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Rationale and Objectives: Lumbar disk degeneration is a common condition contributing significantly to back pain. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of dual-energy CT (DECT)-derived collagen maps for the assessment of lumbar disk degeneration.
Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 127 patients who underwent dual-source DECT and MRI of the lumbar spine between 07/2019 and 10/2022. The level of lumbar disk degeneration was categorized by three radiologists as follows: no/mild (Pfirrmann 1&2), moderate (Pfirrmann 3&4), and severe (Pfirrmann 5). Recall (sensitivity) and accuracy of DECT collagen maps were calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate inter-reader reliability. Subjective evaluations were performed using 5-point Likert scales for diagnostic confidence and image quality.
Results: We evaluated a total of 762 intervertebral disks from 127 patients (median age, 69.7 (range, 23.0–93.7), female, 56). MRI identified 230 non/mildly degenerated disks (30.2%), 484 moderately degenerated disks (63.5%), and 48 severely degenerated disks (6.3%). DECT collagen maps yielded an overall accuracy of 85.5% (1955/2286). Recall (sensitivity) was 79.3% (547/690) for the detection of no/mild lumbar disk degeneration, 88.7% (1288/1452) for the detection of moderate disk degeneration, and 83.3% (120/144) for the detection of severe disk degeneration (ICC = 0.9). Subjective evaluations of DECT collagen maps showed high diagnostic confidence (median 4) and good image quality (median 4).
Conclusion: The use of DECT collagen maps to distinguish different stages of lumbar disk degeneration may have clinical significance in the early diagnosis of disk-related pathologies in patients with contraindications for MRI or in cases of unavailability of MRI.
Highlights
• Early reconstruction of injured cruciate ligaments improves functional outcomes.
• Modern CT imaging can be used to rapidly identify patients with injury to the cruciate ligaments and streamline therapeutic pathways.
• Dual-energy CT demonstrates superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single-energy CT.
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of modern single and dual-energy computed tomography (CT) for assessing the integrity of the cruciate ligaments in patients that sustained acute trauma.
Methods: Patients who underwent single- or dual-energy CT followed by 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or knee joint arthroscopy between 01/2016 and 12/2022 were included in this retrospective, monocentric study. Three radiologists specialized in musculoskeletal imaging independently evaluated all CT images for the presence of injury to the cruciate ligaments. An MRI consensus reading of two experienced readers and arthroscopy provided the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy parameters and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were the primary metrics for diagnostic performance.
Results: CT images of 204 patients (median age, 49 years; IQR 36 – 64; 113 males) were evaluated. Dual-energy CT yielded significantly higher diagnostic accuracy and AUC for the detection of injury to the anterior (94% [240/255] vs 75% [266/357] and 0.89 vs 0.66) and posterior cruciate ligaments (95% [243/255] vs 87% [311/357] and 0.90 vs 0.61) compared to single-energy CT (all parameters, p <.005). Diagnostic confidence and image quality were significantly higher in dual-energy CT compared to single-energy CT (all parameters, p <.005).
Conclusions: Modern dual-energy CT is readily available and can serve as a screening tool for detecting or excluding cruciate ligament injuries in patients with acute trauma. Accurate diagnosis of cruciate ligament injuries is crucial to prevent adverse outcomes, including delayed treatment, chronic instability, or long-term functional limitations.
Highlights
• Assessment of coronary artery plaque burden according to the CAC-DRS Score correlated well with pulmonary involvement of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (min. r=0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.86).
• Visual and quantitative CAC-DRS Score of coronary artery plaque burden provided independent prognostic information on all-cause mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (p=0.0016 and p<0.0001, respectively).
• Incorporating CAC-DRS Score and pulmonary involvement into clinical decision making revealed great potential to discriminate patients with fatal outcomes from a mild course of disease (AUC 0.938, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.97) and the need for intensive care treatment (AUC 0.801, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.83).
Purpose: To assess and correlate pulmonary involvement and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with the degree of coronary plaque burden based on the CAC-DRS classification (Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System).
Methods: This retrospective study included 142 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (58 ± 16 years; 57 women) who underwent non-contrast CT between January 2020 and August 2021 and were followed up for 129 ± 72 days. One experienced blinded radiologist analyzed CT series for the presence and extent of calcified plaque burden according to the visual and quantitative HU-based CAC-DRS Score. Pulmonary involvement was automatically evaluated with a dedicated software prototype by another two experienced radiologists and expressed as Opacity Score.
Results: CAC-DRS Scores derived from visual and quantitative image evaluation correlated well with the Opacity Score (r=0.81, 95% CI 0.76-0.86, and r=0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.89, respectively; p<0.0001) with higher correlation in severe than in mild stage SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (p<0.0001). Combined, CAC-DRS and Opacity Scores revealed great potential to discriminate fatal outcomes from a mild course of disease (AUC 0.938, 95% CI 0.89-0.97), and the need for intensive care treatment (AUC 0.801, 95% CI 0.77-0.83). Visual and quantitative CAC-DRS Scores provided independent prognostic information on all-cause mortality (p=0.0016 and p<0.0001, respectively), both in univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Coronary plaque burden is strongly correlated to pulmonary involvement, adverse outcome, and death due to respiratory failure in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, offering great potential to identify individuals at high risk.
Background: Dual-energy CT (DECT)-derived bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal radius and other CT-derived metrics related to bone health have been suggested for opportunistic osteoporosis screening and risk evaluation for sustaining distal radius fractures (DRFs).
Methods: The distal radius of patients who underwent DECT between 01/2016 and 08/2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Cortical Hounsfield Unit (HU), trabecular HU, cortical thickness, and DECT-based BMD were acquired from a non-fractured, metaphyseal area in all examinations. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the area under the curve (AUC) values for predicting DRFs based on DECT-derived BMD, HU values, and cortical thickness. Logistic regression models were then employed to assess the associations of these parameters with the occurrence of DRFs.
Results: In this study, 263 patients (median age: 52 years; interquartile range: 36–64; 132 women; 192 fractures) were included. ROC curve analysis revealed a higher area under the curve (AUC) value for DECT-derived BMD compared to cortical HU, trabecular HU, and cortical thickness (0.91 vs. 0.61, 0.64, and 0.69, respectively; p <.001). Logistic regression models confirmed the association between lower DECT-derived BMD and the occurrence of DRFs (Odds Ratio, 0.83; p <.001); however, no influence was observed for cortical HU, trabecular HU, or cortical thickness.
Conclusions: DECT can be used to assess the BMD of the distal radius without dedicated equipment such as calibration phantoms to increase the detection rates of osteoporosis and stratify the individual risk to sustain DRFs. In contrast, assessing HU-based values and cortical thickness does not provide clinical benefit.
Rationale and Objectives: Bone non-union is a serious complication of distal radius fractures (DRF) that can result in functional limitations and persistent pain. However, no accepted method has been established to identify patients at risk of developing bone non-union yet. This study aimed to compare various CT-derived metrics for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment to identify predictive values for the development of bone non-union.
Materials and Methods: CT images of 192 patients with DRFs who underwent unenhanced dual-energy CT (DECT) of the distal radius between 03/2016 and 12/2020 were retrospectively identified. Available follow-up imaging and medical health records were evaluated to determine the occurrence of bone non-union. DECT-based BMD, trabecular Hounsfield unit (HU), cortical HU and cortical thickness ratio were measured in normalized non-fractured segments of the distal radius.
Results: Patients who developed bone non-union were significantly older (median age 72 years vs. 54 years) and had a significantly lower DECT-based BMD (median 68.1 mg/cm3 vs. 94.6 mg/cm3, p < 0.001). Other metrics (cortical thickness ratio, cortical HU, trabecular HU) showed no significant differences. ROC and PR curve analyses confirmed the highest diagnostic accuracy for DECT-based BMD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 for the ROC curve and an AUC of 0.46 for the PR curve. In logistic regression models, DECT-based BMD was the sole metric significantly associated with bone non-union.
Conclusion: DECT-derived metrics can accurately predict bone non-union in patients who sustained DRF. The diagnostic performance of DECT-based BMD is superior to that of HU-based metrics and cortical thickness ratio.
Abstract
In serial dependence, perceptual decisions are biased towards stimuli encountered in the recent past. Here, we investigate whether and how serial dependence is affected by the availability of visual working memory (VWM) resources. In two experiments, participants reproduced the orientation of a series of stimuli. On alternating trials, we included an additional VWM task with randomly varying levels of load. Serial dependence was not only affected by the additional load task but also clearly modulated by the level of load: a high load in the previous trial reduced serial dependence while a high load in the present increased it. These results were independent of the effects of VWM load on the precision of reproduction responses. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that may regulate serial dependence, revealing its intimate link with VWM resources.
Significance statement
Our perception, thoughts, and behavior are continuously influenced by recent events. For instance, the way we process and understand current visual information depends on what we have seen in the preceding seconds, a phenomenon known as serial dependence. The precise mechanisms and factors involved in serial dependence are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that working memory resources are a crucial component. Specifically, when we are currently experiencing a heavy memory load, the influence of prior stimuli becomes stronger. Conversely, when prior stimuli were shown under a high memory load, their influence was reduced. These findings highlight the importance of working memory resources in shaping our interpretation of the present based on the recent past.
The branching fraction of D+→K0Sπ0e+νe is measured for the first time using 7.93 fb−1 of e+e− annihilation data collected at the center-of-mass energy s√=3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, and is determined to be B(D+→K0Sπ0e+νe) = (0.881 ± 0.017stat. ± 0.016syst.)\%. Based on an analysis of the D+→K0Sπ0e+νe decay dynamics, we observe the S-wave and P-wave components with fractions of fS-wave = (6.13 ± 0.27stat. ± 0.30syst.)% and fK¯∗(892)0 = (93.88 ± 0.27stat. ± 0.29syst.)\%, respectively. From these results, we obtain the branching fractions B(D+→(K0Sπ0)S-wave e+νe) = (5.41 ± 0.35stat. ± 0.37syst.)×10−4 and B(D+→K¯∗(892)0e+νe) = (4.97 ± 0.11stat. ± 0.12syst.)\%. In addition, the hadronic form-factor ratios of D+→K¯∗(892)0e+νe at q2=0, assuming a single-pole dominance parameterization, are determined to be rV=V(0)A1(0)=1.43 ± 0.07stat. ± 0.03syst. and r2=A2(0)A1(0)=0.72 ± 0.06stat. ± 0.02syst.
Im September 1945 erschien im Züricher Verlag J. H. Jeheber die auf Französisch verfasste Autobiographie von Françoise Frenkel (1889–1975), einer polnischen Jüdin, der es gelungen war, dem Nazi-Terror zu entkommen: "Rien où poser sa tête" (auf Deutsch: "Nichts, um sein Haupt zu betten"). Bis 1937 hatte Frenkel die einzige französische Buchhandlung in Berlin geführt. 1943 war sie mit etwas Glück illegal von Frankreich aus in die Schweiz gelangt, wo ein Neffe für ihren Unterhalt sorgte. All das lässt sich in ihrer schnörkellosen Lebensgeschichte nachlesen. Doch die Nachkriegsjahre waren nicht die Zeit, in der die Erinnerungen einer Überlebenden, in denen es nicht nur um Flucht und Vertreibung, sondern auch um die französische Kollaboration geht, große Resonanz erwarten durften. Scham und Schrecken wurden verdrängt und "Rien où poser sa tête" geriet schnell in Vergessenheit. In deutschen Bibliotheken findet sich heute nicht ein einziges Exemplar der Erstausgabe. Doch das Buch und seine Autorin wurden in den letzten Jahren wiederentdeckt und der jüngste Beleg dafür ist eine in Frankreich erschienene Biographie jener eigenwilligen Frau, die mit vollem Namen Frymeta Françoise Rolande Idesa Raichinstein-Frenkel hieß (Corine Defrance: "Françoise Frenkel, portrait d'une inconnue", Paris: L'arbalète/Gallimard 2022).
Ziel der "Historisch-Kritischen Ausgabe" war es, allererst die Texte soweit wie möglich zu sichern und in methodisch vertretbarer Weise zugänglich zu machen. Anstatt in einen wie auch immer interpolierten Lebenszusammenhang eingebettet zu werden, sollten die Texte im Kontext der realisierten oder auch nur geplanten Publikationen ("Gedichte und Phantasien" 1804, "Poetische Fragmente" 1805, "Melete" 1806) zu Wort kommen. Das Zweifelhafte wurde als solches gekennzeichnet. Manche Texte (vor allem die bisher nur in verstümmelter Gestalt wiedergegebenen) gewannen durch dieses Verfahren, andere dagegen verloren vielleicht an Wert. Die dreibändige Ausgabe, 1991 erschienen, ist längst vergriffen. 15 Jahre danach, zu Karoline von Günderrodes 200. Todestag, erscheint eine unveränderte, einzig durch eine Korrigenda ergänzte Neuauflage. Sie trägt dem Umstand Rechnung, daß die Ausgabe inzwischen zur Grundlage der neueren Forschung geworden ist.
Dieser Band enthält Angaben zu Enstehung, Überlieferung und Publikation der in den ersten beiden Bänden herausgegebenen Texte. Der Kommentarband enthält - neben einem Herausgeberbericht, Übersichtstabellen und Verzeichnissen - allgemeine einleitende Kommentare zu den Abteilungen und Einzelkommentare zu den Texten, entsprechend der Anordnung des Textbandes bzw. - für die "Studien" - des Variantenbandes. Es werden keine Wort- und Sacherläuterungen gegeben.
Ziel der "Historisch-Kritischen Ausgabe" war es, allererst die Texte soweit wie möglich zu sichern und in methodisch vertretbarer Weise zugänglich zu machen. Anstatt in einen wie auch immer interpolierten Lebenszusammenhang eingebettet zu werden, sollten die Texte im Kontext der realisierten oder auch nur geplanten Publikationen ("Gedichte und Phantasien" 1804, "Poetische Fragmente" 1805, "Melete" 1806) zu Wort kommen. Das Zweifelhafte wurde als solches gekennzeichnet. Manche Texte (vor allem die bisher nur in verstümmelter Gestalt wiedergegebenen) gewannen durch dieses Verfahren, andere dagegen verloren vielleicht an Wert. Die dreibändige Ausgabe, 1991 erschienen, ist längst vergriffen. 15 Jahre danach, zu Karoline von Günderrodes 200. Todestag, erscheint eine unveränderte, einzig durch eine Korrigenda ergänzte Neuauflage. Sie trägt dem Umstand Rechnung, daß die Ausgabe inzwischen zur Grundlage der neueren Forschung geworden ist.
Dieser Band enthält die Varianten zu den im Textband gedruckten dichterischen Texten (in analoger Anordnung) und die hauptsächlichsten Studien von Karoline v. Günderrode.
Ziel der "Historisch-Kritischen Ausgabe" war es, allererst die Texte soweit wie möglich zu sichern und in methodisch vertretbarer Weise zugänglich zu machen. Anstatt in einen wie auch immer interpolierten Lebenszusammenhang eingebettet zu werden, sollten die Texte im Kontext der realisierten oder auch nur geplanten Publikationen ("Gedichte und Phantasien" 1804, "Poetische Fragmente" 1805, "Melete" 1806) zu Wort kommen. Das Zweifelhafte wurde als solches gekennzeichnet. Manche Texte (vor allem die bisher nur in verstümmelter Gestalt wiedergegebenen) gewannen durch dieses Verfahren, andere dagegen verloren vielleicht an Wert. Die dreibändige Ausgabe, 1991 erschienen, ist längst vergriffen. 15 Jahre danach, zu Karoline von Günderrodes 200. Todestag, erscheint eine unveränderte, einzig durch eine Korrigenda ergänzte Neuauflage. Sie trägt dem Umstand Rechnung, daß die Ausgabe inzwischen zur Grundlage der neueren Forschung geworden ist.
Dieser Band enthält alle von Karoline von Günderrode zu Lebzeiten für die Publikation freigegebenen Texte in der Fassung der Erstdrucke (I-IV), alle selbstständigen Texte des dichterischen Nachlasses aufgrund der handschriftlichen Fassungen (V) und einige Texte, die bisher der Günderrode zugeschrieben wurden, deren Autorschaft aber nicht mit völliger Sicherheit feststeht (VI).
In this paper, we construct a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to examine the implications of dual rates for green lending. We demonstrate that implementing a distinct interest rate for banks engaged in green lending can effectively mitigate transition risks while channeling more capital towards green production sectors and firms for an immediate cut of emissions and net zero emission economy targets.
Biological drug substance (DS) is typically stored frozen to increase stability. However, freezing and thawing (F/T) of DS can impact product quality and therefore F/T processes need to be controlled. Because active F/T systems for DS bottles are lacking, freezing is often performed uncontrolled in conventional freezers, and thawing at ambient temperature or using water baths.
In this study, we evaluated a novel device for F/T of DS in bottles, which can be operated in conventional freezers, generating a directed air stream around bottles. We characterized the F/T geometry and process performance in comparison to passive F/T using temperature mapping and analysis of concentration gradients. The device was able to better control the F/T process by inducing directional bottom-up F/T. As a result, it reduced cryo-concentration during freezing as well as ice mound formation. However, freezing with the device was dependent on freezer performance, i.e. prolonged process times in a highly loaded freezer were accompanied by increased cryo-concentrations. Thawing was faster compared to without the device, but had no impact on concentration gradients and was slower compared to thawing in a water bath.
High-performance freezers might be required to fully exploit the potential of directional freezing with this device and allow F/T process harmonization and scaling across sites.
Using (2712±14) × 106 ψ(2S) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for the decays ηc(2S)→ωω and ηc(2S)→ωϕ via the process ψ(2S)→γηc(2S). Evidence of ηc(2S)→ωω is found with a statistical significance of 3.2σ. The branching fraction is measured to be B(ηc(2S)→ωω)=(5.65±3.77(stat.)±5.32(syst.))×10−4. No statistically significant signal is observed for the decay ηc(2S)→ωϕ. The upper limit of the branching fraction at the 90\% confidence level is determined to be B(ψ(2S)→γηc(2S),ηc(2S)→ωϕ)<2.24×10−7. We also update the branching fractions of χcJ→ωω and χcJ→ωϕ decays via the ψ(2S)→γχcJ transition. The branching fractions are determined to be B(χc0→ωω)=(10.63±0.11±0.46)×10−4, B(χc1→ωω)=(6.39±0.07±0.29)×10−4, B(χc2→ωω)=(8.50±0.08±0.38)×10−4, B(χc0→ωϕ)=(1.18±0.03±0.05)×10−4, B(χc1→ωϕ)=(2.03±0.15±0.12)×10−5, and B(χc2→ωϕ)=(9.37±1.07±0.59)×10−6, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.
Die sekretorischen Phospholipasen A2 (sPLA2) sind eine Familie von Enzymen, die von Glycerophospholipiden spezifisch Fettsäuren abspalten. Bis zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wurden im Menschen neun verschiedene sPLA2-Subtypen identifiziert, die in zahlreiche physiologische und pathophysiologische Prozesse involviert sind. So sind sPLA2s in der humanen Epidermis maßgeblich am Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beteiligt. Darüber hinaus kontrollieren sie die Freisetzung von Arachidonsäure für die Produktion von Eicosanoiden, die sowohl für die Proliferation der Keratinozyten als auch für inflammatorische Prozesse und die Entstehung von Tumoren in der Haut von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.
Da bislang weder das detaillierte Expressionsmuster der einzelnen sPLA2-Enzyme noch deren spezifische Funktion in humaner Epidermis bekannt war, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine umfassende Analyse an Biopsien gesunder und erkrankter humaner Haut durchgeführt. Zusätzlich zum Nachweis der sPLA2-Expression in vivo wurden humane primäre Keratinozyten in vitro verwendet, um die Auswirkungen der Differenzierung der Keratinozyten auf die Expression der verschiedenen sPLA2-Enzyme zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sowohl in gesunder Haut als auch in primären Keratinozyten eine starke Expression der sPLA2-IB, -IIF und -X in differenzierten Zellen, während die der sPLA2-IID und -V auf proliferierende Zellen beschränkt war. Die sPLA2-IIA hingegen wurde in gesunder Haut vor allem in der äußersten, verhornten Schicht der Epidermis nachgewiesen. Die Analyse der Haut von Patienten mit Psoriasis oder Atopischer Dermatitis, beides Erkrankungen, die mit einer Störung der Permeabilitätsbarriere assoziiert sind, zeigte im Vergleich zu gesunder Haut ein deutlich verändertes Expressionsmuster. So konnte in Biopsien kranker Haut eine verstärkte Expression der sPLA2-IIA und -IID nachgewiesen werden, während die sPLA2-V nicht detektiert werden konnte. Besonders auffallend war das Verteilungsmuster der sPLA2-X, die, im Gegensatz zu gesunder Haut, in der Epidermis erkrankter Haut nicht zu detektieren war. Dagegen konnte hier eine starke Färbung der Dermis nachgewiesen werden. Die Abwesenheit der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis unter entzündlichen Bedingungen könnte durch die Sekretion des Enzyms erklärt werden. So führte die Behandlung von HaCaT-Zellen, die als in vitro Modellsystem dienten, mit Psoriasistypischen TH-1-Zytokinen wie TNF a und IFN g zur Freisetzung der sPLA2-X ins Kulturmedium. Zudem induzierte die exogene Stimulation der Zellen mit rekombinanter sPLA2-X die Synthese des Eicosanoids Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), das zu Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut entscheidend beiträgt. Die weitere Analyse des Signaltransduktionsweges zeigte, dass der Effekt der exogenen sPLA2-X sowohl durch den Einsatz des sPLA2-spezifischen Inhibitors Methyl-Indoxam als auch durch die Hemmung der katalytischen Aktivität der zytosolischen PLA2 a (cPLA2 a) blockiert werden konnte. Da zudem Hydrolyse-Produkte der PLA2s, wie freie Fettsäuren und deren Metabolite, endogene Aktivatoren der Transkriptionsfaktoren PeroxisomProliferator-aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPAR) darstellen, wurde auch deren Rolle bei der PGE2-Produktion untersucht. Experimente mit dem PPAR g Antagonisten GW 9662 und dem PPAR g Aktivator Ciglitazon und die Untersuchung des Bindungsverhaltens der PPARs an ihre DNA-Konsensus-Sequenz nach Stimulation mit exogener sPLA2-X zeigten, dass insbesondere PPAR g (PPAR g) an der Signalweiterleitung beteiligt ist. Zudem hatte die Herunterregulation der sPLA2-X mittels RNA-Interferenz die Suppression von differenzierungsassoziierten Proteinen wie Involucrin und PPAR g zur Folge.
Die unterschiedliche Lokalisation der untersuchten sPLA2-Enzyme in gesunder und erkrankter Haut lässt darauf schließen, dass die einzelnen Subtypen in der humanen Epidermis unterschiedliche Funktionen wahrnehmen. So ist einerseits die sPLA2-IIA mit inflammatorischen Prozessen der Haut verbunden, andererseits korreliert insbesondere der Verlust der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis mit einer Störung der epidermalen Permeabilitätsbarriere, so dass dieses Enzym offenbar zum Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beiträgt. Unter entzündlichen Bedingungen kommt es allerdings, induziert durch Zytokine, zur Sekretion der sPLA2-X. In großen, nicht-physiologischen Mengen freigesetzt, ist das Enzym in der Lage, die Synthese von Eicosanoiden wie PGE2 zu steigern, und unterstützt dadurch die Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut.
Für diese retrospektive Studie wurden 157 Sportlerinnen in den Sportarten Fußball, Handball und Basketball über ihre Verletzungen und Fehlbelastungsfolgen in einem Erfassungszeitraum von 4 Jahren befragt. Die Sportlerinnen wurden in die Leistungsklassen Hochleistungssport und Leistungssport eingeteilt.
Die Probandinnen waren im Fußball durchschnittlich 22,2 Jahre alt, hatten im Schnitt 12,7 Trainingsjahre hinter sich und trainierten 7,9 Stunden in der Woche mit einem prozentualen Krafttrainingsanteil von 23%. Die Wettkampfanzahl pro Jahr lag bei durchschnittlich 32,7. Die relativ kleine Anzahl von 7 Hochleistungsfußballerinnen kann diese Werte als zu niedrig verfälscht haben.
Im Handball lag das Durchschnittsalter bei 25,1 Jahren, 16,3 Trainingsjahren und 8,9 Wochenstunden Training mit 16% Krafttrainingsanteil. Die Zahl der Wettkämpfe betrug durchschnittlich 33,4 pro Jahr.
Die Basketballerinnen waren durchschnittlich 23,6 Jahre alt, seit 12,7 Jahren im Training und von 9,7 Stunden Wochentraining zu 18% im Kraftraum. Sie absolvierten 41,6 Wettkämpfe im Jahr.
Im Erfassungszeitraum von 4 Jahren trat bei fast allen Sportlerinnen, bis auf 4 Leistungssportlerinnen im Fußball, mindestens einmal akut eine Verletzung auf, bei allen jedoch mindestens einmal eine Fehlbelastungsfolge. Das heißt, dass 97% der Befragten mindestens einmal akut verletzt waren, in Sportarten aufgeteilt, dass zu 100% im Handball und Basketball jede Sportlerin mindestens einmal verletzt war.
Im Fußball ergab sich eine Verletzungshäufigkeit von 2,18 akuten Verletzungen, bzw. 2,25 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr. Auf je 100 Belastungsstunden gab es 0,47 Verletzungen bzw. 0,50 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr. Die Handballerinnen hatten eine Verletzungshäufigkeit von 2,55 pro Jahr und 2,12 Fehlbelastungsfolgen. Auf 100 Belastungsstunden entspricht dies einer Verletzungshäufigkeit von 0,53 akuten Verletzungen pro Spielerin und 0,43 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr.
Im Basketball lag die Verletzungshäufigkeit bei 1,89 akuten Verletzungen und bei 1,71 Fehlbelastungsfolgen, bzw. bei 0,35 akuten Verletzungen und bei 0,32 Fehlbelastungsfolgen bezogen auf 100 Belastungsstunden.
Hochleistungssportlerinnen waren aufgrund des relativ hohen Trainingsumfanges und der Wettkampfbelastung gegenüber den Leistungssportlerinnen pro Jahr absolut gesehen häufiger verletzt und mussten mit mehr Fehlbelastungsfolgen rechnen.
Pro Belastungsstunde zeigten jedoch die Leistungssportlerinnen mehr
Sportverletzungen und auch Fehlbelastungsfolgen. Ein erhöhtes Trainingspensum bzw. Wettkampfpensum bedeuten also nicht gleichviel mehr Verletzungen.
Rund 52% aller akuten Verletzungen waren leichte Verletzungen ohne notwendige Sportpause oder ärztliche Behandlung, etwa 28% waren mittelschwer, d.h. sie machten eine Sportpause von kürzer als 2 Wochen und/oder eine Behandlung durch einen Arzt notwendig und etwa 19% waren schwerer Art mit ärztlicher Behandlung und einer Sportpause von länger als 2 Wochen.
77% aller Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren leichte, rund 20% mittelschwer und lediglich ca. 3% aller Fehlbelastungsfolgen schwer. Todesfälle oder Invaliditätsfälle konnte diese Studie nicht erfassen.
Die meisten Verletzungen ereigneten sich im Wettkampf mit ca. 52% im Vergleich zu etwa 48% im Training. Da nun aber die Wettkampfzeit deutlich geringer ist als die Trainingszeit, ergab sich in den einzelnen Sportarten folgende Relation: im Fußball liegt der Faktor, der eine Aussage über die erhöhte Verletzungswahrscheinlichkeit im Wettkampf macht, bei 9, im Basketball bei 17 und im Handball ergab sich der Faktor 20. Diese Zahlen verdeutlichen die erhöhte Risikobereitschaft und damit
Verletzungsgefahr im Wettkampf.
Die häufigsten Verletzungen betrafen die Muskeln mit über 30% aller Verletzungen, insbesondere im Fußball und Handball, gefolgt von Gelenkverletzungen wie Supinationstraumata im oberen Sprunggelenk, besonders im Fußball und Basketball, und Distorsionen der Finger, besonders Handball und Basketball. Die meisten Fehlbelastungsfolgen zeigten sich an Gelenken, wie Hüftgelenk und Sprunggelenk im Fußball, Schulter-, Ellenbogen- und Kniegelenk im Handball und Sprung- und Kniegelenk im Basketball.
Die meisten der oben aufgeführten Beschwerden zogen keine weiteren
Konsequenzen wie Trainingsausfall oder Notwendigkeit einer ärztlichen Behandlung nach sich, sie sollten jedoch Anlass dafür sein, diese als erste Warnsymptome des Körpers zu erkennen, um weitere Schäden vermeiden zu können. Rund 3% aller Verletzungen oder Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren Frakturen, insbesondere im Fußball traten Zehen-, Clavicula-, Nasenbein- und Kieferfrakturen auf. 10% aller Frakturen waren Stressfrakturen.
Die meisten akuten Verletzungen ereigneten sich an der unteren Extremität mit über 50, in allen drei Sportarten, am häufigsten im Fußball (66% im Leistungssport und 59% im Hochleistungssport) und Basketball (67% im Hochleistungssport und 55% im Leistungssport). Auch die Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren an der unteren Extremität am häufigsten, im Basketball 67%, im Handball über 50% und im Fußball 48%.
Die obere Extremität war bei allen drei Sportarten (Fußball 18%, Handball und Basketball je 35%) am zweithäufigsten Ort akuter Verletzungen. Nur im Handball waren auch die Fehlbelastungsfolgen am zweithäufigsten betroffen. Dies war der Rumpf mit 36% im Fußball und 20% im Basketball.
Akute Verletzungen in der Kopfregion traten mit 14% im Fußball, mit 12% im Handball und mit knapp 5% im Basketball auf. Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren nur im Fußball mit fast 10% erwähnenswert.
Der Rumpf war in allen drei Sportraten selten akut verletzt, im Fußball mit fast 3% Anteil an allen akuten Verletzungen noch am häufigsten. Fehlbelastungsfolgen in der Rumpfregion traten bei den Handballerinnen mit fast 11% am seltensten auf.
Die meisten akuten Verletzungen pro Spielerin und Jahr zogen sich die Hochleistungsspielerinnen im Vergleich zu den Leistungssportlerinnen zu, im Fußball mit 2,68, im Handball mit 2,55 und Basketball mit 2,42 pro Spielerin und Jahr. Bei den Leistungssportlerinnen verletzten sich akut pro Jahr mit 2,54 Verletzungen die Handballerinnen, mit 2,08 die Fußballerinnen und mit 1,7 Verletzungen die Basketballerinnen.
Auf je 100 Belastungsstunden, Trainings- und Wettkampfstunden addiert, verletzten sich mit 0,58 akuten Verletzungen pro Jahr am häufigsten die Handballerinnen aus dem Leistungsbereich, gefolgt von den Fußballerinnen mit 0,48 Verletzungen im Leistungs- und 0,45 im Hochleistungsbereich. Die Handballerinnen im Spitzenbereich waren 0,34mal im Jahr akut verletzt. Mit 0,31 im Hochleistungsbereich bzw. 0,37 im Leistungsbereich verletzten sich die Basketballerinnen am seltensten.
Insgesamt gesehen verletzten sich am häufigsten pro Jahr und Spielerin die Handballerinnen mit durchschnittlich 2,55 Verletzungen, die Fußballerinnen mit 2,18 und die Basketballerinnen mit 1,89 Verletzungen.
Auf 100 Belastungsstunden ergab sich die gleiche Reihenfolge.
Die meisten Fehlbelastungsfolgen traten mit 2,54 pro Spielerin und Jahr im Hochleistungsbereich der Fußballerinnen auf und mit 2,48 im Handball des Spitzenbereichs. Mit 1,79 im Leistungsbereich bzw. 1,48 im Hochleistungsbereich waren die Basketballerinnen am seltensten verletzt.
Auf 100 Belastungsstunden zeigt sich mit 0,52 pro Spielerin und Jahr bei den Fußballleistungsspielerinnen die größte Verletzungshäufigkeit, gefolgt von den Handballerinnen im gleichen Leistungsniveau. Mit 0,19 Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren die Basketballerinnen im Hochleistungsbereich am seltensten verletzt.
Alle Sportlerinnen in der jeweiligen Sportart, zusammen betrachtet, zeigen, dass die Fußballerinnen mit 2,48 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr zu rechnen haben, Handballerinnen mit 2,12 und Basketballerinnen mit 1,71 Fehlbelastungsfolgen.
Der überwiegende Teil aller akuten Verletzungen und Fehlbelastungsfolgen blieb für die Spielerinnen ohne Konsequenzen, d.h. sie hatten keine Sportpause und benötigten keinen Arztbesuch, in dieser Studie als leichte Verletzungen/Fehlbelastungsfolgen definiert.
Etwa jede vierte Verletzung bei den Basketballerinnen war von schwerer Art, d.h. eine Sportpause von länger als 2 Wochen und eine ärztliche Behandlung waren notwendig, darunter z. Bsp. Außenbandrupturen am oberen Sprunggelenk und Meniskusschäden. Etwa jede fünfte akute Verletzung, wie z. Bsp. Commotio cerebri, Nasenbeinfrakturen oder Distorsionen des Schultergelenkes, zwang die Fußballerinnen und Handballerinnen zu einer zweiwöchigen Sportkarenz.
Schwere Fehlbelastungsfolgen, wie z.B. Stressfrakturen der Tibia, hatten in allen drei Sportarten nur einen verschwindend geringen Anteil.
Vor Beginn eines leistungsmäßig-betriebenen Sports sollte eine sportärztliche Untersuchung durchgeführt werden, um Verletzungen und Überlastungsschäden, die aufgrund von anatomischen Varianten oder pathologischen Bewegungsmustern entstehen könnten, zu vermeiden, bzw. zu reduzieren. Pathologische Befunde bei Jugendlichen können Grund dafür sein, dass vom leistungsmäßigen Spiel abzuraten ist, um Sportschäden zu vermeiden.
Am Anfang sollte die Sportlerin für Materialbeschaffung fachkundigen Rat einholen, um mit optimalem Schutz (z. Bsp. Schienbeinschützer, hohe Basketballschuhe) einer Verletzung vorzubeugen.
Anatomische Varianten und Fehlstellungen des Bewegungsapparates sollten durch entsprechendes Material (z. Bsp. Einlagen, Sprunggelenksorthesen, Tape), aber auch durch ein gezieltes, individuelles Kraft-, Koordinations- und Techniktraining ausgeglichen werden. Besonders der Ausgleich einer muskulären Dysbalance im Bereich der Sprunggelenke (z. Bsp. Supinationstraumata) könnte das Verletzungsrisiko in dieser Region reduzieren.
Das Tapen bestimmter Gelenke (z. B. twin-taping an den Fingern) oder das sog. „physiologische Tapen“ sollte fachkundig angeleitet und ausgeführt werden.
Fehlerhafte Technik, mangelnde Kondition und mangelnder Trainingsaufbau sind ebenfalls Ursache für Verletzungen und Überlastungsschäden.
Somit ist die Zusammenarbeit von Ärzten, Trainern, Sportpsychologen und Physiotherapeuten von großer Bedeutung, um auf ausreichende Regenerationszeiten, realistische Zielsetzungen in der Rehabilitation, gesunde und richtige Ernährung sowie auf einen gutstrukturierten Trainingsaufbau achten zu können.
Im leistungsmäßig-betriebenen Sport ist die Risikobereitschaft immer hoch, so dass besonders im Auftreten von weiteren Faktoren wie Konzentrationsschwäche, Müdigkeit, mangelhaften Materials, fehlerhafter Ernährung etc. ein erhöhtes Verletztungspotential vorliegt.
Der überwiegende Anteil aller in dieser Studie erfassten Verletzungen trat während eines Wettkampfes auf, auch durch den Einfluss des Gegners. Um den Anteil an den Verletzungen, die aufgrund von Regelwidrigkeiten entstanden sind, zu reduzieren, sind von den Schiedsrichtern diese Regelverstöße konsequent zu ahnden, bzw. die Spielregeln durch die Sportverbände zu ändern.
Highlights
• Piriform cortex and amgydala can be separated based on their distinct structural connectivity.
• Similar to histological findings, the connectivity of the piriform cortex suggests posterior frontal and temporal subregions.
• Subregions of the piriform cortex have distinct connectivity profiles.
• Anterior PC extended into ventrotemporal PC posteriorly, which has not been described before, requiring further investigation.
• All parcellations were made publicly available.
Abstract
The anatomy of the human piriform cortex (PC) is poorly understood. We used a bimodal connectivity-based-parcellation approach to investigate subregions of the PC and its connectional differentiation from the amygdala.
One hundred (55 % female) genetically unrelated subjects from the Human Connectome Project were included. A region of interest (ROI) was delineated bilaterally covering PC and amygdala, and functional and structural connectivity of this ROI with the whole gray matter was computed. Spectral clustering was performed to obtain bilateral parcellations at granularities of k = 2–10 clusters and combined bimodal parcellations were computed. Validity of parcellations was assessed via their mean individual-to-group similarity per adjusted rand index (ARI).
Individual-to-group similarity was higher than chance in both modalities and in all clustering solutions. The amygdala was clearly distinguished from PC in structural parcellations, and olfactory amygdala was connectionally more similar to amygdala than to PC. At higher granularities, an anterior and ventrotemporal and a posterior frontal cluster emerged within PC, as well as an additional temporal cluster at their boundary. Functional parcellations also showed a frontal piriform cluster, and similar temporal clusters were observed with less consistency. Results from bimodal parcellations were similar to the structural parcellations. Consistent results were obtained in a validation cohort.
Distinction of the human PC from the amygdala, including its olfactory subregions, is possible based on its structural connectivity alone. The canonical fronto-temporal boundary within PC was reproduced in both modalities and with consistency. All obtained parcellations are freely available.
Highlights
• Northern and eastern grassland-savanna boundary defined by minimum temperature.
• Dynamics of fire, frost and growing season temperatures combine to produce this limit.
• Western limit is related to moisture availability.
• Modern, high-resolution climate data enables refinement of bioclimatic limits.
• Reparameterisation improves global model performance at regional scale.
Abstract
Understanding the controls of biome distributions is crucial for assessing terrestrial ecosystem functioning and its response to climate change. We analysed to what extent differences in climate factors (minimum temperatures, water availability, and growing season temperatures (degree days above 5 °C (GDD5)) might explain the poorly understood borders between grasslands, savannas and shrublands in eastern South Africa. The results were used to improve bioclimatic limits in the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) LPJ-GUESS. The vegetation model was also used to explore the role of fire in the biome borders. Results show no clear differences between the adjacent biomes in water availability. Treeless grasslands primarily occur in areas with minimum temperatures and GDD5 values below that of savannas. The standard fire module in LPJ-GUESS is not able to reproduce observed burned area patterns in the study region, but simulations with prescribed fire return intervals show that a combination of low temperatures and fire can explain the treeless state of the grassland biome. These results confirm earlier hypotheses that a combination of low winter temperatures, causing frost damage to trees, and low growing season temperatures that impede tree sapling growth and recruitment, particularly under re-occurring fires, drive the grassland-savanna border. With these insights implemented, the LPJ-GUESS simulation results substantially improved grass distribution in the grassland biome, but challenges remain concerning the grassland-shrubland boundary, tree-grass competition and prognostic fire modelling.
Purpose: To describe a novel surgical technique of a combined implantation of an artificial iris and a scleral fixated intraocular lens (IOL) using flanged IOL haptics (“Yamane” technique).
Observations: The suturelessly implanted artificial iris-IOL-sandwich was stable with good functional as well as aesthetic results. However, our case showed a postoperative intraocular pressure rise.
Conclusions: The presented case demonstrates that a visual as well as cosmetical rehabilitation seems to be possible even after severe, penetrating ocular trauma with profound iris defects.
Importance: The sutureless IOL scleral fixation technique can also be used in combination with a sutureless artificial iris implantation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety profile and rates of postoperative complications.
Purpose: The IC-8® Apthera™ (AcuFocus Inc.™, Irvine, California, USA) is the first small aperture intraocular lens (IOL) to receive FDA approval for presbyopia correction in the summer of 2022. It is a single-piece hydrophobic acrylic monofocal lens, which is placed in the capsular bag. In its center it carries a black circular mask (FilterRing™) with a diameter of 3.23 mm consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride and carbon black nanoparticles. In the center of this mask sits a 1.36 mm wide aperture. Thanks to this pinhole effect the IC-8® serves as an extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) IOL and can be used in presbyopia correction.
This report describes the case of a patient with an IC-8® implant who underwent Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification (PCO). The post laser checkup showed a dark central optical change within the IOL and the patient described optical phenomena as well as blurred central vision, which is why he received IOL exchange. The explanted IC-8® was sent to the Intermountain Ocular Research Center at the University of Utah for further analysis.
Observations: A 56-year-old male underwent cataract surgery with implantation of a non-diffractive EDOF-IOL on the right and the IC-8® small aperture IOL on the left eye. On the left eye, the patient had received penetrating keratoplasty seven years prior to the cataract operation due to posttraumatic corneal scarring. The early checkups after cataract surgery showed a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) in the left eye of +0.1 logMAR in the first month. About 5 months after the operation, PCO was first described on the left eye leading to a decrease in visual acuity to +0.4 logMAR (CDVA). Due to PCO, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was conducted 5 months after the cataract operation on the left eye. 12 shots were applied at 2.7 mJ. The following appointments showed a continuously reduced visual acuity of +1.3 logMAR (uncorrected) on the left eye and the patient described blurry and ‘swirled’ central vision. By slightly tilting his head and thus not using the center of his optic axis, he would be able to see sharper. Slit lamp examination showed a small optical change inside the IC-8® IOL not resembling a pit but believed to be a small pocket of air. Due to the ongoing symptoms as well as the reduced VA, the seemingly damaged small aperture IOL was exchanged for a three-piece hydrophobic acrylic monofocal lens, which was also placed in the posterior chamber. The explanted IC-8® was sent to the Intermountain Ocular Research Center at the University of Utah for further analysis. Results from gross and light microscopic analysis showed that the change caused by the Nd:YAG laser application consisted of a localized optical area containing carbon black nanoparticles used for the circular mask within the IOL.
Conclusions and importance: When dealing with PCO and performing Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in eyes with an IC-8® IOL implant, the laser shots should be applied either inside the aperture or outside of the black circular mask of the IOL. Otherwise, the Nd:YAG laser can lead to bursts of carbon nanoparticles within the IOL which may cause optical phenomena as well as decreased visual acuity possibly resulting in an IOL exchange.
Using 𝑒+𝑒− collision data with an integrated luminosity of 7.33 fb−1 collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the branching fraction of the leptonic decay 𝐷+ 𝑠→𝜇+𝜈𝜇 is measured to be (0.5294±0.0108stat±0.0085syst)%. Based on this, the product of the 𝐷+ 𝑠 decay constant 𝑓𝐷+ 𝑠 and the magnitude of the 𝑐→𝑠 quark mixing matrix element |𝑉𝑐𝑠| is determined to be 𝑓𝐷+ 𝑠|𝑉𝑐𝑠| = 241.8±2.5stat±2.2syst MeV. Using the value of |𝑉𝑐𝑠| given by the global standard model fit, 𝑓𝐷+ 𝑠 is found to be 248.4±2.5stat±2.2syst MeV. Alternatively, using the value of 𝑓𝐷+ 𝑠 from a recent lattice quantum chromodynamics calculation, |𝑉𝑐𝑠| is determined to be 0.968±0.010stat±0.009syst.
The processes hc→γP(P=η′, η, π0) are studied with a sample of (27.12±0.14)×108 ψ(3686) events collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The decay hc→γη is observed for the first time with the significance of 9.0σ, and the branching fraction is determined to be (3.77±0.55±0.13±0.26)×10−4, while B(hc→γη′) is measured to be (1.40±0.11±0.04±0.10)×10−3, where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second systematic, and the third from the branching fraction of ψ(3686)→π0hc. The combination of these results allows for a precise determination of Rhc=B(hc→γη)B(hc→γη′), which is calculated to be (27.0±4.4±1.0)%. The results are valuable for gaining a deeper understanding of η−η′ mixing, and its manifestation within quantum chromodynamics. No significant signal is found for the decay hc→γπ0, and an upper limit is placed on its branching fraction of B(hc→γπ0)<5.0×10−5, at the 90% confidence level.
Based on 368.5 pb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies 4.914 and 4.946 GeV by the BESIII detector, the 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝜒𝑐1(3872) process is searched for the first time. No significant signal is observed and the upper limits at the 90% confidence level on the product of the Born cross section 𝜎(𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝜒𝑐1(3872)) and the branching fraction ℬ[𝜒𝑐1(3872)→𝜋+𝜋−𝐽/𝜓] at 4.914 and 4.946 GeV are set to be 0.85 and 0.96 pb, respectively. These measurements provide useful information for the production of the 𝜒𝑐1(3872) at 𝑒+𝑒− colliders and deepen our understanding about the nature of this particle.
Among the 44 genera of predatory stink bugs (Asopinae) described for the Old World, there is a notable lack of recent studies. In this research, we aim to fill this gap by investigating the taxonomic history and morphology of species of Cantheconidea. As results, we present the redescription of the genus and validate three species: C. humeralis, C. javana and C. mitis comb. nov. A lectotype for C. mitis is designated and comments on the type material are given. Additionally, we transfer four species from Cantheconidea to the genus Eocanthecona: E. acuta comb. nov., E. variabilis comb. nov., E. gaugleri comb. nov. and E. insularis comb. nov. To accommodate the unique characteristics of Cantheconidea cyanacantha, we describe a new genus, Cantheconesia Brugnera & Roca-Cusachs gen. nov., and transfer the species, resulting in Cantheconesia cyanacantha gen. et comb. nov. Our study provides detailed redescriptions of species and accompanying images to support taxonomic decisions and presents new distribution records.
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, the cross section of the inclusive process e+e−→η+X, normalized by the total cross section of e+e−→hadrons, is measured at eight center-of-mass energy points from 2.0000 GeV to 3.6710 GeV. These are the first measurements with momentum dependence in this energy region. Our measurement shows a significant discrepancy from calculations with the existing fragmentation functions. To address this discrepancy, a new QCD analysis is performed at the next-to-next-to-leading order with hadron mass corrections and higher twist effects, which can explain both the established high-energy data and our measurements reasonably well.
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, the cross section of the inclusive process e+e−→η+X, normalized by the total cross section of e+e−→hadrons, is measured at eight center-of-mass energy points from 2.0000 GeV to 3.6710 GeV. These are the first measurements with momentum dependence in this energy region. Our measurement shows a significant discrepancy from calculations with the existing fragmentation functions. To address this discrepancy, a new QCD analysis is performed at the next-to-next-to-leading order with hadron mass corrections and higher twist effects, which can explain both the established high-energy data and our measurements reasonably well.
We search for the di-photon decay of a light pseudoscalar axion-like particle, a, in radiative J/ψ decays, using 10 billion J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector. We find no evidence of a signal and set upper limits at the 95% confidence level on the product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γa)×B(a→γγ) and the axion-like particle photon coupling constant gaγγ in the ranges of (3.7−48.5)×10−8 and (2.2−101.8)×10−4 GeV−1, respectively, for 0.18≤ma≤2.85 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent limits to date in this mass region.
We search for the di-photon decay of a light pseudoscalar axion-like particle, a, in radiative J/ψ decays, using 10 billion J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector. We find no evidence of a signal and set upper limits at the 95% confidence level on the product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γa)×B(a→γγ) and the axion-like particle photon coupling constant gaγγ in the ranges of (3.7−48.5)×10−8 and (2.2−101.8)×10−4 GeV−1, respectively, for 0.18≤ma≤2.85 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent limits to date in this mass region.
We search for the di-photon decay of a light pseudoscalar axion-like particle, a, in radiative J/ψ decays, using 10 billion J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector. We find no evidence of a signal and set upper limits at the 95% confidence level on the product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γa)×B(a→γγ) and the axion-like particle photon coupling constant gaγγ in the ranges of (3.7−48.5)×10−8 and (2.2−101.8)×10−4 GeV−1, respectively, for 0.18≤ma≤2.85 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent limits to date in this mass region.
Using 6.32 fb−1 of electron-positron collision data recorded by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226~GeV, we present the first search for the decay D+s→a0(980)0e+νe, a0(980)0→π0η, which could proceed via a0(980)-f0(980) mixing. No significant signal is observed. An upper limit of 1.2×10−4 at the 90% confidence level is set on the product of the branching fractions of D+s→a0(980)0e+νe and a0(980)0→π0η decays.
We measure the inclusive semielectronic decay branching fraction of the D+s meson. A double-tag technique is applied to e+e− annihilation data collected by the BESIII experiment at the BEPCII collider, operating in the center-of-mass energy range 4.178−4.230 GeV. We select positrons from D+s→Xe+νe with momenta greater than 200 MeV/c, and determine the laboratory momentum spectrum, accounting for the effects of detector efficiency and resolution. The total positron yield and semielectronic branching fraction are determined by extrapolating this spectrum below the momentum cutoff. We measure the D+s semielectronic branching fraction to be B(D+s→Xe+νe)=(6.30±0.13(stat.)±0.10(syst.))%, showing no evidence for unobserved exclusive semielectronic modes. We combine this result with external data taken from literature to determine the ratio of the D+s and D0 semielectronic widths, Γ(D+s→Xe+νe)Γ(D0→Xe+νe)=0.790±0.016(stat.)±0.020(syst.). Our results are consistent with and more precise than previous measurements.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV, we measure the absolute branching fractions of the decays D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe to be (3.567±0.031stat±0.025syst)% and (8.68±0.14stat±0.16syst)%, respectively. Starting with the process e+e−→DD¯, a new reconstruction method is employed to select events that contain candidates for both D→K¯e+νe and D¯→Ke−ν¯e decays. The branching fractions reported in this work are consistent within uncertainties with previous BESIII measurements that selected events containing D→K¯e+νe and hadronic D¯ decays. Combining our results with the lifetimes of the D0 and D+ mesons and the previous BESIII measurements leads to a ratio of the two decay partial widths of Γ¯D0→K−e+νeΓ¯D+→K¯0e+νe=1.039±0.021. This ratio supports isospin symmetry in the D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe decays within 1.9σ.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV, we measure the absolute branching fractions of the decays D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe to be (3.567±0.031stat±0.025syst)% and (8.68±0.14stat±0.16syst)%, respectively. Starting with the process e+e−→DD¯, a new reconstruction method is employed to select events that contain candidates for both D→K¯e+νe and D¯→Ke−ν¯e decays. The branching fractions reported in this work are consistent within uncertainties with previous BESIII measurements that selected events containing D→K¯e+νe and hadronic D¯ decays. Combining our results with the lifetimes of the D0 and D+ mesons and the previous BESIII measurements leads to a ratio of the two decay partial widths of Γ¯D0→K−e+νeΓ¯D+→K¯0e+νe=1.039±0.021. This ratio supports isospin symmetry in the D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe decays within 1.9σ.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773~GeV, we measure the absolute branching fractions of the decays D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe to be (3.574±0.031stat±0.025syst)% and (8.70±0.14stat±0.16syst)%, respectively. Starting with the process e+e−→DD¯, a new reconstruction method is employed to select events that contain candidates for both D→K¯e+νe and D¯→Ke−ν¯e decays. The branching fractions reported in this work are consistent within uncertainties with previous BESIII measurements that selected events containing D→K¯e+νe and inclusive hadronic D¯ decays. Combining our results with the lifetimes of the D0 and D+ mesons and the previous BESIII measurements leads to a ratio of the two decay partial widths of Γ¯D0→K−e+νeΓ¯D+→K¯0e+νe=1.040±0.021. This ratio supports isospin symmetry in the D0→K−e+νe and D+→K¯0e+νe decays within 1.9σ.
Using e+e− collision data at ten center-of-mass energies between 2.644 and 3.080 GeV collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 500 pb−1, we measure the cross sections and effective form factors for the process e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 utilizing a single-tag method. A fit to the cross section of e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 with a pQCD-driven power function is performed, from which no significant resonance or threshold enhancement is observed. In addition, the ratio of cross sections for the processes e+e−→Ξ−Ξ¯+ and Ξ0Ξ¯0 is calculated using recent BESIII measurement and is found to be compatible with expectation from isospin symmetry.
Using e+e− collision data at ten center-of-mass energies between 2.644 and 3.080 GeV collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 500 pb−1, we measure the cross sections and effective form factors for the process e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 utilizing a single-tag method. A fit to the cross section of e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 with a pQCD-driven power function is performed, from which no significant resonance or threshold enhancement is observed. In addition, the ratio of cross sections for the processes e+e−→Ξ−Ξ¯+ and Ξ0Ξ¯0 is calculated using recent BESIII measurement and is found to be compatible with expectation from isospin symmetry.
Using e+e− collision data at ten center-of-mass energies between 2.644 and 3.080 GeV collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 500.0 pb−1, we measure the cross sections and effective form factors for the process e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 utilizing a single-tag method. A fit to the cross section of e+e−→Ξ0Ξ¯0 with a pQCD-driven power function is performed, from which no significant resonance or threshold enhancement is observed. In addition, the ratio of cross sections for the processes e+e−→Ξ−Ξ¯+ and Ξ0Ξ¯0 is calculated using recent BESIII measurement and is found to be compatible with expectation from isospin symmetry.
We evaluate the influence of a forest parametrization on the simulation of the boundary layer flow over moderate complex terrain in the context of the Perdigão 2017 field campaign. The numerical simulations are performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model in large eddy simulation mode (WRF-LES). The short-term, high-resolution (40 m horizontal grid spacing) and long-term (200 m horizontal grid spacing) WRF-LES are evaluated for an integration time of 12 h and 1.5 months, respectively, with and without forest parameterization. The short-term simulations focus on low-level jet events over the valley, while the long-term simulations cover the whole intensive observation period (IOP) of the field campaign. The results are validated using lidar and meteorological tower observations. The mean diurnal cycle during the IOP shows a significant improvement of the along-valley wind speed and the wind direction when using the forest parametrization. However, the drag imposed by the parametrization results in an underestimation of the cross-valley wind speed, which can be attributed to a poor representation of the land surface characteristics. The evaluation of the high-resolution WRF-LES shows a positive influence of the forest parametrization on the simulated winds in the first 500 m above the surface.
We evaluate the influence of a forest parametrization on the simulation of the boundary layer flow over moderate complex terrain in the context of the Perdigão 2017 field campaign. The numerical simulations are performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model in large eddy simulation mode (WRF-LES). The short-term, high-resolution (40 m horizontal grid spacing) and long-term (200 m horizontal grid spacing) WRF-LES are evaluated for an integration time of 12 h and 1.5 months, respectively, with and without forest parameterization. The short-term simulations focus on low-level jet events over the valley, while the long-term simulations cover the whole intensive observation period (IOP) of the field campaign. The results are validated using lidar and meteorological tower observations. The mean diurnal cycle during the IOP shows a significant improvement of the along-valley wind speed and the wind direction when using the forest parametrization. However, the drag imposed by the parametrization results in an underestimation of the cross-valley wind speed, which can be attributed to a poor representation of the land surface characteristics. The evaluation of the high-resolution WRF-LES shows a positive influence of the forest parametrization on the simulated winds in the first 500 m above the surface.
Marine stratocumuli are the most dominant cloud type by area coverage in the Southern Ocean (SO). They can be divided into different self-organized cellular morphological regimes known as open and closed mesoscale-cellular convective (MCC) clouds. Open and closed cells are the two most frequent types of organizational regimes in the SO. Using the liDAR-raDAR (DARDAR) version 2 retrievals, we quantify 59 % of all MCC clouds in this region as mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) during a 4-year time period from 2007 to 2010. The net radiative effect of SO MCC clouds is governed by changes in cloud albedo. Both cloud morphology and phase have previously been shown to impact cloud albedo individually, but their interactions and their combined impact on cloud albedo remain unclear.
Here, we investigate the relationships between cloud phase, organizational patterns, and their differences regarding their cloud radiative properties in the SO. The mixed-phase fraction, which is defined as the number of MPCs divided by the sum of MPC and supercooled liquid cloud (SLC) pixels, of all MCC clouds at a given cloud-top temperature (CTT) varies considerably between austral summer and winter. We further find that seasonal changes in cloud phase at a given CTT across all latitudes are largely independent of cloud morphology and are thus seemingly constrained by other external factors. Overall, our results show a stronger dependence of cloud phase on cloud-top height (CTH) than CTT for clouds below 2.5 km in altitude.
Preconditioning through ice-phase processes in MPCs has been observed to accelerate individual closed-to-open cell transitions in extratropical stratocumuli. The hypothesis of preconditioning has been further substantiated in large-eddy simulations of open and closed MPCs. In this study, we do not find preconditioning to primarily impact climatological cloud morphology statistics in the SO. Meanwhile, in-cloud albedo analysis reveals stronger changes in open and closed cell albedo in SLCs than in MPCs. In particular, few optically thick (cloud optical thickness >10) open cell stratocumuli are characterized as ice-free SLCs. These differences in in-cloud albedo are found to alter the cloud radiative effect in the SO by 21 to 39 W m−2 depending on season and cloud phase.
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death which is considered an oxidative iron-dependent process. The lipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 prevents the iron (Fe2+)-dependent formation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species. While emerging evidence indicates that inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 as a hallmark of ferroptosis in many cancer cell lines, the involvement of this biochemical pathway in neuronal death remains largely unclear. Here, we investigate, first whether the ferroptosis key players are involved in the neuronal cell death induced by erastin. The second objective was to examine whether there is a cross talk between ferroptosis and autophagy. The third main was to address neuron response to erastin, with a special focus on ferritin and nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy. To test this in neurons, erastin (0.5–8 µM) was applied to hippocampal HT22 neurons for 16 hours. In addition, cells were cultured with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin (10 mM) and/or ferroptosis inhibitors, ferrostatin 1 (10–20 µM) or deferoxamine (10–200 µM) before exposure to erastin. In this study, we demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis, that erastin downregulates dramatically the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, the sodium-independent cystine-glutamate antiporter and nuclear receptor coactivator 4. The protein levels of ferritin and mitochondrial ferritin in HT22 hippocampal neurons did not remarkably change following erastin treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that not only the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin1/deferoxamine abrogated the ferroptotic cell death induced by erastin in hippocampal HT22 neurons, but also the potent autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin. We conclude that (1) erastin-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal HT22 neurons, despite reduced nuclear receptor coactivator 4 levels, (2) that either nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy does not occur or is of secondary importance in this model, (3) that ferroptosis seems to share some features of the autophagic cell death process.
In the basal, proliferative layer of healthy skin, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is activated, thus regulating proliferation while preventing differentiation. When cells leave the proliferative, basal compartment, mTORC1 signaling is turned off, which allows differentiation. Under inflammatory conditions, this switch is hijacked by cytokines and prevents proper differentiation. It is currently unknown how mTORC1 is regulated to mediate these effects on keratinocyte differentiation. In other tissues, mTORC1 activity is controlled through various pathways via the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Thus, we investigated whether the TS complex is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. TNF-α as well as IL-1β induced the phosphorylation of TSC2, especially on S939 via the PI3-K/AKT and MAPK pathway. Surprisingly, increased TSC2 phosphorylation could not be detected in psoriasis patients. Instead, TSC2 was strongly downregulated in lesional psoriatic skin compared to non-lesional skin of the same patients or healthy skin. In vitro inflammatory cytokines induced dissociation of TSC2 from the lysosome, followed by destabilization of the TS complex and degradation. Thus, we assume that in psoriasis, inflammatory cytokines induce strong TSC2 phosphorylation, which in turn leads to its degradation. Consequently, chronic mTORC1 activity impairs ordered keratinocyte differentiation and contributes to the phenotypical changes seen in the psoriatic epidermis.
The culture of primary intestinal epithelia cells is not possible in a normal culture system. In 2009 a three-dimensional culture system of intestinal stem cells was established that shows many of the physiological features of the small intestine, such as crypt-villus structure, stem cell niche and all types of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. These enteroids can be used to analyze biology of intestinal stem cells, gut homeostasis and the development of diseases. They also give the possibility to reduce animal numbers, as enteroids can be cryo-conserved and cultivated for many passages. To investigate the influence of genes such as NADPH oxidases on the gut homeostasis, transgenic approached are the method of choice. The generation of enteroids from knockout mice allows real-time observations of knockout effects. Often conditional knockout or overexpression strategies using inducible Cre recombinase are applied to avoid effects of adaption to the knockout. However, the Cre recombinase has many known caveats from unspecific binding and its endonuclease activity. In this study, we show that although NADPH oxidases are important for in vivo differentiation and proliferation of the intestine, their expression is drastically reduced in the organoid system. Activation of Cre recombinase by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen in freshly isolated enteroids, independently of floxed genes, leads to decreased diameter of organoids. This effect is concentration-dependent and is caused by reduced cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. In contrast, constitutive expression of Cre has no impact on the enteroids. Therefore, reduction of tamoxifen concentration and treatment duration should be carefully titrated, and appropriate controls are necessary.
Using a sample of about 1010 𝐽/𝜓 events collected at a center-of-mass energy √𝑠=3.097 GeV with the BESIII detector, the electromagnetic Dalitz decays 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝜋+𝜋−𝜂′, with 𝜂′→𝛾𝜋+𝜋− and 𝜂′→𝜋+𝜋−𝜂, have been studied. The decay 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝑋(1835) is observed with a significance of 15𝜎, and also an 𝑒+𝑒− invariant-mass dependent transition form factor of 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝑋(1835) is presented for the first time. The intermediate states 𝑋(2120) and 𝑋(2370) are also observed in the 𝜋+𝜋−𝜂′ invariant-mass spectrum with significances of 5.3𝜎 and 7.3𝜎. The corresponding product branching fractions for 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝑋, 𝑋→𝜋+𝜋−𝜂′ [𝑋=𝑋(1835), 𝑋(2120), and 𝑋(2370)] are reported.