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Northern Chile, which includes the extremely arid Atacama Desert and the semiarid Andean Highlands, has more than 100 basins with interior drainage; most contain salars (salt-ilncrusted playas). The area of interior drainage totals more than 38,000 square miles, within which salara and clay playas extend over a total area of about 2,800 square miles. In addition, hills and valleys in the Atacama Desert are extensively covered either with a thin hard saline crust, chiefly salt-cemented soil, or with a powdery soil that has a high content of saline material, chiefly anhydrite and gypsum. The region has an exceptional variety of types of hard saline crusts that are generally rare in other deserts, and many morphological and structural salt features, some of which may be unique. Soft saline crusts and clay playas, more characteristic of arid regions elsewhere, are also present. Hard salar crusts have formed by deposition of saline material in open water or by capillary migration and evaporation of near-surface ground water. Such crusts generally range from a few inches to several feet in thickness. Locally, crusts may attain thicknesses of several tens of feet, and one salar, Salar Grande, is a basin filled with high. purity rock salt to a local depth of at least 560 feet. Six general types of hard salar crusts are distinguished: (1) layered massive rock salt with a rugged surface, (2) slabby or nodular silty rock salt, (3) rugged gypsum or anhydrite, (4) massive coarsely crystalline rock salt, (5) smooth rock salt, and (6) silty nitrate-bearing saline crust. Soft surfaces or crusts include moist gypsum-bearing crusts, which commonly contain nodules and layers of ulexite in Andean salars, and moist to dry puffy soils and crusts that contain gypsum, thenardite and mirabilite as the principal saline constituents. An unusual chemical feature of the salars and the desert soils of northern Chile is the general paucity of carbonate minerals (for example, trona, calcite, and aragonite) which are widespread in other desert regions. Among the many morphological and structural features that can be recognized in and near salars of northern Chile, the most unusual occur in hard rock-salt crusts, which in themselves are scarce in other arid regions. Included are features due to corrosion of rock-salt crusts by windblown water or free-flowing surface water, such as: (1) salt cusps and crenulate margins of salars, (2) salt channels, (3) salt pseudobarchans, and (4) salt tubes. Constructional features in the salars include: (1) gypsum buttresses at borders of saline ponds, (2) salt veins, (3) salt stalactites, and (4) salt cones. In some salars, new fresh-water springs have formed steep-walled brine pools in thick rock-salt crusts. Prominent salt cascades and constructional salt terraces have been built up in one Andean valley by springs that are fed by brine from a nearby salar (Salar de Pedernales). Sag basins and prominent scarps occur along faults that cut through the salt mass of Salar Grande. Of, the 67 closed basins in the Andean Highlands of northern Chile, at least 35 show shorelines or deltas of former perennial lakes. Today only flve perennial lakes occur in this area. The former lakes probably formed at one or more times during the Pleistocene and perhaps continued to form into Holocene time. They indicate a climate that was either more rainy or cooler, or both, during the time of their formation. However, the absence of glacial features throughout most of the northern Chilean Andes indicates that the climate during the Pleistocene glacial stages was not greatly different from today's climate. It is estimated that perennial lakes would form in nearly all thil Andean basins if the mean annual rainfall of the region above 10,000 feet in altitude were increased to 15 inches from its present 8 inches, and if the mean annual temperature were about 2° F. less than it is at present.
Youth movements
(2008)
Agro-technology
(2001)
This regional study documents the life and the destruction of the Jewish community of Magdeburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony, between 1933 and 1945. As this is the first comprehensive and academic study of this community during the Nazi period, it has contributed to both the regional historiography of German Jewry and the historiography of the Shoah in Germany. In both respects it affords a further understanding of Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Commencing this study at the beginning of 1933 enables a comprehensive view to emerge of the community as it was on the eve of the Nazi assault. The study then analyses the spiralling events that led to its eventual destruction. The story of the Magdeburg Jewish community in both the public and private domains has been explored from the Nazi accession to power in 1933 up until April 1945, when only a handful of Jews in the city witnessed liberation. This study has combined both archival material and oral history to reconstruct the period. Secondary literature has largely been incorporated and used in a comparative sense and as reference material. This study has interpreted and viewed the period from an essentially Jewish perspective. That is to say, in documenting the experiences of the Jews of Magdeburg, this study has focused almost exclusively on how this population simultaneously lived and grappled with the deteriorating situation. Much attention has been placed on how it reacted and responded at key junctures in the processes of disenfranchisement, exclusion and finally destruction. This discussion also includes how and why Jews reached decisions to abandon their Heimat and what their experiences with departure were. In the final chapter of the community’s story, an exploration has been made of how the majority of those Jews who remained endured the final years of humiliation and stigmatisation. All but a few perished once the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’ reached Magdeburg in April 1942. The epilogue of this study charts the experiences of those who remained in the city, some of whom survived to tell their story.
I conducted an 18 month study on the behavior and ecology of two species of sympatric caviid rodents (Kerodon rupestris and Galea spixii) in northeastern Brazil. Preliminary observations indicated that Kerodon was a habitat specialist. occurring only in large boulder piles. whereas Galea appeared to be a habitat generalist. occurring in a variety of open habitats excepting the boulder piles inhabited by Kerodon. This situation presented an ideal field experiment to compare the social structures in these two closely related genera. I first established breeding colonies of both in order to describe their behavioral displays and to discern their function. Complete behavioral repeltoires. including vocalizations. are presented for both Kerodon and Galea. Reproduction and growth. behavioral development. sexual behavior. agonistic behavior. and use of space were all examined both quantitatively and qualitatively in the colonies and in the field. Time budgets were calculated and analyzed for both genera. Differences in rates of growth and behavioral development between the two genera afe probably related to ecological aspects of their significantly different microhabitat preferences. Data on sexual and agonistic behavior collected in the colonies suggested that Kerodon exhibited resource defense polygyny, whereas the Galea mating system approximated male dominance polygyny. Field data supported the colony observations. These differences in mating systems may be related to the different habitat preferences observed. Kerodvll is compared to other resource defense polygynists. Finally, a model for the evolution of behavior in the family Caviidae is presented. The social organizations of the various genera seem to be very responsive to ecological requirements. The importance of social organization in ecological adaptation is discussed.
Twelve genera, two of them new, are recognized in the tribe Adesmiini in southern Africa. Four new species of Epiphysa, one of Alogenius (placed in a new subgenus), two of Stenocara, one of Metriopus, and one placed in one of the new genera, are described. The genera are revised, and their distribution and relationship are briefly discussed
This paper is a preliminary attempt to reconstruct the consonant system of Proto-East-Cushitic (PEC) , one of the four branches of the Cushitic family. Data are taken from some twenty-odd languages including unpublished material on a variety of hitherto little known languages. After discussing a number of general problems raised by the phonological comparison of the East Cushitic languages, 23 consonants are reconstructed for the inventory of the proto-language and the evidence for the reconstructions is presented in the form of cognate sets and correspondence rules which map the proto-phonemes onto the individual reflexes. The method employed is that of comparative linguistics as traditionally employed in Indo-European linguistics.
If we see a film, we experience the passing time in two ways. On the one hand, it is conveyed as the time in which the film action takes place – felt as “lived” time. On the other hand, via camera travels and movements of objects vertically to the picture plane, time is perceived – in a much more indirect way – as a vehicle for representation of spatial depth. It is this link between space and time where the method of “time tilting” introduced here sets in. When a film scene is “time-tilted”, one of the spatial dimensions (here the horizontal direction of the picture plane) is interchanged with the time dimension: In a first step, the pictures of the scene are digitalized. Then, the thus gained pixels of all pictures of the scene are arranged into a three-dimensional data field. Finally, a new series of pictures is read out, along one of the two former picture axes, which is then shown as a scene of moving pictures. The resulting film will present optical phenomena which are, on the one hand, aesthetically appealing and, on the other hand, informative for film analysis. First examples demonstrate how the procedure operates on basic movements in space as well as on camera travels in space.
Rwanda entered independence following a transition marked by violent internecine conflict. The conflict was stoked by the departing colonial rulers as they sought to place control of the levers of state in the hands of an ethnic majority, which they had hitherto marginalised in favour of a minority they now sought to exclude. It carried on into the country’s post-colonial politics. For nearly three decades Rwanda’s postcolonial rulers presided over an ethnocracy that perpetuated the negative colonial legacy of ethnic division. They systematically practiced a politics of exclusion and repression that placed the country’s long-term stability under threat, eventually led to civil war, and culminated in the genocide of 1994. After the genocide and the defeat and overthrow of the ancien regime of ethnic supremacists, the new ruling elite - most of whom had spent nearly three decades in exile or been born there - embarked on re-building a collapsed state and re-ordering the country’s politics. The last fourteen years have witnessed deliberate efforts to re-orient the country away from three decades of politics of division and exclusion under the First and Second Republics, towards a system which privileges national reconciliation and unity, equity, and inclusion. This paper examines developments in post-1994 Rwanda against the background of pre-1994 politics and society, and the factors that led to and facilitated the war that culminated in the genocide and eventual overthrow of the Second Republic. It provides insights into the efforts and achievements made by the new ruling elites in pursuit of long-term peace and stability. A great deal, however, remains inadequately explored, including political organisation and the role of political parties, economic reform and management, and the reform and management of the security sector, all of which are the focus of on-going research.
Die Stücke der Windrose für Salonorchester (1989-95) by the Argentine-German composer Mauricio Kagel (*1931) constitute a set of eight pieces on the main bearings of the compass, each number being named after a compass point. In my thesis I explore how the different musical idioms – references to non-Western musics and to salon orchestra music, as well as Kagel’s own compositional procedures – relate to one another in the pieces. The specific origin of the materials Kagel utilised is established by examining a variety of sources, such as the composer’s own programme notes, an interview I conducted with him, and most importantly, the sketch materials. On this basis I develop a theoretical model of the intertextual relations between different musical discourses by means of Bakhtinian dialogics, resulting in a typology distinguishing different kinds of cross-cultural musical representation according to the degree of ‘stylisation’ involved. This typology serves as the framework of my analyses in which I discuss the different ways Kagel engages with his source materials in terms of compositional technique, aesthetic issues such as Kagel’s challenge to traditional notions of authorship, and the ideological implications of cross-cultural musical representation, interpreted in the light of recent discourses, for instance in cultural studies and postcolonialism. In particular, I demonstrate that Kagel‘s work is as much a critical reflection on common Western representations of ‘otherness’, as it engages in such a practice itself, as is apparent in the ostentatious employment of a salon orchestra with its associations of turn-of-thecentury exoticism. By illustrating methodological approaches to cross-cultural composition, which has become a prominent feature of contemporary Western concert music, the thesis aims to contribute to current discourses concerning the musical representation of ‘otherness’.
Since independence, the government of Botswana has practiced an exclusive language policy in which only English has been used in government circles at the exclusion of all the 26 languages represented in the country, with a limited use of the national language, Setswana. However, in recent years more positive statements have been heard in Parliament, opening up to recognize the use of other languages in education and society. These statements have provided a conducive environment for Non-governmental organizations to develop other languages for use in education and out-of-school literacy. This paper focuses on the work of one such organization. It reports on a project this organization is undertaking to revive the language and culture of the Wayeyi people in North Western, and Central Botswana. It gives findings on attitudes towards Shiyeyi as a language of instruction for literacy and shows how the preference expressed for Shiyeyi has great potential for a literacy program.
In response to rising anti-Semitism worldwide, including in some of the strongest democracies, the U.S. Congress passed the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004. On October 16, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the legislation into law (Public Law 108-332). The Act requires the U.S. Department of State to document and combat acts of anti-Semitism globally. To advance these goals, the Act mandated a one-time report on anti-Semitic acts, which the U.S. Department of State submitted to the U.S. Congress in January 2005. The Act also established within the U.S. Department of State an Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism. On May 22, 2006, Gregg Rickman was sworn in by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as the first Special Envoy.The U.S. Department of State’s January 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism surveyed anti-Semitic incidents throughout the world. The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the annual Report on International Religious Freedom include country-by-country assessments of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement. The Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism contributes to the anti-Semitism sections of these annual surveys, pursuant to the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act. Both reports have revealed that incidents of anti-Semitism have become more frequent in recent years. Consistent with the U.S. Department of State’s commitment to assess and counter anti-Semitism, this report is provided to the U.S. Congress to further assess contemporary anti-Semitism by exploring anti-Semitic themes and practices. This report is meant to be used as a resource for increasing understanding of and informing public discourse about contemporary forms of anti-Semitism and for shaping policies to combat anti-Semitism worldwide.
Moreno noted a similarity between a late 18th Century play by the great German scholar and artist, Goethe, and some elements of psychodrama, which can be substantiated; however, Goethe was not, as Moreno suggested, an early promoter of spontaneity. The similarities and contrasts between these two men are intriguing.
The present work reports two experiments on brain electric correlates of cognitive and emotional functions. (1) Studying paranormal belief, 35-channel resting EEG (10 believers and 13 skeptics) was analyzed with "Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography" (LORETA) in seven frequency bands. LORETA gravity centers of all bands shifted to the left in believers vs. sceptics, and showed that believers had stronger left fronto-temporo-parietal activity than skeptics. Self-rating of affective attitude showed believers to be less negative than skeptics. The observed EEG lateralization agreed with the ‘valence hypothesis’ that posits predominant left hemispheric processing for positive emotions. (2) Studying emotions, positive and negative emotion words were presented to 21 subjects while "Event-Related Potentials" (ERPs) were recorded. During word presentation (450 ms), 13 microstates (steps of information processing) were identified. Three microstates showed different potential maps for positive vs. negative words; LORETA functional imaging showed stronger activity in microstate #4 (106-122 ms) for positive words right anterior, for negative words left central; in #6 (138-166 ms) for positive words left anterior, for negative words left posterior; in #7 (166-198 ms), for positive words right anterior, for negative words right central. In conclusion: during word processing, the extraction of emotion content starts as early as 106 ms after stimulus onset; the brain identifies emotion content repeatedly in three separate, brief microstate epochs; and, this processing of emotion content in the three microstates involves different brain mechanisms to represent the distinction positive vs. negative valence.
The thesis is a study of the Jewish community of Leipzig, Germany over the course of the 20 th century. It begins with an overview of the Jews of the city until the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, emphasizing divisions with the Jewish community over the ideology of Zionism and between German-born and foreign-born Jews. It goes on to describe the lives of Jews as the Nazis come to state authority, the riots of November, 1938, and the gradual exclusion of Jews from professional and pubic life in the city. Jewish responses in education, politics and culture are examined, as are the decisions of many local people to emigrate. After the 1938 riots, exclusion began to shift to extermination, and the Jewish community found itself subject to deportation to camps in Eastern Europe. Most of those deported were murdered. Those who lived were able to do so because of good fortune, canny survival skills, or marriage to non-Jews. Jewish life, which had been an important part of the city, was systematically destroyed. After 1945, those few who survived in the city were joined by another handful of Jewish Leipzigers who survived the camps, and by some non-Leipzig Jews, to reform the Jewish community. A tiny percentage of the old Jewish world of Leipzig was left to rebuild. They did so, reestablishing institutions, reclaiming property, and beginning negotiations with the new authorities, the Soviet occupation and then the German Democratic Republic. The Jews of Leipzig continued some of their old concerns in this new world, negotiating with the government and among themselves the nature of their identities as Jews and as Germans. These negotiations were brought to a halt by a series of anti-Semitic purges in 1952 and 1953. The leadership of the Jewish community fled, as did many of their fellow-Jews. The behavior of the East German state at this point showed some surprising commonality with their Nazi predecessors. After the purges were over, those who remained began another process of rebuilding, this time in constant tension with a government that wanted to use them for propaganda purposes during the Cold War. With the fall of the communist regime in 1989-90, the Jewish community of Leipzig was able to chart its destiny again. The old issues of identity and community--among themselves and between Jews and their German neighbors--continue in a very different context.
Not your day to die
(1995)
Harman Dahl's legacy
(2001)
It was midnight on Friday 31, December 1999. Harman Dahl fell off his seat at the sound of all hell letting loose around him. He held on to the bench on which he had dozed off and wobbled onto his feet. His senses returned, even though he was still tipsy, under the influence of alcohol. He had been drinking with colleagues for most of the day. ...
The report that follows gives the results of tests to deterrnine the compressive strength of artificial roof supports of various kinds used in the mining of anthracite in Pennsylvania. Some of the types tested also are used in bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania and other parts of the United States. The report was rendered Bebruary 26, 1913, by the United States Bureau of Mines, then in the Interior Department, to the Pennsylvania State Anthracite Mine Cave Commission and was appended, without discussion, to the general report on mine caving made by that commission under date of March 1, 19 13, to the Governor and Legislature of Pennsylvanin. The commission's reporh remains unpublished. As numerous requests have been made for the test data obtained by the Bureau of Mines at its Pittsburgh Experiment Station in 1912-13 and as the data relate to the strength of artificial supports without reference to particular local places of application, they have permanent value in the designing of mine roof supports. It has therefore been deemed advisable to publish the results of the bureau's tests. In order that the reader may understand the reasons for makig these tests of roof supports and the procedure foIIowed by the Pennsylvania commission, its duties will be briefly described. The commission was created by an act of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, approved March 24, 1911, its members being appointed by the Governor of Pennsylvania under the terms of the act. There had been serious cave-ins of the surface in some of the cities and towns in the anthracite districts of Pennsylvania and particularly in the city of Scranton froin 1909 to 1911, destroying surface buildings, public and private, and seriously endangering life. ....