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By means of the analysis of two Theodor Adomo's texts temporal1y very distant from each other -one written in the beginning of his career, the other in his maturity -, this article shows that the essay was for him not merely a theme of reflection, but also and upmost a kind of matrix for his thought. Within this matrix, through resort to a tradition, begun, in the Modernity, with Montaigne and solidified with Leibniz and the English empiricists, Adorno seeks to build, in the last phase of his philosophy, his conception of an "Anti-system", in which the indispensable coherence of thought can be kept save from instrumentalization by the domination system.
Acompanha-se, aqui, a pertinência do lema de Engels, que concebe o marxismo como "herdeiro do idealismo alemão" nas teorias de Lukács, Horkheimer e Adorno. Enquanto Lukács assenta o método marxista na vertente da filosofia hegeliana e Horkheimer assume explicitamente o legado kantiano, Adorno não se propõe a ser herdeiro, mas sim crítico do idealismo alemão.
Habermas relê Adorno e Horkheimer à luz do seu próprio modelo, isto é, do "paradigma lingüístico" que substitui a práxis transformadora pela argumentação. Assim, Habermas não percebe que, em Adorno, a competência comunicativa subordina-se a algo essencialmente diferente, a um impulso emancipatório. As características deste a priori transcendental racionalmente mediado devem ser buscadas não na Dialética do esclarecimento, mas em Minima moralia.
Os modelos de democracia propostos pelo liberalismo e pelo republicanismo comunitarista são criticados a partir da perspectiva da política deliberativa tal como concebida pela teoria do discurso. Associando ao processo democrático conotações normativas mais fortes do que o modelo liberal, porém mais fracas do que o modelo republicano, a teoria do discurso articula elementos de ambas numa forma nova.
Examina-se a concepção de universalismo ético a que Lawrence Kohlberg chegou em suas pesquisas sobre o desenvolvimento do pensamento moral, sobretudo a idéia de que esse desenvolvimento, em todos os seres humanos, culmina em uma moralidade "pós-convencional" concebida em termos de princípios de justiça. Discutem-se algumas das tentativas que foram feitas de submeter essa concepção à verificação empírica e a apreciação crítica que dela fez Jürgen Habermas.
A mercadoria cultural
(1996)
Adorno e Horkheimer adotaram a noção de fetichismo da mercadoria para a análise da arte e da cultura. Bens materiais e físicos não são idênticos aos simbólicos. Apesar de dominante, a indústria cultural não pode ser tomada como protótipo de toda análise da cultura. Não se pode reduzir toda a produção cultural da época da economia de mercado a produtos de mercado. A pluralidade de práticas artísticas e culturais, à qual se assiste em países como o Brasil, torna problemático o uso indiscriminado do referencial frankfurtiano.
An important role in the coherence of texts is played by the distribution of information in the sentence. The present paper especially examines the beginning of sentences (topics). Which syntactic elements are most adequate to initiate a sentence, and which of their characteristics can be considered responsible for this? After a short review of the pertinent literature, we shall present grammatical, semantic and pragmatic factors that organize topicalization. The point of departure are the patterns of basic serialization as defined by the grammar. Deviations of these patterns can particularly be a result of the principle of known information. In addition to this constitutive principle, we can distinguish five regulative principles that lead to non-marked topicalizations (situation, empathy, iconicity, lengthening terms, text connection). In the closing sections, the positioning of phrasal accents and some special types of topics will be discussed. All the examples given are from modem German.
This paper aims to investigate the dynamics of text-image interplay as exemplified by various text types applied to second language teaching and translation didactics. Based on examples of texts from the fields of Science, Technology, Literature and Language Teaching, the authors attempt to assess both successful and unsuccessful instances of the application of iconical resources in text production. Some didactic consequences are discussed.
This paper examines avant-garde literature in the GDR, especially works written by Irmtraud Morgner and Heiner Müller.
This paper focusses On the discussion of the preservation of expressive aspects in translation., Considerations are grounded on the HJELMSLEVian concepts of the isomorphy between the planes of content and expression, which are both constituted by-substance and form. The present study intends to show that the connotative equivalence of a text can only be achieved in the target language when attention is paid to both the formal-stylistic and the textual-normative dimensions. This involves the appropriation of the stylistic values of the linguistic expression in the source language and, mainly, the understanding of the tropes and the relationships between them. Thus, the present study draws on discourse analysis, comprehending "enunciation" theories and the rhetorical and pragmatic considerations on the level of expression. Considering that the literary text is privileged in providing stylistically marked choices, it is important to highlight the phonetic and semantic correspondences, that is, the close relationship between sound and meaning, which harbours one of the major difficulties in translation. The theory is applied to "Os Sertões" (English translation: "Rebellion on the Backlands") by Euclides da Cunha.
In expressionist poetry we can detect a first major rupture in the relations between man and nature. In expressionist poems such as "Weltende" ("The end of the world") by Jakob van Hoddis, we can read and see the fear and distrust of man in face cf the progress that the industrial revolution has brought. The theme of the destruction of nature in our days caused by modern/post-modern technology may be also read and seen in German literature of the eighties, as for example in the poems of Sarah Kirsch, in which she shows concrete landscapes,
poisoned rivers, forests and air.
German particles usually bring great difficulties to German students. One of these particles, doch, is very often used, especially in conversation. In this paper its various uses are discussed, as well as eases where it can be replaced by other particles, adverbs or conjunctions, without changing the illocution (that is, the intention of the speaker). This study is based on the work of HELBIG, who differentiates eight varieties of doch. Each of them is discussed here according to syntactic, semantic and pragmatic criteria and made explicit through examples.
In this article, we try to identify characteristics of German Expressionism in contemporary literature and its possible variations. The focus will be on the generation conflict and the text "Suchbild über meinen Vater" by Christoph Meckel (1980).
The title "Paul Celan: Expression of the unspeakable" explains Celan's technique of showing the crude reality of the Third Reich with simple linguistic means, using traditional topoi of the lyric. Celan also questions the German language after Auschwitz in his poem Todesfuge.
A tradução de Samuel Putnam de "Os Sertões" : "Rebellion in the Backlands" de Euclides da Cunha
(1997)
The present paper looks at certain aspects of Samuel Putnam's translation of Euclides da Cunha's "Os Sertões", "Rebellion in the Backlands". Of great importance is the fact that "Os Sertões", usually seen as a work of literature in Brazil, is seen more as a factual narrative in English, and placed by its publisher, the University of Chicago Press, in the Literature/History section. Putnam also adds a large number of footnotes to those of Euclides de Cunha. Also of interest is the fact that Putnam, translating just when the US was entering the Second World War, goes to great lengths in his preface to emphasize how close "Os Sertões" is to the American experience of division in both the Civil War and the entrance of the US into the Second World War.
Alfred Döblin is a theorist of German Expressionismus and of the epic novel. In "Berlin Alexanderplatz", he shows the theories of his essay "Der Bau des epischen Werks" ("The construction of the epic werk") in practice. The present paper analyses the following aspects of the novel: 1) the development of the plot, 2) the structure, 3) the language, 4) the function of time, 5) the space of the city, 6) the narrator, 7) the characters.
The analysis of the Drama "Die Verfolgung und Ermordung Jean Paul Marats dargestellt durch die Schauspielgruppe des Hospizes zu Charenton unter der Anleitung des Herrn de Sade" (1964) by Peter Weiss shows how the author used surrealistic elements such as the theme of madness and the illogical structure of a play within a play. With this play, Weiss was enormously popular throughout the world, and his success as a modern German dramatist is second only to Brecht.
Durch ein close reading zweier der bekanntesten Gedichte aus der Sammlung "Morgue" (1912) von Gottfried Benn – "Kleine Aster” and "Schöne Jugend" – wird der deutsche Expressionismus definiert und in seinen Merkmalen erklärt.
Franz Kafka: raízes
(1997)
This text attempts to follow the roots of Franz Kalka's works, looking for them in different concentric and excentric circles. A first and narrow circle is made up of Kafka's family, with the domineering figure of the authoritarian father. A second and wider circle is that of the Jews in Prague, condemned to a position of outsiders. This condition is also that of the third and still wider circle, that of the German speaking population of Prague at the beginning of the century. The roots that emerge from these circles are conditioning factors for Kafka's own position as an outsider, but at the same time they enable him to take on the role of the poet as prophet.
Teatro expressionista
(1997)
This paper discusses expressionist theatre, its thematic and dramatic aspects, and its most important authors.
Pontos básicos da trajetória intelectual de Habermas são reconstruidos à luz de seu confronto com Rawls. Assinalam-se os limites da pretensão habermasiana a uma universalidade superior à rawlsiana. Argumenta-se que o livro de 1962 sobre "mudanças estruturais da esfera pública" já encerra as questões que encontrarão desdobramento mais tarde, inclusive na "teoria da ação comunicativa" de 1981. O artigo vai no sentido de uma reconstrução crítica de alguns problemas centrais do programa de pesquisa de Habermas. No final, retoma-se o confronto com Rawls.
Ênfase na análise imanente no seu sentido mais forte, ou remessa às condições históricas da produção dos textos? Neste artigo destinado ao exame crítico desses livros argumenta-se que, estando em jogo obras de um autor que se move no universo do marxismo (Ressentimento da dialética e O fio da meada, de Paulo Arantes) a disjuntiva remete a Adorno ou a Lukács, autores centrais para Arantes.
No contraste entre a tradição alemã de ênfase na Bildung no sentido de auto-formação individual e as concepções contemporâneas de Habermas, que retira do indivíduo a condição de fonte do sentido, o autor encontra o ângulo para submeter a obra deste a uma análise crítica. No trajeto, examina a relevância de clássicos como Freud e Weber para esse debate.
Passado meio século da publicação da Dialética do Esclarecimento de Horkheimer e Adorno, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre o significado dessa obra no seu momento e agora. Para isto sugere-se uma interpretação dos argumentos básicos da sua parte dedicada ao anti-semitismo, especialmente no que concerne à referência dos autores aos "limites do Esclarecimento".
Após um exame de alguns problemas não resolvidos no feminismo analisam-se, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, dois importantes modelos teóricos da atualidade: o de Habermas e o de Luhmann, este visto como oferecendo uma perspectiva da "diferença". No final reflete-se sobre o tipo de políticas que resultaria de posições não mais limitadas a uma concepção rígida da questão da identidade.
This paper analyses the idea of the avant-garde in Benjamin and its reception in German literary criticism after World War II. It examines the works of Hans Magnus Enzensberger and Peter Bürger, who focus on the concept of avantgarde. This perspective allows us to broaden our reflection on German literary history since the end of World War II, and this contributes to the discussion on Postmodernism. The elaboration of the concept of allegory gives this discussion a clearer direction. Benjamin's key-notion of profane illumination was not received in a theoretical-philological way – but it materialized as experience in the students' revolt at the end of the 60s and the beginning of the 70s.
This article deals with the notion of reality. During the last twenty years, public discourse in Western societies has identified the opposition between the real and the virtual as one of the cultural key questions. Taking concrete examples as a point of departure, the paper investigates the semantics of the polysemic tems virtual and real. A semiotic model of the relation between (human) organisms, concepts and signs is used in order to demonstrate that the virtual cannot be adequately described as something opposed to reality, but must be seen as an indispensable part of it. The way in which organisms constitute reality is discussed in the light of the basic cognitive operations of categorization and the formation of conceptual relations, and also of their linguistic counterparts. The apparent conflict between the real and the virtual, which has led many critics to develop apocalyptic visions of the end of civilization, is, in fact, a phantom, product of an outdated theory of semantics.
This paper discusses the question of how Translation Theory and German Philology can be helpful to each other. It starts with some general observations on the history of the German Language with special emphasis on Middle High German. In the second part, a Middle High German Poem is translated into Portuguese.
This paper examines four German transportation verbs with the prefix weg-, concentrating on their syntax and their semantic and pragmatic interpretations. The empirical data investigated are from across-linguistic Corpus of German and Brazilian Portuguese as foreign languages. The analysis is based on the concept of focus, which is defined as a point on the path along which the patient of the process moves. The focus must be either mentioned or contextually evident. Each transportation verb will be able to establish a typical focus. German prefix-verbs with weg- are characterized by a focus-conflict that can be resolved through different interpretation strategies.
This paper deals with the linguistic situation of the European Union, especially considering the role played by the German language. Beginning with some general remarks on the historical mechanisms that may influence the relative importance of a given language on a global scale, the history of the German language is discussed with the aim of explaining its present situation as the language with the greatest number of native speakers in Europe. which, at the same time, plays a relatively unimportant role in international communication.
Aspectos dos tempos verbais
(1998)
In this paper I present two tenses of the German verbal system, the so called Doppelperfekt and Doppelplusquamperfekt. Although these tenses have only been marginally dealt with in the grammars, more studies have recently been made on them within the field of Linguistics. In order to describe these tenses, I will concentrate on the following authors: Hauser-Suida & Hoppe-Beugel (1972), Eroms (1984), Thieroff (1992) und Vater (1994). The tenses will be analysed formally and their meaning and usage illustrated with examples taken from the articles above.
In September of 1997, a group of German and Brazilian literary critics met at the University of São Paulo, in order to comment on the aesthetics of two great soccer schools. As our "basic text" we chose the match Germany vs Brazil (final score: 3 : 3; half-time score: 0 : 3), which took place in Washington, in June 1993, between the two tripte World Champions. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (Stanford University) proposed a philosophical reflection on football/Fußball, combined with a comparative analysis of soccer and American football. In both modalities he identified the magic phenomenon of "production of presence", which expresses itself through three functions: the ontological function (action vs nothing), the "epiphany of form" (the touch of genius) and the oscillation between finality and telos (linked to the mise-en-scène of intention and contingency). These three functions manifest themselves in both American football and soccer, but in different forms. Flávio Aguiar (University of Säo Paulo) pointed out the phenomenon of empty spaces and the occupation of space. Antonio Medina (University of São Paulo) contrasted the somewhat ontologic character of American football with the mimetic character of soccer, especially as played in Brazil, where the paradigm of masters and slaves is still present. José Miguel Wisnik (University of São Paulo) elaborated on the dialectics of production of presence (resistance against interpretation, "no-hermeneutics") and production of sense. In his reply, Gumbrecht explained that the concepts of empty and occupied space imply religious allusions (transcendental emptiness). Willi Bolle (University of São Paulo) raised the question of the extent to which the issue of aesthetics, seen from the perspective of American football and soccer, must be totally reconsidered.
This article deals with the annotations made by Victor Klemperer, in the diary of his 1925 journey to Rio de Janeiro. His descriptions are shown to be pervaded by his constant attempt to analyse, to interpret objectively and to compare his observations with what he already knew, and not merely a protocol of his emotions and the impressions brought about by the newness and the exotism of his experiences during the journey.
O olhar estrangeiro
(1998)
This text tries to illustrate what we understand by strangeness, alterity and exotopy. From the point of view of a stranger, we, as Brazilians, see and read products of foreign cultures in an exotopic way, which is quite productive. The same occurs with Germans looking at US, which gives us another view of ourselves. As an illustration, the poem "calypso" from Ernst Jandl will be discussed in this context.
This paper aims to present a type of verb which serves to connect two or more propositions to each other in a way similar to that carried out by connectors such as conjunctions and prepositions. It is the objective of this paper to classify the types of semantic connections they establish, such as cause and effect, equivalence, and temporality. Verbs with this type of connectivity are called "connection verbs". They are investigated both in German and Portuguese, organized according to the semantic relations they indicate, and described by means of syntactic and semantic criteria.
This text aims to describe and to discuss the two different images of Brazil present in the travel notes and in the poetry of the German writer Marie Luise Kaschnitz.
Heinrich Heine and Castro Alves wrote poems with the same title: "Das Sklavenschiff" and "O Navio Negreiro". However, this does not mean that Castro Alves plagiarized Heinrich Heine, the author of the first source. Although both of the poems deal with the same theme, an analysis will show and prove the evident divergency in the convergency.
This paper is meant to be an introduction to the works of Hubert Fichte. It presents some passages from his texts that help to understand his ethnopoetics.
In a taxonomic survey carried out in cerrado vegetation from Alagoinhas county, State of Bahia, 15 species of Bryophyta, were identified distributed into 12 genera and 9 families, and 12 species of Hepatophyta distributed in 7 genera and 2 families. Cheilolejeunea rigidula (Mont. ) Schust., Diplasiolejeunea cobrensis Gott. ex Steph., Diplasiolejeunea rudolphiana Steph., Frullanoides corticalis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) van Slag., Frullania neesii Lindenb., Lejeunea glaucescens Gott. and Leucolejeunea unciloba (Lindenb.) Evans are mentioned for the first time for Bahia and Harpalejeunea stricta (Lindenb. & Gott.) Steph. is new for Brazil.
The moss flora of the state of Bahia is represented by 208 species distributed in 88 genera and 34 families. Of these, 188 have already been recorded for the Bahia. In this paper are reported 18 species of mosses belonging to 16 genera and 12 families (Archidiaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Bartramiaceae, Bryaceae, Thuidiaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Pterobryaceae, Meteoriaceae, Hookeriaceae, Pottiaceae, Calymperaceae and Fissidentaceae) for Bahia and represent an additional contribution to the knowledge of the bryophyte flora of this state.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar algumas idéias sobre o tema do treinamento corporal e sua relação com o domínio da natureza. Para isso apresenta-se a teoria da formação do sujeito e da civilização desenvolvida por Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer, sobretudo na Dialética do esclarecimento. A ênfase recai sobre o papel do sacrifício nesse processo, e a relação deste com o corpo. A partir daí procura-se entender o esporte, e dentro dele o treinamento corporal, com vistas a desenvolver uma análise daquele baseada na lógica sacrificial e na correspondente redução do corpo a uma naturalidade desqualificada e fungível.
Tomando a questão do trabalho como referência básica, analisa-se a obra de Habermas conforme três aspectos básicos: a relação entre sua obra e a de Marx; a relação entre sua teoria e a Teoria Crítica da Sociedade; a crítica ao conceito habermasiano de sociedade. Argumenta-se que, ao colocar-se fora da esfera do trabalho, a análise de Habermas permanece prisioneira da forma histórica particular do trabalho no capitalismo.
Contesta-se a tese de Habermas que toma o marxismo como urna variante da filosofia da consciência. O materialismo histórico é reconstruído a partir da inter-relação dialética entre as categorias trabalho e linguagem, abrindo a possibilidade de recuperação da crítica marxista às instituições modernas: o Estado e a empresa capitalista. Argumenta-se que a tentativa habermasiana de escapar das malhas da filosofia da consciência acaba recaindo no que o autor denomina solipsismo social.
In this Paper, the idea of "ethnopoetics" is seen not exclusively as the characteristic trait of Hubert Fichte's (1935-1986) work, but as one among several forms of New Ethnology, which appeared in the context of the crisis of traditional ethnology in the 20th century. The first part intends to conceptually clarify several issues introduced by Fichte, such as the transformation of the world into words, the connection between fieldwork and interpretation, the "participant observation", and the encounter between hegemonic and peripheral cultures, comparing them with the ethnographical essays of Lévi-Strauss, Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard and Ruth Benedict. The second part is devoted to Fichte's posthumous book "Explosion", published in 1993 – where he relates his experience of three journeys in Brazil, between 1969 and 1982, a text which may be considered as his working journal and guide to all his publications on Brazil. I discuss how far the author realized his proposals to write a "novel of ethnology" and to create a "new ethnology".
The present paper deals with selected morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of nominal totalizers in German and in Brazilian Portuguese. In particular, it analyzes the elements 'todo', 'cada', 'ambos' and 'os dois', as well as 'alle', 'jeder', 'der ganze' and 'beide'. In terms of morphology, it describes the formation of gender, number and case forms. In the field of syntax, it focuses on the position of totalizers in the nominal phrase, their relations to determiners and quantifiers, and the functional distribution of declension types. In terms of semantics and pragmatics, it investigates the codification of referential and quantificational information, definiteness and cumulative v distributive totalization. The epistemological interest is defined by the objectives of linguistic comparison between German and Brazilian Portuguese, including the analysis of typical errors committed by language learners in both directions.