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The report that follows gives the results of tests to deterrnine the compressive strength of artificial roof supports of various kinds used in the mining of anthracite in Pennsylvania. Some of the types tested also are used in bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania and other parts of the United States. The report was rendered Bebruary 26, 1913, by the United States Bureau of Mines, then in the Interior Department, to the Pennsylvania State Anthracite Mine Cave Commission and was appended, without discussion, to the general report on mine caving made by that commission under date of March 1, 19 13, to the Governor and Legislature of Pennsylvanin. The commission's reporh remains unpublished. As numerous requests have been made for the test data obtained by the Bureau of Mines at its Pittsburgh Experiment Station in 1912-13 and as the data relate to the strength of artificial supports without reference to particular local places of application, they have permanent value in the designing of mine roof supports. It has therefore been deemed advisable to publish the results of the bureau's tests. In order that the reader may understand the reasons for makig these tests of roof supports and the procedure foIIowed by the Pennsylvania commission, its duties will be briefly described. The commission was created by an act of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, approved March 24, 1911, its members being appointed by the Governor of Pennsylvania under the terms of the act. There had been serious cave-ins of the surface in some of the cities and towns in the anthracite districts of Pennsylvania and particularly in the city of Scranton froin 1909 to 1911, destroying surface buildings, public and private, and seriously endangering life. ....
The paper focuses on business negotiation in settings in which participants from different mothertongue backgrounds choose French, English andfor German as one of their languages of communication. A general scheme of the action-pattem of buying and selling will be sketched out which allows us to analyze specific Courses of verbal actions according ta their communicative functions within the negotiation process. In particular, the discourse of business communication is to be specified as a decision making process on the part of the buyer which is executed in a step-by-step order, and which is Open to the application of a bundle of the seller's strategies, tactics, and communicative techniques. In international negotiations, effects of unobserved miscommunication are, among others, far-stretched communicative circles, prolongation of negotiation time, non-functional explanations and several other repetitive structures. 1. Languages of trade and commerce - languages of communication 2. Communication in a Buy-Sell-Context is patterned 2.1. Entering the Pattern 2.2. The Main Phase 2.3. The Bidding Phase 2.4. The Specifc Conditions 2.5. Negotiating the Contract 3. The Central Point 3.1. The Buyer's Decision-Making Process 3.2 Decision-Making and Role-Playing 3.3. Intercultural Difference of the Decision-Making Process 4. Bridging the Buyer's Gap of Knowledge 5. The Language of Trade and Commerce 6. The Needs of Further Research: Data References
The present work deals with the problem of the essential factor regulating the wing-stroke frequency in some insects in wing mutilation and loading experiments and in subatmospheric air pressure experiments. The diverse opinions concerning this factor, appearing in the literature, are reviewed. As appears in this review, one of two factors, the inertia of the wings or the resistance of the gas medium, is claimed to be the main regulator of the wingstroke frequency. Therefore two series of experiments have been performed. In the first series the correlation between the moment oi inertia of the wings and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. The wings are mutilated by cutting them transversely, longitudinally or obliquely or loaded with a drop of collodion. It is found that (1) the wing-stroke frequency is proportional to the -0.35th power of the moment of inertia of the wings, that (2) this applies to both mutilation and loading experiments, that (3) it makes no difference whether the procedures are equal or unequal on both sides or only one-sided, and that (4) the frequency tends not to rise above a certain lirnit in mutilation experiments. In the second series of experiments the correlation between the pressure of the gas medium and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. It is found that the effect of pressure varies greatly in different insects and may even be totally absent. The wing-stroke frequency is proportional to (pressure) exp 0 to (pressure) exp -0.25. The degree of the effect is found to depend on the size and the wing-stroke frequency of the insect; the effect is absent in big insects with a medium or high frequency, and more or less present in insects with a small size or with a low frequency. The results are discussed. A theory is constructed using well established physical concepts by considering the wings as acting simultaneously as bodies performing simple harmonic rotary motion and as paddles working against the air. It is assumed that the kinetic energy is destroyed after each single stroke. By making this assumption, the frequency in the energy equation is found to be, within a constant rate of energy output, proportional to the -0.33rd power of the moment of inertia of the wings, and thus agrees very well with the correlation between these factors found experimentally. Further it is found that the aerodynamic work of the wings is in most cases very much smaller than the work done in overcoming the effect of the inertia of the wings. It is negligible in big insects with, a medium or high frequency, but more or less significant in insects with a small size or a low frequency. The magnitude of this effect thus depends, in theory, on the size and the wing-stroke frequency, which entirely agrees with the effect of atmospheric pressure found experirnentally. The inferences drawn from this theory show that (1) the energy economy in a big insect is very wasteful, that (2) the rate of energy output is not greatly varied, that (3) it is profitable for the insect to vary the aerodynamic work of the wings by altering the amplitude rather than the frequency of the stroke, that (4) the distribution of energy in flight is delicately balanced, and that (5) the frequency must be low and the amplitude large in insects of great size and weight, and that a very high frequency and a small amplitude can be afforded only by small insects. Many such observations as have been made in nature agree with these inferences. Furthermore, (6) attempts are made to calculate the muscle efficiency in some insects on the basis of the theory. In Appendix I, the technique used to check and eliminate some sources of error in the methods is described, in Appendix II, an application of tlie theory to derive a law between the wing-stroke frequency and the morphological properties of insects is attempted, and in Appendix III, some laws relating different morphological properties of the wings of insects are described.
The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part. The first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.
This thesis exhibits skeins based on the Homfly polynomial and their relations to Schur functions. The closures of skein-theoretic idempotents of the Hecke algebra are shown to be specializations of Schur functions. This result is applied to the calculation of the Homfly polynomial of the decorated Hopf link. A closed formula for these Homfly polynomials is given. Furthermore, the specialization of the variables to roots of unity is considered. The techniques are skein theory on the one side, and the theory of symmetric functions in the formulation of Schur functions on the other side. Many previously known results have been proved here by only using skein theory and without using knowledge about quantum groups.
Epstein and Penner constructed in [EP88] the Euclidean decomposition of a non-compact hyperbolic n-manifold of finite volume for a choice of cusps, n >= 2. The manifold is cut along geodesic hyperplanes into hyperbolic ideal convex polyhedra. The intersection of the cusps with the Euclidean decomposition determined by them turns out to be rather simple as stated in Theorem 2.2. A dual decomposition resulting from the expansion of the cusps was already mentioned in [EP88]. These two dual hyperbolic decompositions of the manifold induce two dual decompositions in the Euclidean structure of the cusp sections. This observation leads in Theorems 5.1 and 5.2 to easily computable, necessary conditions for an arbitrary ideal polyhedral decomposition of the manifold to be a Euclidean decomposition.
Anomalous monism and mental causality : on the debate of Donald Davidson’s philosophy of the mental
(2004)
The English version of the first chapter of Erwin Rogler and Gerhard Preyer: Materialismus, anomaler Monismus und mentale Kausalität. Zur gegenwärtigen Philosophie des Mentalen bei Donald Davidson und David Lewis (2001) "Anomaler Monismus und Mentale Kausalität. Ein Beitrag zur Debatte über Donald Davidsons Philosophie des Mentalen" is a contribution to the current debates on the philosophy of the mental and mental causality initiated from Donald Davidson's philosophy with his article "Mental Events" (1970). It is the intent of the English version to give a response to the controversy among American, British and Australian philosophers in the context of a global exchange of ideas on problems understanding the mental. Contents 1. Preliminary Remarks 2. The Critique of Property-Epiphenomenalism and Counterarguments (a) The Enlargement of Nomological Reasoning (b) The Counterfactual Analysis (c) Supervenient Causality 3. Are Mental Properties real or unreal (fictive)? Abstract Things and events are fundamental entities in Davidson's ontology. Less distinct is the ontological status of properties, especially of mental types. Despite of some eliminative allusions there are weighty reasons to understand Davidson's philosophy of mind as including intentional realism. With it, the question of mental causality arises. There are two striking solutions to this problem: the epiphenomenalism of mental properties and the downward causation of mental events. Davidson cannot accept either. He claims to justify the mental as supervenient causality in order to thus integrate it into physicalism (his version of monism). But his argument at best proves the explanatory, not the causal relevance of mental properties. For this and for other reasons, Davidson fails the aspired synthesis of a sufficiently strong physicalism and the autonomy of the mental; a project whose realization is anyhow hard to achieve.
By most Western Europeans Cyprus is probably perceived as a tourist resort rather than a technologically highly developed country. Interested German visitors are informed by the travel brochure published by the Republic of Cyprus' tourist office that "in the villages old customs and traditions still exist" (Zypern. 9000 Jahre Geschichte und Kultur 1997, 11). Pictures of places of antiquity, churches, monasteries, fortresses, archaic villages and of people engaged in agricultural work and crafts convey the image of a traditional Mediterranean society. However, the Republic of Cyprus is a rapidly modernising country. It has developed recently "from a poor agrarian into a high-income service economy" (Christodoulou 1995, 11) and "radical transformation processes" are observed (cf. ibid., 18). The forthcoming accession to the European Union additionally accelerates the pace of these transformation processes. Due to its position on the extreme rim of Europe in the Eastern Mediterranean region at the crossroads of three continents, the island is perceived both as marginal (cf. Pace 1999) and as a link between Europe and the Asian and African continents (cf. Kasoulides 1999). Cyprus is conceptualised for the future as a centre and intersection: as regional hub of the modern capital market, as communications and trade centre in the Eastern Mediterranean, as "telecommunications hub for the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region", as "international services centre". The Republic of Cyprus has a highly developed telecommunications infrastructure, which is the basic prerequisite for the conversion into such a centre and is one of the most important factors for the economic competitiveness of Cyprus. The global nature of communication platforms today, especially the Internet, is regarded as the key to the integration of Cyprus into the world economy. By implementing information technologies and promoting necessary expertise, economic progress and modernisation of the country as well as its global competitiveness is assumed to be guaranteed. Investments in the information technology infrastructure are regarded as essential for the development of Cyprus, fostering the implementation of the information society. This aim and the necessary implementation measures feature increasingly on the agendas of scientific and economic conferences and symposia in Cyprus.