgenera of Cheilosia resolved the included seven taxa from Nepal within subgenera Cheilosia s. str. and Montanocheila Barkalov, 2002. The large number of new species of this study highlights the still prevailing incomplete knowledge of this speciose genus in the montane regions of the Palearctic and Oriental realms.
Background: The Global Burden of Diseases Study 2017 predicted that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the second leading cause of death, the fourth leading cause of premature death, and the third cause for DALYs lost in Nepal. However, data on the population-based prevalence of COPD in Nepal are very limited. This study aims to assess the prevalence of COPD and factors associated with the occurrence of COPD in Nepal.
Methods: From a nationally representative, population-based cross-sectional study on chronic non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of COPD and its associated factors was determined. Of 12,557 participants aged over 20 years, 8945 participants completed a questionnaire and spirometry. Eligible participants were also asked to answer a COPD diagnostic questionnaire for screening COPD cases, and if needed underwent pre-bronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry. COPD was defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio of < 0.70. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with COPD. Sampling weights were used for all data analyses.
Results: The prevalence of COPD in Nepal was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5% to 12.9 %), which increased with age, and higher in those with a low educational level, those who had smoked ≥ 50 pack-years, persons having a low body mass index (BMI), and residents of Karnali province. Multivariate analysis revealed that being aged 60 years and above, having a low BMI, low educational status, having smoked more than 50 pack-years, provincial distribution, and ethnicity were independent predictors of COPD.
Conclusion: COPD is a growing and serious public health issue in Nepal. Factor such as old age, cigarette smoking, low educational attainment, low BMI, ethnicity, and locality of residence (province-level variation) plays a vital role in the occurrence of COPD. Strategies aimed at targeting these risk factors through health promotion and education interventions are needed to decrease the burden of COPD.
The genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910 from India are reviewed. A new species, Trichrysis poseidonia sp. nov. from India and Nepal is described. Trichrysis bengalensis (Mocsáry, 1889) is revalidated from the previous synonymy with T. lusca (Fabricius, 1804). Trichrysis inops (Gribodo, 1884) is recorded from India for the first time. The lectotype of Chrysis spectrum Wickwar, 1908 is designated. Chrysis mendicalis Cameron, 1897 is transferred from the genus Trichrysis to the genus Chrysidea. Keys and illustrations are provided for the identification of the eleven species of Trichrysis and the four species of Chrysidea so far known in the country, including a Sri Lankan species.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) comprise of 17 goals and 169 targets. All SDGs are interlinked to produce synergetic eff ects and emphasize health in all policies. Among the 17 Goals, Goal 3 has a central focus on health, which is underpinned by 13 targets. Th e other 16 goals are also directly or indirectly related to health and will contribute to achieving the associated targets for Goal 3. Th e ambitious SDG agenda and their progress can be tracked by measuring numerous goals, targets, and indicators. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview about how health- related SDGs and their targets and indicators are being tracked in the national context of Nepal. Adequate investment in research for knowledge generation, capacity building and innovation, and continous research communication among policy makers, researchers and external development partners will contribute to tracking the progress of SDGs in Nepal.
Nothochodaeus yeti Huchet, new species, from Nepal and Sikkim (north India) and N. martensi Huchet, new species,from Nepal, are described and illustrated (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Ochodaeidae). A distribution map and an updated catalogue of the Ochodaeidae occurring on the Indian subcontinent are provided.