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The conquista of the Americas confronted Spanish jurists educated in the legal concepts of the European medieval tradition with a different reality, pushing them to develop modern legal concepts on the basis of the European ius commune tradition. Traditionally, the School of Salamanca, theologians and jurists centred around the Dominican Francisco de Vitoria are credited with this intellectual renovation of moral and legal thought. However, the role earlier authors played in the process is still insufficiently researched. The Castilian crown jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios is one of the most interesting authors of the early phase in the conquest of the Americas. His treatise about the Spanish dominion in the Americas is a central text that shows how at the beginning of the 16th century the knowledge and the experiences of the European past were applied to the American present and, in the process, were shaped into modern ideas.
Transmission of temporally correlated spike trains through synapses with short-term depression
(2018)
Short-term synaptic depression, caused by depletion of releasable neurotransmitter, modulates the strength of neuronal connections in a history-dependent manner. Quantifying the statistics of synaptic transmission requires stochastic models that link probabilistic neurotransmitter release with presynaptic spike-train statistics. Common approaches are to model the presynaptic spike train as either regular or a memory-less Poisson process: few analytical results are available that describe depressing synapses when the afferent spike train has more complex, temporally correlated statistics such as bursts. Here we present a series of analytical results—from vesicle release-site occupancy statistics, via neurotransmitter release, to the post-synaptic voltage mean and variance—for depressing synapses driven by correlated presynaptic spike trains. The class of presynaptic drive considered is that fully characterised by the inter-spike-interval distribution and encompasses a broad range of models used for neuronal circuit and network analyses, such as integrate-and-fire models with a complete post-spike reset and receiving sufficiently short-time correlated drive. We further demonstrate that the derived post-synaptic voltage mean and variance allow for a simple and accurate approximation of the firing rate of the post-synaptic neuron, using the exponential integrate-and-fire model as an example. These results extend the level of biological detail included in models of synaptic transmission and will allow for the incorporation of more complex and physiologically relevant firing patterns into future studies of neuronal networks.
We propose a spatiotemporal approach for modeling risk spillovers using time-varying proximity matrices based on observable financial networks and introduce a new bilateral specification. We study covariance stationarity and identification of the model, and analyze consistency and asymptotic normality of the quasi-maximum-likelihood estimator. We show how to isolate risk channels and we discuss how to compute target exposure able to reduce system variance. An empirical analysis on Euro-area cross-country holdings shows that Italy and Ireland are key players in spreading risk, France and Portugal are the major risk receivers, and we uncover Spain's non-trivial role as risk middleman.
Ich lernte Perry Rhodan 1961 kennen, als ich an einem Zeitungskiosk das erste Heft der Serie kaufte, das mittlerweile antiquarisch hoch gehandelt wird. Ich blieb der Serie ein paar Jahre treu, erwarb später auch die Schallplatte Count down (1969) des Sängers Norman Space (d. i. Uwe Reuss) sowie das Perry Rhodan Lexikon (1971) von H. G. Ewers und H. Scheer. In den Jahren, die uns Studenten kreativ politisierten, stellten wir Kauf und Lektüre der Serie ein und sprachen von Perry Rhodan nur noch als »Space Adolf«. Nicht als naiver Rezipient, sondern als Forschender, nahm ich später die Analyse eines Hefts der Serie in meine Habilitationsschrift Aspekte der literarischen Utopie (1976) auf. Soweit der persönliche Beitrag zur Rezeption. ...
We study tetraquark resonances with lattice QCD potentials computed for two static quarks and two dynamical quarks, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the emergent wave method of scattering theory. As a proof of concept we focus on systems with isospin I = 0, but consider different relative angular momenta l of the heavy b quarks. We compute the phase shifts and search for S and T matrix poles in the second Riemann sheet. We predict a new tetraquark resonance for l = 1, decaying into two B mesons, with quantum numbers I(JP) = 0(1−), mass MeV and decay width MeV.
The conception of the whole as a system, that is, as a totality determined by one principle or idea, has dominated the philosophical tradition from Kant and Hegel to Marxism - and, as Louis Althusser's critique of Hegelianism shows, not without implicit social, political, and ideological consequences. The possibility of breaking with the idealist tradition in all of these respects rests on the articulation of an alternative conception of the whole. Althusser advances the notion of the social whole as a complex unity that is constituted through its own effects - what he calls "overdetermination." Such overdetermination of the whole displaces the conception of the whole as totality (Hegel) in favor of Spinoza's notion of modal unity - the whole as singularity.
Four new species of the tribe Clytrini Kirby, 1837, Labidostomis bcharrensis sp. nov. (Lebanon), Tituboea friedmani sp. nov. (Israel), Tituboea harteni sp. nov. (United Arab Emirates) and Tituboea radeki sp. nov. (Yemen, Oman), and the formerly unknown females of Labidostomis damavandensis Rapilly, 1984 and Saudiclytra wittmeri Medvedev, 1979 are described. The following new synonyms are proposed: Coptocephala coptocephaloides (Lacordaire, 1848) = Coptocephala furthi Medvedev, 1992 syn. nov., Labidostomis rufa (Waltl, 1838) = Labidostomis rufa (Lacordaire, 1848) syn. nov., Tituboea olivieri (Lacordaire, 1848) = Tituboea femoralis Medvedev, 1962 syn. nov., Saudiclytra wittmeri (Medvedev, 1979) = Saudiclytra spinifemorata Medvedev, El Torkey & Al Dhafer, 2014 syn. nov. A neotype is designated for Clythra (Tituboea) olivieri Lacordaire, 1848. Tituboea decemguttata Walker, 1871 is considered as nomen dubium. The variability of the elytral pattern of Afrophthalma arabica (Bryant, 1957) is delimited. New country records and comments on distribution of Clytrini species from the eastern Mediterranean, the Near East and the Arabian Peninsula are presented.
Background/Aims: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is considered as a key molecule regulating various cell functions including cell growth and death. It is produced by two sphingosine kinases (SK) denoted as SK-1 and SK-2. Whereas SK-1 has been extensively studied and has been appointed a role in promoting cell growth, the function of SK-2 is controversial, and both pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions have been suggested. In this study we investigated whether renal mesangial cells isolated from transgenic mice overexpressing the human Sphk2 gene (hSK2-tg) showed an altered cell response towards growth-inducing and apoptotic stimuli.
Methods: hSK2-tg mice were generated by using a Quick KnockinR strategy. Renal mesangial cells were isolated by a differential sieving method and further cultivated in vitro. Lipids were quantified by mass spectrometry. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis, cell proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis was determined by a DNA fragmentation ELISA.
Results: We show here that kidneys and mesangial cells from hSK2-tg mice express the hSK2 as well as the endogenous mouse mSK2. hSK2 and mSK2 predominantly resided in the cytosol of quiescent transgenic cells. However, S1P accumulated strongly in the nucleus and only minimally in the cytosol of transgenic cells. Functionally, hSK2-tg cells proliferated less than control cells under normal growth conditions and were also more sensitive towards stress-induced apoptosis. On the molecular level, this was reflected by reduced ERK and Akt/PKB activation, and upon staurosporine treatment, by a sensitized mitochondrial pathway as manifested by reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL expression and increased cleavage of caspase-9, downstream caspase-3 and PARP-1.
Conclusion: Altogether, these data demonstrate that SK-2 exerts an antiproliferative and apoptosis-sensitizing effect in renal mesangial cells which suggests that selective inhibitors of SK-2 may promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis and this may have impact on the outcome of proliferation-associated diseases such as mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.
Seit einigen Jahren ist bekannt, dass Sphingolipide nicht nur eine strukturgebende Funktion in der Plasmamembran aufweisen, sondern ebenfalls als Botenstoffe intra- und extrazellulär aktiv sind. Sphingosin-1-Phosphat (S1P) bildet dabei einen Schlüssel-Metaboliten, da es verschiedene Zellfunktionen wie Wachstum und Zelltod beeinflusst. Es wird durch zwei Isoformen der Sphingosinkinasen, SK1 und SK2, gebildet. Die SK1 wurde bereits gut untersucht und es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sie eine wichtige Rolle beim Zellwachstum einnimmt und einen entscheidender Regulator bei inflammatorischen Erkrankungen und Krebs darstellt. Über die SK2 ist soweit wenig bekannt und die Ergebnisse sind zum Teil kontrovers. Sowohl pro-proliferative als auch anti-proliferative Funktionen der SK2 wurden beschrieben. Andererseits handelt meine Arbeit von Nierenfibrose, da beschrieben wurde, dass Sphingolipide einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung chronischer Nierenerkrankungen nehmen. Nierenfibrose stellt das Endstadium chronischer Nierenerkrankungen dar und führt zu einer Akkumulation der Extrazellulärmatrix, Organvernarbung und zum Verlust der Nierenfunktion. Die SK1 spielt dabei eine protektive Rolle bei der Entstehung von Nierenfibrose. Deshalb sollte in dieser Arbeit die Rolle der Sk2 bei der Entstehung von Nierenfibrose untersucht werden.
Im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit wurde das Mausmodell der unilateralen Ureterobstruktion (UUO) verwendet, welches zur Entwicklung einer tubulointerstitiellen Nephritits und nachfolgender Fibrose führt. Es konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die Protein-Expression als auch die Aktivität der SK2 im fibrotischen Nierengewebe gesteigert wurden. Allgemein wiesen die SK2-/--Mäuse eine verminderte Fibrose in Folge des UUO auf im Vergleich zu den Wildtyp-Mäusen. Dies wurde bestätigt durch eine reduzierte Kollagenakkumulation, sowie eine verminderte Protein-Expression von Fibronektin-1, Kollagen-1, α-smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) und Plasminogen-Aktivator-Inhibitor1 (PAI-1). Diese Effekte gingen einher mit einer gesteigerten Protein-Expression des inhibitorischen Smad7 und erhöhten Sphingosin-Spiegeln in SK2-/--UUO-Nieren. Auf mechanistischer Ebene vermindern die erhöhten Sphingosin-Spiegel die durch transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) induzierte Kollagenakkumulation, die PAI-1- und CTGF-Expression, aber induzieren die Smad7-Expression in primären Nierenfibroblasten. In einem komplementären Versuch mit hSK2 tg-Mäusen wurde eine verstärkte Entstehung von Nierenfibrose mit erhöhter Kollagenakkumulation, sowie erhöhte Protein-Expressionen von Fibronektin-1, Kollagen-1, α-smooth muscle actin, CTGF und PAI-1 festgestellt. Die Smad7-Expression dagegen war vermindert.
Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit stand der glomeruläre Teil der Niere im Fokus und es wurde untersucht, ob die Überexpression der SK2 zu einer phänotypischen Veränderung der glomerulären Mesangiumzellen führt. Mesangiumzellen wurden dazu aus den hSK2 tg-Mäuse isoliert und charakterisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass hSK2 und mSK2 in den transgenen Zellen hauptsächlich in der zytosolischen Fraktion lokalisiert sind, während S1P ausschließlich im Kern akkumulierte. Weiterhin konnte eine verminderte Proliferation unter normalen Wachstumsbedingungen der hSK2 tg-Zellen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollzellen beobachtet werden. Die Zellen reagierten auch sensitiver auf Stress-induzierte Apoptose. Auf molekularer Ebene konnte dies durch eine reduzierte ERK- und Akt/PKB-Aktivierung erklärt werden. Nach Staurosporin-Behandlung wurde Apoptose durch den intrinsischen, mitochondrialen Apoptosesignalweg induziert. Dabei konnte eine reduzierte anti-apoptotische Bcl-xL-Expression und vermehrte Prozessierung von Caspase-9 und Caspase-3 und PARP beobachtet werden.
Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass eine verminderte tubulointerstitielle Fibrose-Entstehung durch die Deletion der SK2, sowie anti-proliferative und Apoptose-induzierende Effekte durch die SK2 in Mesangiumzellen nachgewiesen werden konnten. Somit könnten SK2-Inhibitoren die Entstehung tubulointerstitieller Fibrose und mit Proliferation assoziierte Erkrankungen wie mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis positiv beeinflussen.
"Prognosen sind schwierig, besonders, wenn sie die Zukunft betreffen", sagt ein geflügeltes Wort. Die letzte Finanzkrise ist dafür ein gutes Beispiel, denn die wenigsten Analysten und Wirtschaftsweisen haben sie kommen sehen. Da Finanzkrisen glücklicherweise selten sind, ist es allerdings schwierig, Modelle zu entwickeln, die rechtzeitig vor einem Crash warnen.
Die forensische Entomologie nutzt nekrophage Insekten, hauptsächlich Dipteren und ihre juvenilen Stadien, zur Schätzung der minimalen Leichenliegezeit. Dem liegt zugrunde, dass nekrophage Dipteren binnen Minuten nach dem Todeseintritt potentiell in der Lage sind, einen Leichnam zu detektieren und zu besiedeln. Das anschließende Wachstum und die Entwicklung der juvenilen Stadien erfolgt als Funktion von der Art und der Umgebungstemperatur.
Mit Hilfe von Laborstudien konnten bislang für einige forensisch relevante Fliegenarten Entwicklungsdaten erhoben werden, die eine Altersbestimmung der sich an einem Leichnam entwickelnden Larven und Puppen erlauben und so eine Schätzung der minimalen Leichenliegezeit ermöglichen. Als Nährsubstrat für Laborstudien werden tierische Gewebe verwendet. Eine Übertragbarkeit der Daten auf humanes Gewebe wurde aber bislang nicht verifiziert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das larvale Wachstum und die juvenile Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit der forensisch relevanten Schmeißfliege Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) auf humanem Muskelgewebe untersucht und mit dem Wachstum auf Schweineleber, magerem Schweinemuskelfleisch und Schweinehackfleisch verglichen. Die auf humanem Gewebe heranwachsenden Individuen waren mit bis zu 3,5 mm signifikant länger als die Individuen, die sich auf Leber und dem mageren Schweinemuskelfleisch entwickelten. Bei der Verwendung von Hackfleisch vom Schwein zeigte sich kein Unterschied. Darauf basierend wird die Empfehlung ausgesprochen, für zukünftige Entwicklungsstudien Schweinehackfleisch als Ersatz für humanes Gewebe zu verwenden.
Zahlreiche Anleitungen zur Asservierung forensisch-entomologischer Spuren empfehlen das Sammeln getrennt nach Körperregionen eines Leichnams. Dies soll eine mögliche gewebespezifische Entwicklungsrate berücksichtigen. Das für die vorliegende Arbeit durchgeführte systematische Absammeln von Fliegenlarven von 51 Leichnamen getrennt nach Körperregionen zeigte keine artspezifischen Präferenzen für bestimmte Gewebe oder Körperregionen. Das Artenspektrum entsprach größtenteils dem aufgrund von Studien an Schweinekadavern zu erwartendem Artenspektrum für Deutschland und Mitteleuropa. Insgesamt konnten 15 Schmeißfliegenarten nachgewiesen werden, von denen in der Regel mehrere gleichzeitig an einem Leichnam zu finden waren. Dies zeigt, dass ein Faktor wie interspezifische Konkurrenz in Zukunft mehr Beachtung in der Forschung erhalten sollte.
Bislang wurde in der forensischen Entomologie die minimale Leichenliegezeit durch die Untersuchung juveniler Stadien von Fliegen eingegrenzt. Eine eventuell mögliche Ausweitung dieses Zeitfensters könnte durch eine Altersbestimmung der adulten Fliegen oder der leeren Puparien gelingen. Der Nachweis, dass die dafür untersuchten Fliegen bzw. Puparien tatsächlich von dem fraglichen Leichnam stammen, war bislang nicht möglich. Die forensische relevante Schmeißfliege Lucilia sericata wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf humanem Gewebe und Gewebe von elf weiteren Tierarten großgezogen. Durch die Analyse stabiler Kohlen- und Stickstoffisotope konnte ein von diesen elf Tierarten abgrenzbares humanes Isotopenprofil sowohl für die adulten Fliegen von L. sericata, als auch für ihre leeren Puparien detektiert werden. Dieses Profil spiegelte die Nahrungszusammensetzung der Wirte wider.
Die vorliegende Arbeit erhebt Daten zur Entwicklung einer forensisch relevanten Schmeißfliegenart auf humanem Gewebe, belegt das bislang lediglich am tierischen Modell erhobene Schmeißfliegeninventar als für menschliche Leichen relevant und hinterfragt die gewebespezifische Asservierungsempfehlung als ein akademisches Artefakt. Auf dieser Basis konnten Empfehlungen für die Weiterzucht fallrelevanter entomologischer Spuren ausgesprochen werden, die gerichtsverwertbar sind und die Verwendung von tierischem Gewebe oder Tierkadaver in der forensisch-entomologischen Forschung legitimieren. Die Analyse stabiler Isotope legt darüber hinaus einen neuen, innovativen Grundstein für die routinemäßige Spurenzuordnung älterer Entwicklungsstadien und ist damit Vorreiter auf dem Gebiet der forensischen Entomologie.
Background: Most smokers start smoking during their early adolescence, often with the idea that smoking is glamorous. Interventions that harness the broad availability of mobile phones as well as adolescents' interest in their appearance may be a novel way to improve school-based prevention. A recent study conducted in Germany showed promising results. However, the transfer to other cultural contexts, effects on different genders, and implementability remains unknown.
Objective: In this observational study, we aimed to test the perception and implementability of facial-aging apps to prevent smoking in secondary schools in Brazil in accordance with the theory of planned behavior and with respect to different genders.
Methods: We used a free facial-aging mobile phone app ("Smokerface") in three Brazilian secondary schools via a novel method called mirroring. The students’ altered three-dimensional selfies on mobile phones or tablets and images were "mirrored" via a projector in front of their whole grade. Using an anonymous questionnaire, we then measured on a 5-point Likert scale the perceptions of the intervention among 306 Brazilian secondary school students of both genders in the seventh grade (average age 12.97 years). A second questionnaire captured perceptions of medical students who conducted the intervention and its conduction per protocol.
Results: The majority of students perceived the intervention as fun (304/306, 99.3%), claimed the intervention motivated them not to smoke (289/306, 94.4%), and stated that they learned new benefits of not smoking (300/306, 98.0%). Only a minority of students disagreed or fully disagreed that they learned new benefits of nonsmoking (4/306, 1.3%) or that they themselves were motivated not to smoke (5/306, 1.6%). All of the protocol was delivered by volunteer medical students.
Conclusions: Our data indicate the potential for facial-aging interventions to reduce smoking prevalence in Brazilian secondary schools in accordance with the theory of planned behavior. Volunteer medical students enjoyed the intervention and are capable of complete implementation per protocol.
A tale of one exchange and two order books : effects of fragmentation in the absence of competition
(2018)
Exchanges nowadays routinely operate multiple, almost identically structured limit order markets for the same security. We study the effects of such fragmentation on market performance using a dynamic model where agents trade strategically across two identically-organized limit order books. We show that fragmented markets, in equilibrium, offer higher welfare to intermediaries at the expense of investors with intrinsic trading motives, and lower liquidity than consolidated markets. Consistent with our theory, we document improvements in liquidity and lower profits for liquidity providers when Euronext, in 2009, consolidated its order ow for stocks traded across two country-specific and identically-organized order books into a single order book. Our results suggest that competition in market design, not fragmentation, drives previously documented improvements in market quality when new trading venues emerge; in the absence of such competition, market fragmentation is harmful.
In optogenetics, rhodopsins were established as light-driven tools to manipulate neuronal activity. However, during long-term photostimulation using channelrhodopsin (ChR), desensitization can reduce effects. Furthermore, requirement for continuous presence of the chromophore all-trans retinal (ATR) in model systems lacking sufficient endogenous concentrations limits its applicability. We tested known, and engineered and characterized new variants of de- and hyperpolarizing rhodopsins in Caenorhabditis elegans. ChR2 variants combined previously described point mutations that may synergize to enable prolonged stimulation. Following brief light pulses ChR2(C128S;H134R) induced muscle activation for minutes or even for hours (‘Quint’: ChR2(C128S;L132C;H134R;D156A;T159C)), thus featuring longer open state lifetime than previously described variants. Furthermore, stability after ATR removal was increased compared to the step-function opsin ChR2(C128S). The double mutants C128S;H134R and H134R;D156C enabled increased effects during repetitive stimulation. We also tested new hyperpolarizers (ACR1, ACR2, ACR1(C102A), ZipACR). Particularly ACR1 and ACR2 showed strong effects in behavioral assays and very large currents with fast kinetics. In sum, we introduce highly light-sensitive optogenetic tools, bypassing previous shortcomings, and thus constituting new tools that feature high effectiveness and fast kinetics, allowing better repetitive stimulation or investigating prolonged neuronal activity states in C. elegans and, possibly, other systems.
Luftmenschen
(2018)
Wörter können zweifach bewegt werden: wie Erbschaften in der Zeit und wie Güter im Raum. Sie gedeihen nicht nur in ihrer eigenen Sprache, sondern auch in anderen, vor allem dann, wenn dort im Mündlichen oder in der Schriftsprache eine Art Bezeichnungs-"Vakuum" besteht: Wo immer sie dringend benötigt werden, dort haben sie potentiell auch Platz. Die Bewegung selbst erfolgt zuerst mit den Sprechern, und mit diesen bleiben Worte auch im Gebrauch lebendig; gehen sie dann in die Umgangs- oder sogar Hochsprache ein, weitet sich ihr linguistischer Einfluss aus, sie werden beständiger, erscheinen fest verknüpft mit ihrer neuen Umgebung. Mitunter ist dann ihre Herkunft im Rückblick nicht mehr so ohne weiteres zu eruieren. Trotzdem bleiben solche Begriffe Indikatoren für ein Milieu, das zu einer anderen Zeit an einem anderen Ort bestand und das ihnen ihre erste Ursprünglichkeit eingeschrieben hat. Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Hebräischen sind hierfür ein gutes Beispiel.
Considering the circumstance that literature dealing with the economic performance of agri-food businesses in general, or particularly with the German agricultural sector, mainly deals with strictly agricultural-related theory in order to explain the economic success of agri-food businesses, the present paper aims to extend existing discourses to further areas of thought. Consequently, the characteristics: a) increased size of agribusiness, b) pull-strategies, c) the development of new markets and d) focus on the processing industry, that all correspond to the current picture of the German agricultural sector and are considered to be significantly responsible for recently managing to outpace the French agri-food sector, will be first explained in their success against the background of mainly non-agricultural-related literature. By doing so helpful and rather unnoted perspectives can be contributed to existing discourses. Second, the paper presents scatter plots which portray correlations between a) the added value of agriculture and the regular labor force, b) the added value of agriculture and the number of agricultural holdings and c) the added value of agriculture and the number of enterprises concerning milk consumption. Corresponding scatter plots which show different developments in Germany and France can be related to the findings of the first part of the paper and allow new perspectives in existing discourses as well.
In this paper a study concerning the situation of the islamic headscarf in Germany is presented. This study relies on an analysis of the information from the mass media and from the laws issued after the debates related to this subject.
Der Band untersucht die Ursachen, Ausprägungen und Reaktionen auf die Entstehung bzw. Erstarkung populistischer Parteien und Bewegungen in Deutschland und Ostmitteleuropa.
Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Arthur Benz: Populismus als Herausforderung für Wissenschaft und Praxis - Einleitung
Dirk Jörke: Populismus – Ursachen und falsche Antworten
Michael Edinger: Mobilisierung gegen das Establishment. Zu einem Wesensmerkmal populistischer Strömungen
Claudia Landwehr und Nils D. Steiner: Populismus – eine Nachfrageperspektive
Joachim Klose: Ein Land, zwei Perspektiven? Zum Populismusin Ost- und Westdeutschland
Petra Guasti und Lenka Buštíková: Populismus in Ostmitteleuropa und der Verzicht auf Politik
Previous research on scalar implicature has primarily relied on metalinguistic judgment tasks and found varying rates of such inferences depending on the nature of the task and contextual manipulations. This paper introduces a novel interactive paradigm involving both a production and a comprehension component, thereby fixing a precise conversational context.
The main research question is what is reliably communicated by some in this communicative setting, when the quantifier occurs in unembedded positions as well as embedded positions. Our new paradigm involves an action-based task from which participants’ interpretation of utterances can be inferred. It incorporates a game–theoretic design, including a precise model to predict participants’ behaviour in the experimental context.
Our study shows that embedded and unembedded implicatures are reliably communicated by some. We propose two cognitive principles which describe what can be left unsaid. In our experimental context, a production strategy based on these principles is more efficient (with equal communicative success and shorter utterances) than a strategy based on literal descriptions.
In recent years, experimental research has demontrated great variability in the rates of scalar inferences across different triggering expressions (Doran et al. 2009, 2012, van Tiel et al. 2016). These studies have been taken as evidence against the so-called uniformity assumption, which posits that scalar implicature is triggered by a single mechanism and that the behaviour of one scale should generalize to the whole family of scales. In the following, we present an experimental study that tests negative strengthening for a variety of strong scalar terms, following up on van Tiel et al. (2016). For example, we tested whether the statement John is not brilliant is strengthened to mean that John is not intelligent (see especially Horn 1989). We show that endorsement rates of the scalar implicature (e.g., John is intelligent but not brilliant) are anti-correlated with endorsements of negative strengthening. Further, we demonstrate that a modified version of the uniformity hypothesis taking into account negative strengthening is consistent with van Tiel et al.’s data. Therefore, variation across scales may be more systematic than suggested by the van Tiel et al. study.
"Sozialwissenschaftlich aufschlussreich sind für mich nicht Zustände, sondern Verläufe – oder Zustände nur im Zusammenhang von Verläufen. Theorien, die Strukturen oder Ereignisse als freistehende Unikate in einem feststehenden Ereignis- und Möglichkeitsraum behandeln, können fundamental in die Irre führen. Alles Soziale spielt sich in der Zeit ab, entfaltet sich mit der Zeit und wird in und mit ihr sich selber ähnlicher. Was wir heute sehen, können wir nur verstehen, wenn wir wissen, wie es gestern ausgesehen hat und auf welchem Weg es sich befindet. Alles, was vorfindlich ist, ist immer auf einem Entwicklungspfad unterwegs. Auf diesen kommt es entscheidend an." ...
Background: The present study aims to elucidate the state of gender equality in high-quality research by analyzing the representation of female authorships in the last decade (from 2008 to 2016).
Methods: Based on the Gendermetrics platform, 293,557 research articles from 54 journals listed in the Nature Index were considered covering the categories Life Science, Multidisciplinary, Earth & Environmental and Chemistry. The core method was the combined analysis of the proportion of female authorships and the female-to-male odds ratio for first, co- and last authorships. The distribution of prestigious authorships was measured by the Prestige Index.
Results: 29.8% of all authorships and 33.1% of the first, 31.8% of the co- and 18.1% of the last authorships were held by women. The corresponding female-to-male odds ratio is 1.19 (CI: 1.18–1.20) for first, 1.35 (CI: 1.34–1.36) for co- and 0.47 (CI: 0.46–0.48) for last authorships. Women are underrepresented at prestigious authorships compared to men (Prestige Index = -0.42). The underrepresentation accentuates in highly competitive articles attracting the highest citation rates, namely, articles with many authors and articles that were published in highest-impact journals. More specifically, a large negative correlation between the 5-Year-Impact-Factor of a journal and the female representation at prestigious authorships was revealed (r(52) = -.63, P < .001). Women publish fewer articles compared to men (39.0% female authors are responsible for 29.8% of all authorships) and are underrepresented at productivity levels of more than 2 articles per author. Articles with female key authors are less frequently cited than articles with male key authors. The gender-specific differences in citation rates increase the more authors contribute to an article. Distinct differences at the journal, journal category, continent and country level were revealed. The prognosis for the next decades forecast a very slow harmonization of authorships odds between the two genders.
Objective: The present study aims to elucidate the state of gender equality in high-quality dermatological research by analysing the representation of female authorships from January 2008 to May 2017.
Design: Retrospective, descriptive study.
Setting: 113 189 male and female authorships from 23 373 research articles published in 23 dermatological Q1 journals were analysed with the aid of the Gendermetrics Platform.
Results: 43.0% of all authorships and 50.2% of the firstauthorships, 43.7% of the coauthorships and 33.1% of the last authorships are held by women. The corresponding female-to-male ORs are 1.41 (95% CI 1.37 to 1.45) for first authorships, 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.10) for coauthorships and 0.60 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.62) for last authorships. The annual growth rates are 1.74% overall and 1.45% for first authorships, 1.53% for coauthorships and 2.97% for last authorships. Women are slightly under-represented at prestigious authorships compared with men (Prestige Index=−0.11). The under-representation remains stable in highly competitive articles attracting the highest citation rates, namely, articles with many authors and articles that were published in highest-impact journals. Multiauthor articles with male key authors are only slightly more frequently cited than those with female key authors. Women publish slightly fewer papers compared with men (47.2% women hold 43.0% of the authorships). At the level of individual journals, there is a high degree of uniformity in gender-specific authorship odds. By contrast, distinct differences at country level were revealed. The prognosis for the next decades forecasts a consecutive harmonisation of authorship odds between the two genders.
Conclusions: In high-quality dermatological research, the integration of female scholars is advanced as compared with other medical disciplines. A gender gap consists mainly in the form of a career dichotomy, with many female early career researchers and few women in academic leadership positions. However, this gender gap has been narrowed in the last decade and will likely be further reduced in the future.
Subduction zone magmas are more oxidised on eruption than those at mid-ocean ridges. This is attributed either to oxidising components, derived from subducted lithosphere (slab) and added to the mantle wedge, or to oxidation processes occurring during magma ascent via differentiation. Here we provide direct evidence for contributions of oxidising slab agents to melts trapped in the sub-arc mantle. Measurements of sulfur (S) valence state in sub-arc mantle peridotites identify sulfate, both as crystalline anhydrite (CaSO4) and dissolved SO42− in spinel-hosted glass (formerly melt) inclusions. Copper-rich sulfide precipitates in the inclusions and increased Fe3+/∑Fe in spinel record a S6+–Fe2+ redox coupling during melt percolation through the sub-arc mantle. Sulfate-rich glass inclusions exhibit high U/Th, Pb/Ce, Sr/Nd and δ34S (+ 7 to + 11‰), indicating the involvement of dehydration products of serpentinised slab rocks in their parental melt sources. These observations provide a link between liberated slab components and oxidised arc magmas.
Alternative Questions with "or not" (NAQ) convey a cornering effect, which is not found with they polar counterparts (PQ). This effect has been claimed to consist of two parts (Biezma 2009): NAQs (i) cannot be used discourse-initially and (ii) they do not license followup questions/subquestions.
In this paper, we ask the following: Are both parts of cornering linked to the same property of NAQs? Or do they reflect distinct linguistic phenomena? We explore the issue by comparing the behavior of NAQs to Complement Alternative Questions (CAQ), a type of question that, like NAQs, presents logically opposite alternatives but, unlike NAQs, fully spells out the second one. Results from two experiments suggest that both parts of cornering can instead be explained in terms of independent semantic and pragmatic principles, which operate beyond the domain of alternative questions.
Sentences containing subjective predicates - e.g., "The movie was awesome"” - are intuitively anchored to a particular perspective; this makes them different from sentences describing objective facts - e.g., "The movie was set in 1995".
While authors have long debated on whether this intuition tracks a lexical distinction between subjective and factual predicates, much remains to be explored on whether, and how, the difference between these two assertions is reflected at the illocutionary level. Relying on evidence from two experiments, we show that assertions containing subjective predicates display different discourse behavior from objective assertions. We take these findings to support the idea that SAs should be assigned a special illocutionary profile, unveiling a genuine empirical difference between subjective and factual speech.
This paper analyses whether the post-crisis regulatory reforms developed by global-standard-setting bodies have created appropriate incentives for different types of market participants to centrally clear Over-The-Counter (OTC) derivative contracts. Beyond documenting the observed facts, we analyze four main drivers for the decision to clear: 1) the liquidity and riskiness of the reference entity; 2) the credit risk of the counterparty; 3) the clearing member’s portfolio net exposure with the Central Counterparty Clearing House (CCP) and 4) post trade transparency. We use confidential European trade repository data on single-name Sovereign Credit Derivative Swap (CDS) transactions, and show that for all the transactions reported in 2016 on Italian, German and French Sovereign CDS 48% were centrally cleared, 42% were not cleared despite being eligible for central clearing, while 9% of the contracts were not clearable because they did not satisfy certain CCP clearing criteria. However, there is a large difference between CCP clearing members that clear about 53% of their transactions and non-clearing members, even those that are subject to counterparty risk capital requirements, that almost never clear their trades. Moreover, we find that diverse factors explain clearing members’ decision to clear different CDS contracts: for Italian CDS, counterparty credit risk exposures matter most for the decision to clear, while for French and German CDS, margin costs are the most important factor for the decision. Clearing members use clearing to reduce their exposures to the CCP and largely clear contracts when at least one of the traders has a high counterparty credit risk.
In December 1965, in a smoke-filled hotel room in Morocco, South African journalist Terry Bell accepted a challenge: to paddle a kayak from London to Tangier. At the time, Terry and his wife Barbara were living as political exiles in London. By August 1967, they agreed it was time to get back to Africa. But they decided to up the ante. Their plan: paddle 11 000 kilometres from England to Dar es Salaam in a 5-metre glass fibre kayak.
A rare flowering event in a stand of Acacia pendula (Weeping Myall) (family Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from the Hunter Valley of New South Wales is documented. This species flowers poorly in the region and (with the exception of horticultural specimens) has not been observed to fruit and develop viable seed for over a decade. One stand of this threatened Hunter Valley population of Acacia pendula was monitored over a seven month period (January to July 2018) to investigate this poor reproductive output. Despite copious bud production in January and February, the extent and condition of these, and all subsequent flowers rapidly declined, and none progressed to fruit.
Primary reasons for reproductive failure were postulated to be a combination of mass desiccation of capitula following extended dry conditions, infestation by native flower- and phyllode-galling midges and thrips (Asphondylia sp., Dasineura glomerata, Kladothrips rugosus), fungal galls (Uromycladium sp.), caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer), and mistletoe (Amyema quandang). Collectively, these stressors appear to be eliminating seed production from the study
population; survival is maintained only by the copious root-suckering observed around most plants, particularly after the pressure from stock grazing (cattle, sheep) has been removed. The age of trees studied, based on measures of girth and comparison with growth rates reported for other semi-arid Acacia, was inferred to be between 50 and 150 years. The level of Amyema quandang (mistletoe) infestation on Acacia trees was independent of tree size, and there was no evidence to suggest that mistletoe density alone influenced flowering progress.
Consequences of these observations on future management of Acacia pendula in the Hunter Valley are briefly discussed.
In this article, we profile an empirically grounded, cognitive approach to immersion in digital fiction by combining text-driven stylistic analysis with insights from theories of cognition and reader-response research. We offer a new analytical method for immersive features in digital fiction by developing deictic shift theory for the affordances of digital media. We also provide empirically substantiated insights to show how immersion is experienced cognitively by using Andy Campbell and Judi Alston’s (2015) digital fiction piece WALLPAPER as a case study. We add ‘interactional deixis’ and ‘audible deixis’ to Stockwell’s (2002) model to account for the multimodal nature of immersion in digital fiction. We also show how extra-textual features can contribute to immersion and thus propose that they should be accounted for when analysing immersion across media. We conclude that the analytical framework and reader response protocol that we develop here can be adapted for application to texts across media.
Summary statement When echolocating under demanding conditions e.g. noisy, narrow space, or cluttered environments, frugivorous bats adapt their call pattern by increasing the call rate within biosonar groups.
Abstract For orientation, echolocating bats emit biosonar calls and use echoes arising from call reflections. They often pattern their calls into groups which increases the rate of sensory feedback over time. Insectivorous bats emit call groups at a higher rate when orienting in cluttered compared to uncluttered environments. Frugivorous bats increase the rate of call group emission when they echolocate in noisy environments. Here, calls emitted by conspecifics potentially interfere with the bat’s biosonar signals and complicate the echolocation behavior. To minimize the information loss followed by signal interference, bats may profit from a temporally increased sensory acquisition rate, as it is the case for the call groups. In frugivorous bats, it remains unclear if call group emission represents an exclusive adaptation to avoid interference by signals from other bats or if it represents an adaptation that allows to orient under demanding environmental conditions. Here, we compared the emission pattern of the frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata when the bats were flying in noisy versus silent, narrow versus wide or cluttered versus non-cluttered corridors. According to our results, the bats emitted larger call groups and they increased the call rate within the call groups when navigating in narrow, cluttered, or noisy environments. Thus, call group emission represents an adaptive behavior when the bats orient in complex environments.
Strong convergence rates for numerical approximations of stochastic partial differential equations
(2018)
In this thesis and in the research articles which this thesis consists of, respectively, we focus on strong convergence rates for numerical approximations of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). In Part I of this thesis, i.e., Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, we study higher order numerical schemes for SPDEs with multiplicative trace class noise based on suitable Taylor expansions of the Lipschitz continuous coefficients of the SPDEs under consideration. More precisely, Chapter 2 proves strong convergence rates for a linear implicit Euler-Milstein scheme for SPDEs and is based on an unpublished manuscript written by the author of this thesis. This chapter extends an earlier result1 by slightly lowering the assumptions posed on the diffusion coefficient and a different approximation of the semigroup. In Chapter 3 we introduce an exponential Wagner-Platen type numerical scheme for SPDEs and prove that this numerical approximation method converges in the strong sense with oder up to 3/2−. Moreover, we illustrate how the (mixed) iterated stochastic-deterministic integrals, that are part of our numerical scheme, can be simulated exactly under suitable assumptions.
The second part of this thesis, i.e. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, is devoted to strong convergence rates for numerical approximations of SPDEs with superlinearly growing nonlinearities driven by additive space-time white noise. More specifically, in Chapter 4, we prove strong convergence with rate in the time variable for a class of nonlinearity-truncated numerical approximation schemes for SPDEs and provide examples that fit into our abstract setting like stochastic Allen-Cahn equations. Finally, in Chapter 5, we extend this result with spatial approximations and establish strong convergence rates for a class of full-discrete nonlinearity truncated numerical approximation schemes for SPDEs. Moreover, we apply our strong convergence result to stochastic Allen-Cahn equations and provide lower and upper bounds which show that our strong convergence result can, in general, not essentially be improved.
"... et quod hodie exemplis tuemur, inter exempla erit." Mit diesen Worten beendete der römische Historiograph Publius Cornelius Tacitus die von ihm konzipierte Version der Gallierrede aus dem Jahr 48 n. Chr., die er dem römischen Princeps Claudius in den Mund gelegt hatte. Tacitus griff hier mit den Exempla der Vorfahren ein wichtiges Argument der konservativen römischen Nobilität auf, durch das diese ihr Handeln häufig legitimierte, und ließ es seinen Claudius dafür nutzen, um die Aufnahme von gallischen Notabeln, also eine auf den ersten Blick noch nie dagewesene Neuerung, zu rechtfertigen. Dazu wählte er beispielhafte Episoden aus der römischen Geschichte, die verdeutlichten, dass die Vorfahren selbst ebenfalls Neuerungen zugelassen hatten, die sich im Nachhinein als sehr wichtig für die römischen Erfolge herausgestellt hatten. Damit widersprächen Neuerungen folglich nicht dem mos maiorum, dem für das römische Moralverständnis grundlegenden Wertekanon, sondern seien vielmehr integraler Bestandteil desselben. ...
UNDERSTANDING HOW HOUSEHOLDS REACT TO THE ARRIVAL OF PERMANENT AND TRANSITORY INCOME IS OF INTEREST FOR RESEARCHERS AND REGULATORS. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAD TO USE IMPRECISE SURVEY DATA TO MEASURE CONSUMPTION AND THUS CONCLUSIONS OFTEN DIVERGED. WE LEVERAGE GRANULAR PERSONAL FINANCE MANAGEMENT FINTECH DATA TO TEST FRIEDMAN'S PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS AND TO ASSESS HOUSEHOLD SPENDING ELASTICITY AND MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME FOR VARIOUS SPENDING CATEGORIES IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT INCOME TYPES.
Cultural psychology assumes that the ecocultural conditions of a particular setting shape children’s pathways, resulting in multiple adaptive solutions to universal developmental tasks. While the adaptivity of attachment and children’s psychosocial development during the early years has been thoroughly investigated, attachment research during middle childhood continues to reflect Western ideals of family. Adhering to ideas of monotropy, most studies only focus on parental attachment figures. However, this restricted empirical perspective does not only result in a Eurocentric bias, it also neglects theoretical reflections on the growing complexity of attachment during middle childhood, thus only considering a limited selection of all individuals contributing to the children’s feeling of security, even in Western settings. To investigate the variability and adaptivity of attachment during middle childhood, this study assessed children’s attachment figures in two extreme settings of development, introducing an exhaustive network perspective on attachment during this developmental stage. Children of the Cameroonian Nseh (N = 11) and German children from Bad Nauheim (N = 11) identified and differentiated all individuals contributing to their attachment need in an exploratory and transdisciplinary approach. The socio-structural composition of children’s attachment networks follows the context-specific systems of care and concepts of interconnectedness and the ecological features of each setting, resulting in marked differences between both contexts. The functional composition, however, reflects children’s preoccupation with similar developmental challenges across settings. Same-aged peers contribute to the children’s feeling of safety in both settings, thereby deviating from previous reflections on their subordinate relevance during middle childhood. Overall, these results support the adaptiveness of children’s attachment patterns while also demonstrating universal trends across contexts. They highlight the collective nature of attachment during middle childhood that exceeds the impact of individual dyads. Thus, broad and context-sensitive research strategies become a necessary addition to attachment research in order to generate an exhaustive understanding for children’s development across cultural contexts.
Using photo elicitation to introduce a network perspective on attachment during middle childhood
(2018)
In this article, we develop a child-centered network approach to attachment during middle childhood. Following monotropic ideas, current attachment research focuses on parental attachment figures despite the expansion of the children’s social environment during middle childhood, failing to generate a comprehensive and structured overview of all individuals who ensure the children’s feeling of safety. Relying on quantitative methods, these studies are also dominated by an adult perspective, limiting the children’s contributions. While there have been theoretical drafts of attachment networks during childhood, this article constitutes the first practical implementation. Using photo elicitation interviews and participant observations, we developed an innovative assessment strategy that allows children to exhaustively identify and characterize all their attachment figures on sociostructural and functional dimensions, thus positioning the children at the center of their comprehensive attachment networks that collectively contribute to their feeling of security. We combine qualitative and quantitative data to assess the children’s own understanding of their feeling of security and to locate the individual attachment figure on context-specific social dimensions, thus making the research setting, a clan in Cameroon, an inherent part of the methodological development. The data are translated into multidimensional network diagrams to visualize the children’s perception of their attachment environment and the emerging patterns of their selection. We present an exemplary network, supplementing it with observational data to discuss the ecological validity of our approach.
Bindung bildet in der Erforschung langfristiger psychosozialer Entwicklung ein zentrales Konstrukt. In Bezug auf die Phase der mittleren Kindheit liegt dabei jedoch oft eine eingeschränkte Forschungsperspektive vor: dem Konzept der Monotropie folgend, wird trotz des wachsenden sozialen Umfelds allein Eltern eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit in ihrer Rolle als Bindungsfiguren zugeordnet. Zudem fehlen Studien jenseits westlich-europäischer Entwicklungsverläufe. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die explorative Erforschung der transkulturellen Spannbreite und der kontextspezifischen Adaptivität in der Auswahl und Funktionalität von Bindungsfiguren der mittleren Kindheit. Dazu werden Daten in zwei ökokulturell gegensätzlichen Settings erhoben, um kontextspezifische und globale Trends betrachten zu können.
Zunächst erfolgt eine ethnologische Annäherung an die frühste Kindheit im kamerunischen Setting der Nseh entlang des Tragetuchs als zentralem Care-Objekt. Diese offenbart eine symbiotische Beziehungsgestaltung, aber auch strenge Regeln des Aufbaus und der Abgrenzung im geteilten Care-System.
Anschließend wird eine methodische Strategie zur Erforschung der mittleren Kindheit entwickelt, die eine Netzwerkperspektive beinhaltet und der kindlichen Wahrnehmung folgt. Dabei werden teilnehmende Beobachtungen mit Photo Elicitation Interviews verbunden, um das vollständige Kollektiv der Bindungsfiguren zu identifizieren und in ihren soziostrukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften zu charakterisieren. Indem das Setting zum inhärenten Teil der Datenerhebung wird, werden dabei adaptive Prozesse zugänglich.
In Umsetzungen dieser kontextualisierend explorativen Strategie bei den kamerunischen Nseh und im deutschen Bad Nauheim werden die Bindungsnetzwerke der mittleren Kindheit erfasst und in ihrer Adaptivität diskutiert. Der Kontrastvergleich offenbart, dass die Kinder der Nseh im Vergleich zu den Kindern aus Bad Nauheim in der Altersstruktur vielfältigere, räumlich enger begrenzte und zeitlich stabilere Netzwerke beschreiben. In beiden Settings identifizieren die Kinder eine Aufteilung der inhaltlich-funktionelle Verantwortlichkeiten, die bei den Nseh gemäß den Altersgruppen verläuft.
Insgesamt zeichnet sich für die mittlere Kindheit ein komplexes Bindungsumfeld ab. Dabei verbinden sich settingspezifische Kindheitsbedingungen mit globalen Entwicklungsthemen. Das mehrdimensionale kindliche Sicherheitsgefühl kann auf die Wirkung eines Kollektivs an Bindungsfiguren zurückgeführt werden, zu dem kontextunabhängig in einem bedeutsamen Ausmaß auch Peers gehören.
It is shown that the description of a relativistic fluid at local thermodynamic equilibrium depends on the particular quantum stress-energy tensor operator chosen, e.g., the canonical or symmetrized Belinfante stress-energy tensor. We argue that the Belinfante tensor is not appropriate to describe a relativistic fluid whose macroscopic polarization relaxes slowly to thermodynamic equilibrium and that a spin tensor, like the canonical spin tensor, is required. As a consequence, the description of a polarized relativistic fluid involves an extension of relativistic hydrodynamics including a new antisymmetric rank-two tensor as a dynamical field. We show that the canonical and Belinfante tensors lead to different predictions for measurable quantities such as spectrum and polarization of particles produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
The aim of this study is to trace back the translator of "Reinhold Lubenau Seyahatnamesi [Osmanlı Ülkesinde, 1587-1589]" and focus on her translation approach through paratexts. The traveller portrays the Muslim 'other' whom he met in the Ottoman Empire where he spent his time between the years 1587-1589, when the Ottoman Empire had the power and Islam was being perceived as a threat to them versus his own culture which he belonged to as a Prussian Protestant. The translation of this itinerary is available to Turkish readers after approximately 400 years in 2012. What makes this translation interesting is the translation of a source text, in which the target culture was being portrayed from the perspective of the 'other', into a target language. How was this 'foreign' perspective constructed by the traveler translated and reflected in the paratext? What was the approach of the translator against the challenges he encountered during the translation process? Answers to these questions among many others were being searched through an examination of paratexts. In addition, it was also discussed whether the author moved to the reader or the reader moved to the author. Paratexts encourage reading and direct the reception (Genette 2016). In this study, book covers, names, titles, genre, graphics illustration and footnotes were examined. Translator footnotes, which were provided by the translator in order to make the text clear, were classified in order to underline the functions of these footnotes. Translator footnotes are the tools, which make translators visible and help them to raise their voices in the texts. In peritexts, translator can provide extra information to the readers, explain and justify his/her translation decisions.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well
Rolf Schneider gehörte zu jenen DDR-Schriftstellern, deren Romane um 1970 überwiegend in der Bundesrepublik herauskamen. Auch war er Teil der Gruppe von Autoren, die von 1978 bis 1981 langfristige Visa erhielten und zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland hin- und herpendelten. Es ist anzunehmen, dass der Umstand, gleichsam zwischen den Stühlen zu sitzen, Schneiders Autorschaft in hohem Maß bedingte. Damit ist zugleich die Frage aufgeworfen, in welcher Weise dies der Fall war. Im Beitrag soll dem anhand der 1965 erschienenen Erzählung Metamorphosen nachgegangen werden. Sie bietet sich hier deshalb als Textgrundlage an, da sie eine intertextuelle Relation zu Die Verwandlung von Franz Kafka aufweist, dessen Werk von den Kulturfunktionären der DDR bis in die 70er Jahre hinein abgelehnt und aus dem offiziellen "Erbe"-Kanon ausgeschlossen wurde. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist davon auszugehen, dass die in Metamorphosen enthaltenen Anspielungen auf den Kafka-Text Schneider zur Inszenierung seiner regimekritischen Autorschaft dienten. Wie dies im Einzelnen aussah, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung, die sich den intertextuellen Bezügen von verschiedenen Seiten annähern wird, um so die Aspekte zu beleuchten, die für die literarische Selbstdarstellung Schneiders maßgeblich sind.