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It is common knowledge that plants have been the world-wide most important source of medicines and that they still play this role in developing countries. However, up to now, complete lists of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) exist for comparatively few countries. A review of all lists know to the authors reveals the following results: A total of 20.7 % of the plant species analyzed by either publications or own research are or were used as MAP. However, regarding single countries, the differences are considerably high. Absolutely leading the list are China (36.2 %), Burkina Faso (35.2 %) and the Korean Republic (34.5 %). Also ahead of other countries or regions are the North of Benin (32.8 %) and the entire Pakistan (30.3 %). Still above average rank Great Britain (26.7 %) and Nepal (23.3 %), while the figures for Bul¬garia (21.0 %), Germany (20.2 %) and France (19.4 %) almost represent the average. Jordan (17.3 %), Vietnam (17.1 %), Sri Lanka (16.6 %), India (16.1 %) and Thailand (15.5 %) rank slightly beneath. Clearly below the average are the percentages of MAP for Hungary (12.2 %) and the USA (11.8 %). The average numbers of MAP in the Philippines (9.5 %) and Malaysia (7.7 %) fall far behind. Calculated on a worldwide scale, every fifth plant can be regarded as MAP. This number matches that from Bulgaria, France and Germany. In northern Benin, Burkina Faso, Korea, China and Pakistan, however, every third plant is or was used as MAP, whereas in Hungary and the USA only every eighth plant can be regarded as MAP. This number drops even further for the Philippines ore Malaysia where only every tenth or thirteenth plant can be attributed to medicinal or aromatic use. These differences might be due to various factors. A geographical component of the results is obvious: in most cases geographically close countries show similar percentages. A correlation between the total number of species and the fraction of those used as MAP cannot be confirmed. The countries with percentage of MAP > 30 % in common show that they belong either entirely (Burkina Faso, Benin) or at least in their rural areas to the poorest countries of the world so that it is (was) impossible for the majority of the people to buy "modern" MAP. In those countries the number of traditional healers outnumbers largely the number of modern doctors. Therefore, the tradition of folk medicine was maintained until today. Additionally, China, Korea and partially Pakistan have a very old and well documented tradition of folk medicine. Due to this documentation even in areas where today "modern MAP" are used, the knowledge was not lost. In neighboring countries or regions, which differ with respect to a more arid or a more humid climate, for the arid country (region) more MAPs are reported than for the humid one. The potential reasons for this phenomenon are discussed in the paper. For many countries the percentage given for MAP in literature is too low. But even these low values represent a striking argument for the importance of a world-wide conservation of biodiversity.
The ostracod genus Bennelongia De Deckker & McKenzie, 1981 is endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Extensive sampling in Western Australia (WA) revealed a high specific and largely undescribed diversity. Here, we describe seven new species belonging to the B. barangaroo lineage: B. timmsi sp. nov., B. gnamma sp. nov., B. hirsuta sp. nov., B. ivanae sp. nov., B. mcraeae sp. nov., B. scanloni sp. nov. and B. calei sp. nov., and confirm the presence of an additional species, B. dedeckkeri, in WA. For five of these eight species, we could construct molecular phylogenies and parsimonious networks based on COI sequences. We also tested for cryptic diversity and specific status of clusters with a statistical method based on the evolutionary genetic species concept, namely Birky’s 4 theta rule. The analyses support the existence of these five species and a further three cryptic species in the WA B. barangaroo lineage. The molecular evidence was particularly relevant because most species described herein have very similar morphologies and can be distinguished from each other only by the shape, size and position of the antero-ventral lapel on the right valve, and, in sexual populations, by the small differences in shape of the hemipenes and the prehensile palps in males. Four species of the WA B. barangaroo lineage occur in small temporary rock pools (gnammas) on rocky outcrops. The other four species are mainly found in soft bottomed seasonal water bodies. One of the latter species, B. scanloni sp. nov., occurs in both claypans and deeper rock pools (pit gnammas). All species, except for B. dedeckkeri, originally described from Queensland, have quite clearly delimited distributions in WA. With the seven new species described here, the genus Bennelongia now comprises 25 nominal species but several more await formal description.
Auf dem Plateau des Göttinger Waldes wurden 1980 12 ha eines artenreichen, heute etwa 145 Jahre alten, submontanen Kalkbuchenwaldes (Hordelymo-Fagetum lathyretosum) für ein Ökosystemforschungsprojekt eingezäunt. In diesem Bereich wurde ein großer Transekt (GT) von 2,81 ha mit 281 10x10m-Quadraten als Dauerfläche zur Untersuchung der natürlichen Vegetationsentwicklung ausge-wählt. Von 1981 bis 2011 wurden alle 10 Jahre Flora und Vegetation sehr detailliert in allen Quadraten erfasst (Schichtung, Deckungsgradschätzung aller Arten in %, Vegetationskartierung). Die Ergebnisse werden in Tabellen der Krautschicht, in quantitativen Verteilungskarten einzelner Arten und in Vegetationskarten dargestellt. – Schon in den ersten 10 Jahren hatte sich teilweise eine Strauchschicht, vor-wiegend aus jungen Bäumen, entwickelt. Auch in der Krautschicht gab es deutliche Veränderungen. Eine Frequenztabelle aller 83 gefundenen Arten (Tab. 1) zeigt zahlreiche Pflanzen (33) mit Abnahme-tendenz, dazu einen Grundstock konstanter Arten. Deutlich zugenommen haben nur Allium ursinum, Cardamine bulbifera, Dryopteris carthusiana, Hedera helix und Neottia nidusavis. Für die Vegetationskartierung wurden verschiedene Einheiten nach Dominanz oder Mischung einzelner Arten benutzt, mit den Schlüsselarten Aconitum lycoctonum, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa und Mercurialis perennis. – Insgesamt war lange Zeit der Antagonismus von Allium (deutliche Zunahme) und Mer-curialis (starke Abnahme) besonders auffällig. So hat sich auch der Allium ursinum-Dominanztyp über 30 Jahre stark ausgedehnt. Während sich kleinflächig in den Quadraten (Mikroskala) deutliche Veränderungen der Artenzusammensetzung zeigten, war im gesamten Bestand (Mesoskala) teilweise auch floristische Konstanz zu erkennen. – In der Diskussion werden mögliche Ursachen für die festgestellten Veränderungen erörtert. Neben lokalen Wirkungen wie Einzäunung oder der Konkurrenzkraft von Allium ursinum lassen sich im Literaturvergleich großräumig wirksame Faktoren erkennen. Seit langem vollzieht sich vor allem in forstlich wenig oder gar nicht beeinflussten Laubwäldern eine Verdichtung des Kronendaches mit Ausbildung eines stärker schattig-luftfeuchten Mikroklimas. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten können stärkere Stickstoffeinträge für nährstoffliebende Arten wirksam sein. In den letzten 20 Jahren lassen sich zunehmend Auswirkungen einer Klimaerwärmung erkennen, z. B. eine Verlängerung der Vegetationsperiode. Als neues Phänomen wird das Eschentriebsterben durch Pilzbefall beschrieben.
New Zealand species of Iphimediidae, Amphipoda, are revised. Based on new material from the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand, two new species are described in detail: Labriphimedia meikae sp. nov. and Labriphimedia martinae sp. nov. A key to the six species belonging to three genera of New Zealand Iphimediidae is provided.