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Gedächtnisaspekte, die auch mit zunehmendem Alter stabil und zuverlässig bleiben, sind in heutiger Forschung von besonderem Interesse. Studien im Bereich des Gedächtnisses für einfache Handlungen konnten zeigen, dass dieses Itemmaterial besser erinnert wird, wenn es während der Einprägephase motorisch ausgeführt wird (vgl. z.B. Knopf, 1995) im Gegensatz zum rein verbalen Einprägen vergleichbaren Materials. Dieser Gedächtnisvorteil des handelnden Enkodierens, der so genannte Handlungseffekt, ist auch bei älteren Probanden zu beobachten. Da der Handlungseffekt altersübergreifend vergleichbar groß ist, erreichen Ältere auch bei handelndem Enkodieren nicht das Leistungsniveau Jüngerer (Alterseffekt, z.B. Knopf, 2005).
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigte sich vor allen Dingen mit der Frage, ob die Gedächtnisleistung nach handelndem und verbalem Enkodieren bei einer Wiederholung der Lernaufgabe mit jeweils neuem Lernmaterial noch gesteigert werden kann. Dabei wurden mögliche enkodiertypabhängige sowie altersabhängige Leistungsunterschiede untersucht. Weiterhin wurde geprüft, ob eine beobachtete Leistungssteigerung nach wiederholtem Lernen mit jeweils neuem Lernmaterial auch nach einem halben Jahr noch zu beobachten ist. In zwei zusätzlichen Fragestellungen wurde theoretischen Erklärungen des Handlungseffektes nachgegangen, indem die seriellen Positionskurven sowie der zeitliche Verlauf des Abrufes untersucht wurden.
Zur Untersuchung der Fragestellungen wurden verschiedene Studien mit Jüngeren und Älteren durchgeführt. Das Lernmaterial bestand aus Serien von einfachen Handlungsphrasen, welche entweder durch Ausführen oder verbal enkodiert und in unmittelbaren freien Erinnerungstests reproduziert wurden. Zur Untersuchung einer möglichen Leistungssteigerung nach Wiederholung der Lernaufgabe mit jeweils unterschiedlichem Material wurden vier Termine in wöchentlichem Abstand angesetzt. Um die Stabilität der Leistung nach einem halben Jahr zu untersuchen, wurde ein fünfter Messzeitpunkt realisiert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Replikation von Handlungs- und Alterseffekt (Knopf, 2005). Eine Wiederholung der Aufgabe mit jeweils neuem Lernmaterial führt unabhängig vom Alter der Teilnehmer oder der Enkodierbedingung zu einer ähnlichen Steigerung der Gedächtnisleistung, die auch nach einem halben Jahr noch nachweisbar ist. Die Untersuchungen der seriellen Positionskurven des Abrufes zeigen, dass nach handelndem Enkodieren vor allen Dingen die letzten Items der zu lernenden Itemserie eine erhöhte Erinnerungswahrscheinlichkeit haben. Auch der Alterseffekt scheint eher in den letzteren seriellen Positionen einer Itemserie begründet zu sein, wobei diese Positionen bei verbalem und handelndem Enkodieren unterschiedlich sind. Die Leistungssteigerung zeigt sich bei beiden Enkodierbedingungen in einer signifikanten Steigerung der mittleren Positionen der seriellen Positionskurven, beim verbalen Enkodieren zusätzlich in einer Steigerung der letzen Positionen. Demnach führen bei den beiden Enkodierbedingungen unterschiedliche Veränderungen zum Leistungsanstieg. Bei der Betrachtung des zeitlichen Verlaufes des Abrufes kann zudem gezeigt werden, dass der Abruf nach handelndem Enkodieren schneller abzulaufen scheint.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte die Regiospezifität und Spaltungsausbeute von 5’-modifizierten Trisbenzimidazolkonjugaten wie 53 unter Verwendung von Helfer-Sequenzen verbessert werden (S.74 ff). Mit dieser Technik gelang es, Turnover zu erzielen und so eine echte katalytische Aktivität der DNA-Konjugate nachzuweisen. Die verwendeten Helfer-DNA-Sequenzen sind günstig zu erwerben oder mit einem DNA-Synthesizer leicht selbst herzustellen und können so der jeweiligen Aufgabe perfekt angepasst werden.
Weiterhin wurden verschiedene Versuche unternommen, ein 5’-modifiziertes Konjugat maßzuschneidern, so dass es durch interne bulge-Bildung mit seinem Substrat ebenfalls Turnover erreichen könnte und so katalytische Aktivität zeigte (S.59 ff). Diese Projekte wurden in Anlehnung an Arbeiten von Häner [91] durchgeführt, der damit Turnover erzielte, da das Konjugat nach Spaltung des bulges wieder in den katalytischen Zyklus eingegliedert werden konnte. Leider waren diese Versuche nicht von Erfolg gekrönt, obwohl man sich bei der Konzipierung der Substrat-Konjugat-Hybriden an die Sequenzen von Häner et.al. hielt. Statt dessen beobachtete man im Falle von Konjugat 51 bei der Hybridisierung die Ausbildung einer Helix; ein bulge konnte nicht erhalten werden (S. 61). Dieser Unterschied könnte auf die große, planare Spaltereinheit mit Europium(III) von Häner et. al. zurück zu führen sein, die im Falle der von uns untersuchten Konjugat-Substrat-Hybride fehlte, denn die 2-Aminobenzimidazol-Einheiten von Trisbenzimidazol 15 waren im Vergleich als klein anzusehen.
Diese Vermutung führte schließlich zu zwei unterschiedlichen Ansätzen. Einer davon war es, eine größere intercalationsfähige Teilstruktur in das Konjugat einzuführen. Man versuchte deshalb ein Konjugat zu synthetisieren, welches zwischen der katalytischen Einheit und dem sequenzerkennenden Teil die Pyrenaminosäure 56 von Dr. M. Suhartono trug (S. 69 ff).
Dieses sollte den großen, Häner’schen Rest imitieren und so einen bulge erzeugen. Leider gelang die Synthese dieses Konjugates nicht. Wie sich heraus stellte, war das kommerziell erworbene DNA-Material nicht geeignet für die angewendete Synthese. Eine Basen-Schutzgruppe bzw. das Anhydrid derselben, welches bei der Festphasensynthese als Capping-Reagenz verwendet wurde, führte zu einer irreversiblen Reaktion mit der 5'-NH2-Funktion an der DNA und machten das Material daher für eine Kupplung unbrauchbar.
Eine andere Herangehensweise war es, die Faltung des Konjugat-Substrat-Hybrides voraus zu berechnen und so ein Hybrid zu erhalten, welches einen bulge ausbildete (S. 65 ff). Konjugat 55 und Substrat 54 wurden nach dieser Strukturvorhersage synthetisiert bzw. erworben und entsprachen genau den Erwartungen, ein interner bulge wurde ausgebildet. Dennoch konnte man auch mit diesem System keinen Turnover erreichen.
Ein weiteres großes Teilgebiet dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung kleiner Moleküle als unspezifische RNA-Spalter. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden speziell Guanidiniumanaloga auf ihre RNA-Spaltungsfähigkeit untersucht. In der Vergangenheit hatte man als Gütekriterium dieser Verbindungen das Augenmerk auf ihre pKa-Werte gerichtet. Sofern sich diese annähernd im physiologischen Bereich befanden, konnten häufig gute bis sehr gute RNA-Spaltungsausbeuten erzielt werden.
Erstmals kam das Konzept der Energiedifferenz zwischen den tautomeren Formen eines guanidiniumtragenden Moleküls als Werkzeug zur Vorhersage der Güte eines RNA-Spalters zum Einsatz (S.113 ff). Sofern die beiden Strukturen (Amino- und Iminotautomer) sehr geringe Energieunterschiede aufwiesen, sollten sie sich besser als „Protonen-Shuttle“ eignen und so die Phosphosäuretransesterifikation katalytisch besser unterstützen. Zusammen mit dem pKa-Wert der Verbindungen wurde untersucht, ob dieses Konzept als Vorhersagemethode tragfähig ist.
Unter den mit diesen Methoden gefundenen sowie kommerziell erhältlichen Molekülen konnte 2-Aminoperimidin 67 als sehr guter Spalter identifiziert werden. Verglichen mit Trisbenzimidazol 15 erreichte es ebenso gute Spaltungsraten wie letzteres, wobei 67 nur über eine einzige Guanidiniumeinheit verfügt. Dieser so identifizierte neue Kandidat für den Einbau in DNA-Konjugate enttäuschte auch nach Untersuchungen seines N-Methyl-Aminoderivates 80 nicht: Das Derivat zeigte eine ausreichend hohe Spaltungsaktivität, um es in Zukunft als Baustein für antisense-Konjugate in Frage kommen zu lassen.
Es gab allerdings auch Schwierigkeiten bei der Untersuchung der kleinen Moleküle. Problematisch gestaltete sich ihre Löslichkeit in hohen Konzentrationen. Man ging deshalb dazu über, Co-Solventien wie Methanol oder DMSO zu verwenden, um auch während des Experimentes eine ausreichende Löslichkeit der Verbindungen zu gewährleisten. Ein Volumenanteil von 20% Co-Solvens stellte sich als ideal heraus, das Experiment wurde dadurch nicht negativ beeinflusst.
Außerdem kam es zu Präzipitation einiger Substanzen (u.a. 2-Aminoperimidin 67) beim Auftragen auf das Sequenzierergel, welche die Auswertbarkeit dieser Experimente einschränkte. Die Verwendung eines neuen Harnstoffladepuffers beim Auftragen der Proben auf das Gel und das Senken der Substanzkonzentration (von mM auf μM) im Experiment verbesserten diese Situation deutlich. Häufig beobachtete Präzipitationseffekte waren danach größtenteils verschwunden, was die Auswertung der Spaltungsexperimente mit kleinen Molekülen erleichterte (S. 129 ff). Einige Verbindungen konnten mit der Kombination von ΔHf-Wertbestimmung und pKa-Wert-Bestimmung als schlechte RNA-Spalter korrekt vorhergesagt werden (z.B. 2-Aminopyridin 69, 2- Aminopyrimidin 68).
Nicht ganz klar ist das mittelmäßige Abschneiden von Imidazoimidazol 71 als RNA-Spalter (S.136 ff). Durch seine Symmetrie liegt sein ΔHf-Wert bei 0 und auch sein pKa-Wert liegt mit 7.4 perfekt im physiologischen Bereich. Dennoch konnte es nur Spaltungsausbeuten von unter 10% bei Konzentrationen im höheren mM-Bereich erreichen. Es ist aber auch die einzige untersuchte Verbindung, die signifikant RNA schneidet, ohne diese gleichzeitig zu aggregieren oder zu denaturieren.
Untersuchungen des Aggregationsverhaltens der kleinen Moleküle mittels FCS-Messungen (S. 139 ff) zeigten, dass fast alle bei hohen Konzentrationen – etwa im mM- oder hohem μMBereich – Aggregate bilden, und das auch bei Verwendung von Co-Solventien, wie es im Rahmen dieser Arbeit etabliert wurde. Man kann also bei den kleinen Katalysatoren nicht davon ausgehen, dass isolierte Moleküle für die beobachteten Effekte verantwortlich sind. Vielmehr agieren diese Moleküle bei solchen Konzentrationen als große oder kleine Aggregate, die durch die Vielzahl ihrer katalytischen Einheiten an der Oberfläche ihr Potential vervielfachen. Erst bei niedrigen Konzentrationen lösen sich die Aggregate auf, man kann hier wieder von einem Ein-Molekül-ein-Substrat-Mechanismus ausgehen (s. Schema 3 S. 110).
Dies wird allerdings nicht als Ausschlusskriterium gesehen, diese Moleküle auch weiterhin als potentielle Kandidaten für antisense-Konjugatbausteine zu betrachten. In Konjugaten verhalten sie sich wie Einzelmoleküle, bei denen man streng mechanistische Betrachtungen anstellen kann und darf.
[D]ieser Veranstaltungstyp [wurde] 1996 etabliert […] und die komparatistisch angelegte Konferenz der Abteilung 2012 [wird] nunmehr zum 17. Mal in Folge ausgerichtet […]. Über den Kreis der 15 Referenten hinaus war sie mit etwa 120 aktiv mitdiskutierenden Teilnehmern gut besucht. Thematisch orientiert sich die Konferenz jeweils an einem Semesterkurs, den die Studierenden der am Department angebotenen Master‐Studiengänge (Deutsch, Französisch, Spanisch, Italienisch) durchlaufen.
Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) stellt eine spezielle Form der Infrarotstrahlung im Bereich von 780–1400 nm dar, die aufgrund ihrer sehr guten Verträglichkeit in der Medizin zur Prävention und Therapie verwendet wird. wIRA steigert Temperatur, Sauerstoffpartialdruck und Durchblutung im Gewebe. wIRA mindert indikationsübergreifend Schmerzen, Entzündung und vermehrte Sekretion und verbessert die Infektabwehr und Regeneration. wIRA hat in den letzten 20 Jahren eine deutliche Verbreitung in der Medizin gefunden. So wird wIRA z. B. in 1045 (ca. 28%) von 3767 erfassten dermatologischen Praxen oder Versorgungszentren in Deutschland genutzt (Stand: Februar 2012). wIRA-Strahler werden auch bei Patienten zu Hause eingesetzt...
Background and Aims: Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health issue worldwide. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP locus were identified to be associated with HBV infection in Asian populations. Most significant associations were observed for the A alleles of HLA-DPA1 rs3077 and HLA-DPB1 rs9277535, which conferred a decreased risk for HBV infection. We assessed the implications of these variants for HBV infection in Caucasians.
Methods: Two HLA-DP gene variants (rs3077 and rs9277535) were analyzed for associations with persistent HBV infection and with different clinical outcomes, i.e., inactive HBsAg carrier status versus progressive chronic HBV (CHB) infection in Caucasian patients (n = 201) and HBsAg negative controls (n = 235).
Results: The HLA-DPA1 rs3077 C allele was significantly associated with HBV infection (odds ratio, OR = 5.1, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.9–13.7; p = 0.00093). However, no significant association was seen for rs3077 with progressive CHB infection versus inactive HBsAg carrier status (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 0.6–11.1; p = 0.31). In contrast, HLA-DPB1 rs9277535 was not associated with HBV infection in Caucasians (OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4–1.9; p = 1).
Conclusions: A highly significant association of HLA-DPA1 rs3077 with HBV infection was observed in Caucasians. However, as a differentiation between different clinical courses of HBV infection was not possible, knowledge of the HLA-DPA1 genotype cannot be translated into personalized anti-HBV therapy approaches.
Purpose: Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFGE8) is necessary for diurnal outer segment phagocytosis and promotes VEGF-dependent neovascularization. The prevalence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in MFGE8 was studied in two exsudative or “wet” Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) groups and two corresponding control groups. We studied the effect of MFGE8 deficiency on retinal homeostasis with age and on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice.
Methods: The distribution of the SNP (rs4945 and rs1878326) of MFGE8 was analyzed in two groups of patients with “wet” AMD and their age-matched controls from Germany and France. MFGE8-expressing cells were identified in Mfge8+/− mice expressing ß-galactosidase. Aged Mfge8+/− and Mfge8−/− mice were studied by funduscopy, histology, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts of the choroid, and after laser-induced CNV.
Results: rs1878326 was associated with AMD in the French and German group. The Mfge8 promoter is highly active in photoreceptors but not in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mfge8−/− mice did not differ from controls in terms of fundus appearance, photoreceptor cell layers, choroidal architecture or laser-induced CNV. In contrast, the Bruch's membrane (BM) was slightly but significantly thicker in Mfge8−/− mice as compared to controls.
Conclusions: Despite a reproducible minor increase of rs1878326 in AMD patients and a very modest increase in BM in Mfge8−/− mice, our data suggests that MFGE8 dysfunction does not play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions. Today the diagnosis of AD relies on clinical evaluations and is only late in the disease. Biomarkers for early detection of the underlying neuropathological changes are still lacking and the biochemical pathways leading to the disease are still not completely understood. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic changes resulting from the disease phenotype by a thorough and systematic metabolite profiling approach. For this purpose CSF samples from 79 AD patients and 51 healthy controls were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) in conjunction with univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. In total 343 different analytes have been identified. Significant changes in the metabolite profile of AD patients compared to healthy controls have been identified. Increased cortisol levels seemed to be related to the progression of AD and have been detected in more severe forms of AD. Increased cysteine associated with decreased uridine was the best paired combination to identify light AD (MMSE>22) with specificity and sensitivity above 75%. In this group of patients, sensitivity and specificity above 80% were obtained for several combinations of three to five metabolites, including cortisol and various amino acids, in addition to cysteine and uridine.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LT), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the regulation of 5-LO mRNA expression by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In the present study, we report the identification of 2 truncated transcripts and 4 novel 5-LO splice variants containing premature termination codons (PTC). The characterization of one of the splice variants, 5-LOΔ3, revealed that it is a target for NMD since knockdown of the NMD factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3b in the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6) altered the expression of 5-LOΔ3 mRNA up to 2-fold in a cell differentiation-dependent manner suggesting that cell differentiation alters the composition or function of the NMD complex. In contrast, the mature 5-LO mRNA transcript was not affected by UPF knockdown. Thus, the data suggest that the coupling of alternative splicing and NMD is involved in the regulation of 5-LO gene expression.
Um den vielfältigen und komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Literatur und Architektur nachzugehen, versammelte die School of Language & Literature des Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) unter Federführung von Dr. Robert Krause und Jun.‐Prof. Dr. Evi Zemanek Wissenschaftler aus philologischen und kunsthistorischen Disziplinen zu einer dreitägigen Tagung (1.‐3. Dezember 2011). Die Breite der Annäherungen an die „Baukunst (in) der Literatur“, wie sie sich in den Vorträgen abzeichnete, verdeutlichte nicht nur, wie stark das – selbst mit dem 'spatial turn' – nicht unbedingt systematisch perspektivierte Forschungsfeld sich unabhängig und dezentral ausdifferenziert hat sondern auch inwiefern ein endliches Zusammentreffen versierter Forscher längst überfällig gewesen ist.
Am 5. 8. 2009 ist das neue Schuldverschreibungsgesetz in Kraft getreten. Es lässt in
weitgehendem Umfang Umstrukturierungen einer Anleihe, z. B. Änderungen der Fälligkeit
oder der Zinshöhe, Schuldnersetzungen, debt equity swaps u. a. m., durch Mehrheitsbeschluss
der Gläubigerversammlung zu, wenn die Anleihebedingungen dies vorsehen (sog. Collective
Action Clauses; CAC). Vor Inkrafttreten des SchVG begebene Anleihen können ebenfalls
durch Mehrheitsbeschluss der Geltung des neuen SchVG unterstellt werden. Ausdrücklich
klargestellt ist dies für die – wenigen – Emissionen, auf die bereits das alte SchVG von 1899
anwendbar war. Im Folgenden wird dargelegt, dass dies nach der einschlägigen, allerdings
wenig glücklich formulierten Überleitungsvorschrift des § 24 SchVG 2009 auch für die
weitaus zahlreicheren Fälle gilt, in denen auf die Altanleihe zwar deutsches Sachrecht,
insbesondere die §§ 793 ff. BGB, nicht aber das alte SchVG von 1899 anzuwenden ist. Diese
Frage hat sowohl für Altanleihen privater Emittenten wie für umlaufende Anleihen
ausländischer Staaten größte Bedeutung.
Debt-induced crises, including the subprime, are usually attributed exclusively to supply-side factors. We examine the role of social influences on debt culture, emanating from perceived average income of peers. Utilizing unique information from a household survey representative of the Dutch population, that circumvents the issue of defining the social circle, we consider collateralized, consumer, and informal loans. We find robust social effects on borrowing, especially among those who consider themselves poorer than their peers; and on indebtedness, suggesting a link to financial distress. We employ a number of approaches to rule out spurious associations and to handle correlated effects.
Trading under limited pre-trade transparency becomes increasingly popular on financial markets. We provide first evidence on traders’ use of (completely) hidden orders which might be placed even inside of the (displayed) bid-ask spread. Employing TotalView-ITCH data on order messages at NASDAQ, we propose a simple method to conduct statistical inference on the location of hidden depth and to test economic hypotheses. Analyzing a wide cross-section of stocks, we show that market conditions reflected by the (visible) bid-ask spread, (visible) depth, recent price movements and trading signals significantly affect the aggressiveness of ’dark’ liquidity supply and thus the ’hidden spread’. Our evidence suggests that traders balance hidden order placements to (i) compete for the provision of (hidden) liquidity and (ii) protect themselves against adverse selection, front-running as well as ’hidden order detection strategies’ used by high-frequency traders. Accordingly, our results show that hidden liquidity locations are predictable given the observable state of the market.
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the state of macroeconomic modeling and the use of macroeconomic models in policy analysis has come under heavy criticism. Macroeconomists in academia and policy institutions have been blamed for relying too much on a particular class of macroeconomic models. This paper proposes a comparative approach to macroeconomic policy analysis that is open to competing modeling paradigms. Macroeconomic model comparison projects have helped produce some very influential insights such as the Taylor rule. However, they have been infrequent and costly, because they require the input of many teams of researchers and multiple meetings to obtain a limited set of comparative findings. This paper provides a new approach that enables individual researchers to conduct model comparisons easily, frequently, at low cost and on a large scale. Using this approach a model archive is built that includes many well-known empirically estimated models that may be used for quantitative analysis of monetary and fiscal stabilization policies. A computational platform is created that allows straightforward comparisons of models’ implications. Its application is illustrated by comparing different monetary and fiscal policies across selected models. Researchers can easily include new models in the data base and compare the effects of novel extensions to established benchmarks thereby fostering a comparative instead of insular approach to model development.
How do changes in market structure affect the US business cycle? We estimate a monetary DSGE model with endogenous
rm/product entry and a translog expenditure function by Bayesian methods. The dynamics of net business formation allow us to identify the 'competition effect', by which desired price markups and inflation decrease when entry rises. We
find that a 1 percent increase in the number of competitors lowers desired markups by 0.18 percent. Most of the cyclical variability in inflation is driven by markup fluctuations due to sticky prices or exogenous shocks rather than endogenous changes in desired markups.
This paper characterises optimal monetary policy in an economy with endogenous
firm entry, a cash-in-advance constraint and preset wages. Firms must make pro
fits to cover entry costs; thus the markup on goods prices is efficient. However, because leisure is not priced at a markup, the consumption-leisure tradeoff is distorted. Consequently, the real wage, hours and production are suboptimally low. Due to the labour requirement in entry, insufficient labour supply also implies that entry is too low. The paper shows that in the absence of
fiscal instruments such as labour income subsidies, the optimal monetary policy under sticky wages achieves higher welfare than under flexible wages. The policy maker uses the money supply instrument to raise the real wage - the cost of leisure - above its flexible-wage level, in response to expansionary shocks to productivity and entry costs. This raises labour supply, expanding production and
rm entry.
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the state of macroeconomicmodeling and the use of macroeconomic models in policy analysis has come under heavy criticism. Macroeconomists in academia and policy institutions have been blamed for relying too much on a particular class of macroeconomic models. This paper proposes a comparative approach to macroeconomic policy analysis that is open to competing modeling paradigms. Macroeconomic model comparison projects have helped produce some very influential insights such as the Taylor rule. However, they have been infrequent and costly, because they require the input of many teams of researchers and multiple meetings to obtain a limited set of comparative findings. This paper provides a new approach that enables individual researchers to conduct model comparisons easily, frequently, at low cost and on a large scale. Using this approach a model archive is built that includes many well-known empirically estimated models that may be used for quantitative analysis of monetary and fiscal stabilization policies. A computational platform is created that allows straightforward comparisons of models’ implications. Its application is illustrated by comparing different monetary and fiscal policies across selected models. Researchers can easily include new models in the data base and compare the effects of novel extensions to established benchmarks thereby fostering a comparative instead of insular approach to model development
Neue Impulse für die sozial-ökologische Forschung ++ ISOE-Tagung zum Wissenschaftsjahr ++ Pilotanlage zur unterirdischen Wasserspeicherung in Namibia eröffnet ++ Community Health Clubs erstmals in Na mibia gestartet ++ Das ISOE auf der Global Business Week ++ Projekt OPTUM: Jeder Fünfte würde ein Elektroauto kaufen ++ Elektro-Firmenwagen – Testfahrer sind zufrieden ++ Mobil bis ins hohe Alter: Projekt COMPAGNO beginnt ++ Klimaschutz passt in den Alltag ++ Schadstoffe im Wasserkreislauf – Projektbeginn TransRisk ++ Wissen schaftsjahr 2012 startet mit „Transfor matives Wissen schaffen“ ++ Biodiversitätsfor schung soll transdisziplinärer werden ++ Working Paper zu Klima, Umwelt und Migration im Sahel ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
Background: After focal neuronal injury the endocannabinioid system becomes activated and protects or harms neurons depending on cannabinoid derivates and receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a central role in controlling local responses and influencing neural plasticity and survival. However, little is known about the functional relevance of eCBs in long-range projection damage as observed in stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: In rat organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) as a relevant and suitable model for investigating projection fibers in the CNS we performed perforant pathway transection (PPT) and subsequently analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of eCB levels. This approach allows proper distinction of responses in originating neurons (entorhinal cortex), areas of deafferentiation/anterograde axonal degeneration (dentate gyrus) and putative changes in more distant but synaptically connected subfields (cornu ammonis (CA) 1 region).
Results: Using LC-MS/MS, we measured a strong increase in arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the denervation zone (dentate gyrus) 24 hours post lesion (hpl), whereas entorhinal cortex and CA1 region exhibited little if any changes. NAPE-PLD, responsible for biosynthesis of eCBs, was increased early, whereas FAAH, a catabolizing enzyme, was up-regulated 48hpl.
Conclusion: Neuronal damage as assessed by transection of long-range projections apparently provides a strong time-dependent and area-confined signal for de novo synthesis of eCB, presumably to restrict neuronal damage. The present data underlines the importance of activation of the eCB system in CNS pathologies and identifies a novel site-specific intrinsic regulation of eCBs after long-range projection damage.
Sucrose is known to repress the translation of Arabidopsis thaliana AtbZIP11 transcript which encodes a protein belonging to the group of S (S - stands for small) basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factor. This repression is called sucrose-induced repression of translation (SIRT). It is mediated through the sucrose-controlled upstream open reading frame (SC-uORF) found in the AtbZIP11 transcript. The SIRT is reported for 4 other genes belonging to the group of S bZIP in Arabidopsis. Tobacco tbz17 is phylogenetically closely related to AtbZIP11 and carries a putative SC-uORF in its 5′-leader region. Here we demonstrate that tbz17 exhibits SIRT mediated by its SC-uORF in a manner similar to genes belonging to the S bZIP group of the Arabidopsis genus. Furthermore, constitutive transgenic expression of tbz17 lacking its 5′-leader region containing the SC-uORF leads to production of tobacco plants with thicker leaves composed of enlarged cells with 3–4 times higher sucrose content compared to wild type plants. Our finding provides a novel strategy to generate plants with high sucrose content.
Freshwater biodiversity has declined dramatically in Europe in recent decades. Because of massive habitat pollution and morphological degradation of water bodies, many once widespread species persist in small fractions of their original range. These range contractions are generally believed to be accompanied by loss of intraspecific genetic diversity, due to the reduction of effective population sizes and the extinction of regional genetic lineages. We aimed to assess the loss of genetic diversity and its significance for future potential reintroduction of the long-tailed mayfly Palingenia longicauda (Olivier), which experienced approximately 98% range loss during the past century. Analysis of 936 bp of mitochondrial DNA of 245 extant specimens across the current range revealed a surprisingly large number of haplotypes (87), and a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.875). In contrast, historic specimens (6) from the lost range (Rhine catchment) were not differentiated from the extant Rába population (F ST = 0.02, p = 0.61), despite considerable geographic distance separating the two rivers. These observations can be explained by an overlap of the current with the historic (Pleistocene) refugia of the species. Most likely, the massive recent range loss mainly affected the range which was occupied by rapid post-glacial dispersal. We conclude that massive range losses do not necessarily coincide with genetic impoverishment and that a species' history must be considered when estimating loss of genetic diversity. The assessment of spatial genetic structures and prior phylogeographic information seems essential to conserve once widespread species.
Background: Human Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) has been associated with myocarditis putative due to endothelial infection. Whether PVB19 infects endothelial cells and causes a modification of endothelial function and inflammation and, thus, disturbance of microcirculation has not been elucidated and could not be visualized so far.
Methods and Findings: To examine the PVB19-induced endothelial modification, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) color reporter gene in the non-structural segment 1 (NS1) of PVB19. NS1-GFP-PVB19 or GFP plasmid as control were transfected in an endothelial-like cell line (ECV304). The endothelial surface expression of intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 (CD54/ICAM-1) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) were evaluated by flow cytometry after NS-1-GFP or control-GFP transfection. To evaluate platelet adhesion on NS-1 transfected ECs, we performed a dynamic adhesion assay (flow chamber). NS-1 transfection causes endothelial activation and enhanced expression of ICAM-1 (CD54: mean±standard deviation: NS1-GFP vs. control-GFP: 85.3±11.2 vs. 61.6±8.1; P<0.05) and induces endothelial expression of EMMPRIN/CD147 (CD147: mean±SEM: NS1-GFP vs. control-GFP: 114±15.3 vs. 80±0.91; P<0.05) compared to control-GFP transfected cells. Dynamic adhesion assays showed that adhesion of platelets is significantly enhanced on NS1 transfected ECs when compared to control-GFP (P<0.05). The transfection of ECs was verified simultaneously through flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.
Conclusions: GFP color reporter gene shows transfection of ECs and may help to visualize NS1-PVB19 induced endothelial activation and platelet adhesion as well as an enhanced monocyte adhesion directly, providing in vitro evidence of possible microcirculatory dysfunction in PVB19-induced myocarditis and, thus, myocardial tissue damage.
The human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) process is crucial to maintain the integrity of the genome and requires many different proteins which interact perfectly and coordinated. Germline mutations in MMR genes are responsible for the development of the hereditary form of colorectal cancer called Lynch syndrome. Various mutations mainly in two MMR proteins, MLH1 and MSH2, have been identified so far, whereas 55% are detected within MLH1, the essential component of the heterodimer MutLα (MLH1 and PMS2). Most of those MLH1 variants are pathogenic but the relevance of missense mutations often remains unclear. Many different recombinant systems are applied to filter out disease-associated proteins whereby fluorescent tagged proteins are frequently used. However, dye labeling might have deleterious effects on MutLα's functionality. Therefore, we analyzed the consequences of N- and C-terminal fluorescent labeling on expression level, cellular localization and MMR activity of MutLα. Besides significant influence of GFP- or Red-fusion on protein expression we detected incorrect shuttling of single expressed C-terminal GFP-tagged PMS2 into the nucleus and found that C-terminal dye labeling impaired MMR function of MutLα. In contrast, N-terminal tagged MutLαs retained correct functionality and can be recommended both for the analysis of cellular localization and MMR efficiency.
Infants' poor motor abilities limit their interaction with their environment and render studying infant cognition notoriously difficult. Exceptions are eye movements, which reach high accuracy early, but generally do not allow manipulation of the physical environment. In this study, real-time eye tracking is used to put 6- and 8-month-old infants in direct control of their visual surroundings to study the fundamental problem of discovery of agency, i.e. the ability to infer that certain sensory events are caused by one's own actions. We demonstrate that infants quickly learn to perform eye movements to trigger the appearance of new stimuli and that they anticipate the consequences of their actions in as few as 3 trials. Our findings show that infants can rapidly discover new ways of controlling their environment. We suggest that gaze-contingent paradigms offer effective new ways for studying many aspects of infant learning and cognition in an interactive fashion and provide new opportunities for behavioral training and treatment in infants.
We present a computational method for the reaction-based de novo design of drug-like molecules. The software DOGS (Design of Genuine Structures) features a ligand-based strategy for automated ‘in silico’ assembly of potentially novel bioactive compounds. The quality of the designed compounds is assessed by a graph kernel method measuring their similarity to known bioactive reference ligands in terms of structural and pharmacophoric features. We implemented a deterministic compound construction procedure that explicitly considers compound synthesizability, based on a compilation of 25'144 readily available synthetic building blocks and 58 established reaction principles. This enables the software to suggest a synthesis route for each designed compound. Two prospective case studies are presented together with details on the algorithm and its implementation. De novo designed ligand candidates for the human histamine H4 receptor and γ-secretase were synthesized as suggested by the software. The computational approach proved to be suitable for scaffold-hopping from known ligands to novel chemotypes, and for generating bioactive molecules with drug-like properties.
Background: During early stages of brain development, secreted molecules, components of intracellular signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators act in positive and negative feed-back or feed-forward loops at the mid-hindbrain boundary. These genetic interactions are of central importance for the specification and subsequent development of the adjacent mid- and hindbrain. Much less, however, is known about the regulatory relationship and functional interaction of molecules that are expressed in the tectal anlage after tectal fate specification has taken place and tectal development has commenced.
Results: Here, we provide experimental evidence for reciprocal regulation and subsequent cooperation of the paired-type transcription factors Pax3, Pax7 and the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 in the tectal anlage. Using in ovo electroporation of the mesencephalic vesicle of chick embryos we show that (i) Pax3 and Pax7 mutually regulate each other's expression in the mesencephalic vesicle, (ii) Meis2 acts downstream of Pax3/7 and requires balanced expression levels of both proteins, and (iii) Meis2 physically interacts with Pax3 and Pax7. These results extend our previous observation that Meis2 cooperates with Otx2 in tectal development to include Pax3 and Pax7 as Meis2 interacting proteins in the tectal anlage.
Conclusion: The results described here suggest a model in which interdependent regulatory loops involving Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal mesencephalic vesicle modulate Meis2 expression. Physical interaction with Meis2 may then confer tectal specificity to a wide range of otherwise broadly expressed transcriptional regulators, including Otx2, Pax3 and Pax7.
Background: The European Centres of Reference Network for Cystic Fibrosis (ECORN-CF) established an Internet forum which provides the opportunity for CF patients and other interested people to ask experts questions about CF in their mother language. The objectives of this study were to: 1. develop a detailed quality assessment tool to analyze quality of expert answers, 2. evaluate the intra- and inter-rater agreement of this tool, and 3. explore changes in the quality of expert answers over the time frame of the project.
Methods: The quality assessment tool was developed by an expert panel. Five experts within the ECORN-CF project used the quality assessment tool to analyze the quality of 108 expert answers published on ECORN-CF from six language zones. 25 expert answers were scored at two time points, one year apart. Quality of answers was also assessed at an early and later period of the project. Individual rater scores and group mean scores were analyzed for each expert answer.
Results: A scoring system and training manual were developed analyzing two quality categories of answers: content and formal quality. For content quality, the grades based on group mean scores for all raters showed substantial agreement between two time points, however this was not the case for the grades based on individual rater scores. For formal quality the grades based on group mean scores showed only slight agreement between two time points and there was also poor agreement between time points for the individual grades. The inter-rater agreement for content quality was fair (mean kappa value 0.232+/-0.036, p<0.001) while only slight agreement was observed for the grades of the formal quality (mean kappa value 0.105+/-0.024, p<0.001). The quality of expert answers was rated high (four language zones) or satisfactory (two language zones) and did not change over time.
Conclusions: The quality assessment tool described in this study was feasible and reliable when content quality was assessed by a group of raters. Within ECORN-CF, the tool will help ensure that CF patients all over Europe have equal possibility of access to high quality expert advice on their illness.
Denervation-induced changes in excitatory synaptic strength were studied following entorhinal deafferentation of hippocampal granule cells in mature (≥3 weeks old) mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed an increase in excitatory synaptic strength in response to denervation during the first week after denervation. By the end of the second week synaptic strength had returned to baseline. Because these adaptations occurred in response to the loss of excitatory afferents, they appeared to be in line with a homeostatic adjustment of excitatory synaptic strength. To test whether denervation-induced changes in synaptic strength exploit similar mechanisms as homeostatic synaptic scaling following pharmacological activity blockade, we treated denervated cultures at 2 days post lesion for 2 days with tetrodotoxin. In these cultures, the effects of denervation and activity blockade were not additive, suggesting that similar mechanisms are involved. Finally, we investigated whether entorhinal denervation, which removes afferents from the distal dendrites of granule cells while leaving the associational afferents to the proximal dendrites of granule cells intact, results in a global or a local up-scaling of granule cell synapses. By using computational modeling and local electrical stimulations in Strontium (Sr2+)-containing bath solution, we found evidence for a lamina-specific increase in excitatory synaptic strength in the denervated outer molecular layer at 3–4 days post lesion. Taken together, our data show that entorhinal denervation results in homeostatic functional changes of excitatory postsynapses of denervated dentate granule cells in vitro.
The present study addresses the problem whether negative priming (NP) is due to information processing in perception, recognition or selection. We argue that most NP studies confound priming and perceptual similarity of prime-probe episodes and implement a color-switch paradigm in order to resolve the issue. In a series of three identity negative priming experiments with verbal naming response, we determined when NP and positive priming (PP) occur during a trial. The first experiment assessed the impact of target color on priming effects. It consisted of two blocks, each with a different fixed target color. With respect to target color no differential priming effects were found. In Experiment 2 the target color was indicated by a cue for each trial. Here we resolved the confounding of perceptual similarity and priming condition. In trials with coinciding colors for prime and probe, we found priming effects similar to Experiment 1. However, trials with a target color switch showed such effects only in trials with role-reversal (distractor-to-target or target-to-distractor), whereas the positive priming (PP) effect in the target-repetition trials disappeared. Finally, Experiment 3 split trial processing into two phases by presenting the trial-wise color cue only after the stimulus objects had been recognized. We found recognition in every priming condition to be faster than in control trials. We were hence led to the conclusion that PP is strongly affected by perception, in contrast to NP which emerges during selection, i.e., the two effects cannot be explained by a single mechanism.
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an insurmountable obstacle for most drugs thus obstructing an effective treatment of many brain diseases. One solution for overcoming this barrier is a transport by binding of these drugs to surface-modified nanoparticles. Especially apolipoprotein E (ApoE) appears to play a major role in the nanoparticle-mediated drug transport across the BBB. However, at present the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood.
Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, the uptake of the ApoE-modified nanoparticles into the brain capillary endothelial cells was investigated to differentiate between active and passive uptake mechanism by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, different in vitro co-incubation experiments were performed with competing ligands of the respective receptor.
Conclusions/Significance: This study confirms an active endocytotic uptake mechanism and shows the involvement of low density lipoprotein receptor family members, notably the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein, on the uptake of the ApoE-modified nanoparticles into the brain capillary endothelial cells. This knowledge of the uptake mechanism of ApoE-modified nanoparticles enables future developments to rationally create very specific and effective carriers to overcome the blood-brain barrier.
Few studies have looked at the potential of using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in conjunction with machine learning algorithms in order to automate the classification of healthy older subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here we apply DTI to 40 healthy older subjects and 33 MCI subjects in order to derive values for multiple indices of diffusion within the white matter voxels of each subject. DTI measures were then used together with support vector machines (SVMs) to classify control and MCI subjects. Greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity was achieved using this method, demonstrating the potential of a joint DTI and SVM pipeline for fast, objective classification of healthy older and MCI subjects. Such tools may be useful for large scale drug trials in Alzheimer’s disease where the early identification of subjects with MCI is critical.
Place based frequency discrimination (tonotopy) is a fundamental property of the coiled mammalian cochlea. Sound vibrations mechanically conducted to the hearing organ manifest themselves into slow moving waves that travel along the length of the organ, also referred to as traveling waves. These traveling waves form the basis of the tonotopic frequency representation in the inner ear of mammals. However, so far, due to the secure housing of the inner ear, these waves only could be measured partially over small accessible regions of the inner ear in a living animal. Here, we demonstrate the existence of tonotopically ordered traveling waves covering most of the length of a miniature hearing organ in the leg of bushcrickets in vivo using laser Doppler vibrometery. The organ is only 1 mm long and its geometry allowed us to investigate almost the entire length with a wide range of stimuli (6 to 60 kHz). The tonotopic location of the traveling wave peak was exponentially related to stimulus frequency. The traveling wave propagated along the hearing organ from the distal (high frequency) to the proximal (low frequency) part of the leg, which is opposite to the propagation direction of incoming sound waves. In addition, we observed a non-linear compression of the velocity response to varying sound pressure levels. The waves are based on the delicate micromechanics of cellular structures different to those of mammals. Hence place based frequency discrimination by traveling waves is a physical phenomenon that presumably evolved in mammals and bushcrickets independently.
Introduction: Despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids (GCs), their use for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still carries significant risks in terms of frequently occurring severe side effects, such as the impairment of intestinal tissue repair. The recently-introduced selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists (SEGRAs) offer anti-inflammatory action comparable to that of common GCs, but with a reduced side effect profile.
Methods: The in vitro effects of the non-steroidal SEGRAs Compound A (CpdA) and ZK216348, were investigated in intestinal epithelial cells and compared to those of Dexamethasone (Dex). GR translocation was shown by immunfluorescence and Western blot analysis. Trans-repressive effects were studied by means of NF-κB/p65 activity and IL-8 levels, trans-activation potency by reporter gene assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis of cells exposed to SEGRAs. The effects on IEC-6 and HaCaT cell restitution were determined using an in vitro wound healing model, cell proliferation by BrdU assay. In addition, influences on the TGF-β- or EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway were evaluated by reporter gene assay, Western blot and qPCR analysis.
Results: Dex, CpdA and ZK216348 were found to be functional GR agonists. In terms of trans-repression, CpdA and ZK216348 effectively inhibited NF-κB activity and IL-8 secretion, but showed less trans-activation potency. Furthermore, unlike SEGRAs, Dex caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell restitution with no effect on cell proliferation. These differences in epithelial restitution were TGF-β-independent but Dex inhibited the EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway important for intestinal epithelial wound healing by induction of MKP-1 and Annexin-1 which was not affected by CpdA or ZK216348.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that, while their anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to Dex, SEGRAs show fewer side effects with respect to wound healing. The fact that SEGRAs did not have a similar effect on cell restitution might be due to a different modulation of EGF/ERK1/2 MAPK signalling.
Ubiquitination now ranks with phosphorylation as one of the best-studied post-translational modifications of proteins with broad regulatory roles across all of biology. Ubiquitination usually involves the addition of ubiquitin chains to target protein molecules, and these may be of eight different types, seven of which involve the linkage of one of the seven internal lysine (K) residues in one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal diglycine of the next. In the eighth, the so-called linear ubiquitin chains, the linkage is between the amino-terminal amino group of methionine on a ubiquitin that is conjugated with a target protein and the carboxy-terminal carboxy group of the incoming ubiquitin. Physiological roles are well established for K48-linked chains, which are essential for signaling proteasomal degradation of proteins, and for K63-linked chains, which play a part in recruitment of DNA repair enzymes, cell signaling and endocytosis. We focus here on linear ubiquitin chains, how they are assembled, and how three different avenues of research have indicated physiological roles for linear ubiquitination in innate and adaptive immunity and suppression of inflammation.
Ubiquitin ligases and beyond
(2012)
First paragraph (this article has no abstract): In a review published in 2004 [1] and that still repays reading today, Cecile Pickart traced the evolution of research on ubiquitination from its origins in the proteasomal degradation of proteins through the revelation that it has a central role in cell cycle regulation and the recognition of regulatory roles for ubiquitin in intracellular membrane transport, cell signalling, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.
Synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at spinal neurons directly communicating pain-specific inputs from the periphery to the brain has been proposed to serve as a trigger for pain hypersensitivity in pathological states. Previous studies have functionally implicated the NMDA receptor-NO pathway and the downstream second messenger, cGMP, in these processes. Because cGMP can broadly influence diverse ion-channels, kinases, and phosphodiesterases, pre- as well as post-synaptically, the precise identity of cGMP targets mediating spinal LTP, their mechanisms of action, and their locus in the spinal circuitry are still unclear. Here, we found that Protein Kinase G1 (PKG-I) localized presynaptically in nociceptor terminals plays an essential role in the expression of spinal LTP. Using the Cre-lox P system, we generated nociceptor-specific knockout mice lacking PKG-I specifically in presynaptic terminals of nociceptors in the spinal cord, but not in post-synaptic neurons or elsewhere (SNS-PKG-I−/− mice). Patch clamp recordings showed that activity-induced LTP at identified synapses between nociceptors and spinal neurons projecting to the periaqueductal grey (PAG) was completely abolished in SNS-PKG-I−/− mice, although basal synaptic transmission was not affected. Analyses of synaptic failure rates and paired-pulse ratios indicated a role for presynaptic PKG-I in regulating the probability of neurotransmitter release. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1 and myosin light chain kinase were recruited as key phosphorylation targets of presynaptic PKG-I in nociceptive neurons. Finally, behavioural analyses in vivo showed marked defects in SNS-PKG-I−/− mice in several models of activity-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity, and pharmacological studies identified a clear contribution of PKG-I expressed in spinal terminals of nociceptors. Our results thus indicate that presynaptic mechanisms involving an increase in release probability from nociceptors are operational in the expression of synaptic LTP on spinal-PAG projection neurons and that PKG-I localized in presynaptic nociceptor terminals plays an essential role in this process to regulate pain sensitivity.
We investigate the decisions of listed firms to go private once again. We start by revealing that while a significant number of firms which go public is VC-backed, an overproportional share of these VC-backed firms go private later on (they stay on the exchange for an average of 8.5 years). We interpret this very robust pattern such that IPOs of VC-backed firms are to a large extent a temporary rather than a permanent feature of the corporate governance of these firms. We investigate various potential hypotheses why VCs actually seem to be able to bring marginal firms to the exchange by relating the going-private decisions to various characteristics of the IPO market as well as to VC characteristics. We find strong support for the certification ability of VCs: more experienced and reputable VCs are more able to bring marginal firms to public exchanges via an IPOs. These marginal firms backed-by more reputable and experienced VCs are more likely to go private later on. Hence, our analysis suggests that IPOs backed by experienced VCs are most likely to be a temporary rather than the final stage in the life of the portfolio firm. We find no support that reputable VCs underprice their IPO-exits more implying that they have no need to leave more money on the table to take the marginal firms public.
Diatoms contribute largely to the total primary production of the ecosphere and are key players in global biogeochemical cycles. Their chloroplasts are surrounded by four membranes owing to their secondary endosymbiotic origin. Their thylakoids are arranged into three parallel bands and differentiation of thylakoid membranes into grana or stroma is not observed. The fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding proteins act as the light harvesting proteins and play a role in photoprotection during excess light as well. The diatom genome encodes three different families of antenna proteins. Family I are the classical light harvesting proteins called "Lhcf". Family II are the red algae related Lhca-R1/2 proteins called "Lhcr" and family III are the photoprotective LI818 related proteins called "Lhcx".
All known Fcps have a molecular weight in the range of 17-23 kDa. They are membrane proteins and have shorter loops and termini compared to LHCs of higher plants and are therefore extremely hydrophobic. This makes the isolation of single specific Fcps using routine protein purification techniques difficult.
The purification of a specific Fcp containing complex has not been achieved so far and until this is done several questions concerning light harvesting antenna systems of diatoms cannot be answered. For e.g. Which proteins interact specifically? Are various Fcps differently pigmented? Which pigments interact with each other and how? Which proteins contribute to photosystem specific antenna systems? Can pure Fcps be reconstituted into crystals like LHCII proteins? In order to answer these questions specific Fcp containing complexes have to be purified. ...
Untersuchung von Korrelationseffekten in der Doppelphotoemission von normal- und supraleitendem Blei
(2012)
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde für die erstmalige Untersuchung der Doppelphotoemission von supraleitenden Materialien eine neue Messapparatur aufgebaut. Mit ihr lassen sich auf eine neue Weise Korrelationseffekte zwischen zwei Elektronen untersuchen, denn beide werden für jedes Reaktionsereignis mit ihrem vollständigen Impulsvektor aufgezeichnet. Die Apparatur kann daher für einen direkten Nachweis der Cooperpaarung in Supraleitern verwendet werden. Dazu wurden ein speziell für diesen Zweck angepasstes Spektrometer, Vakuumsystem und Probenhalter konstruiert. Ein mehrfach verbessertes Vakuumsystem sorgte dafür, dass eine Bleioberfläche über einen Zeitraum von mindestens 15 Stunden nach einer Reinigung gemessen werden konnte. Das Spektrometer erlaubte die koinzidente Messung von Elektronen über einen großen Raumwinkelbereich mit ausschließlich elektrischen Feldern. Dadurch war es auch im supraleitenden Zustand möglich, die Trajektorien der Elektronen zu berechnen. Die Energieauflösung für jedes Elektron lag zwischen 1/30 und 1/50, je nach untersuchtem Emissionswinkel. Ein eigens entwickelter Probenhalter erlaubte es, eine nur von einer Seite thermisch abgeschirmte Probe auf eine Temperatur von 4,5 K zu kühlen. Die Experimente wurden an einer Beamline des Berliner Synchrotrons BESSY durchgeführt.
Von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Auswertung der Daten ist die Qualität der Pulserkennungsroutine. Sie bestimmt die Totzeit der Messapparatur, das heisst wie nahe zwei Elektronen zeitlich und räumlich beieinander liegen dürfen, um noch detektiert zu werden. Sie beeinflusst somit die Beobachtung erheblich. In den als digitalisierte Pulse aufgenommen Rohdaten besteht die Schwierigkeit darin, zwei übereinander liegende Signale als solche zu erkennen und die richtige Zeit beider Signale zu bestimmten. Dies wurde erheblich verbessert, indem ein in Vorabeiten simulierter Doppelpulsalgorithmus modifiziert und erstmalig verwendet wurde. In der Folge konnte die Totzeit deutlich verringert und daher bis zu 20% mehr Doppelereignisse gefunden werden. Darüber hinaus ließen sich Fehler bei der Zeiterkennung nahe aufeinander folgender Pulse korrigieren. Ein in diesem Zusammenhang entwickeltes Programm erzeugte durch die Addition von gemessenen Einzelpulsen künstliche Doppelereignisse mit beliebiger Abstandsverteilung und erlaubte so erstmals eine exakte Simulation der Detektortotzeit mit verschiedenen Pulserkennungsalgorithmen.
Neben den Koinzidenzereignissen wurden auch die Ergebnisse der gewöhnlichen Photoemission untersucht und mit Bandstrukturrechnungen verglichen. Aufgrund der Messmethode wurde keine Vorauswahl bezüglich des Emissionswinkels oder der kinetischen Energie getroffen. Die Ergebnisse der Fermiflächen stimmen innerhalb der erreichten Auflösung mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen überein. Ebenso konnten die Strukturen in den Parallelimpulsspektren der Elektronen, die aus lokalisierten Energieniveaus emittiert wurden, mit der Interferenz der ausgehenden Wellenfunktionen erklärt werden. Eine Simulation dieses Effekts lieferte trotz der vergleichsweise sehr niedrigen Elektronenenergien eine gute Übereinstimmung der wesentlichen Merkmale.
Es wurden Doppelphotoemissionspektren von Blei bei verschiedenen Photonenenergien im Bereich von 21,22 eV bis 40 aufgenommen. Dabei konnten verschiedene Emissionskanäle identifiziert werden. Das Korrelationsloch ist ein sehr grundlegender Effekt, der aufgrund der Coulombabstoßung und des Pauli-Prinzips auftritt und daher bei allen Metallen vorkommt. Betrachtet man das Korrelationsloch im Impulsraum, so führt es dazu, dass zwei gleichzeitig emittierte Elektronen keine ähnlichen Impulsvektoren besitzen dürfen. Durch die verbesserten Pulserkennungsalgorithmen war es möglich, das Korrelationsloch zu untersuchen und über einen weiten Energiebereich zu vermessen. Es zeigte sich wie erwartet als Verarmungszone in der Impulsverteilung eines Elektrons um den Impuls eines zweiten. Ein solcher Effekt ist mit einem einzelnen Detektor sehr schwer zu messen, da die Totzeit die gleiche Auswirkung auf die Spektren hat. Durch eine Simulation konnte ihr Einfluss in jedem Spektrum herausgefunden und so beide Effekte voneinander getrennt werden. Sie stehen damit für einen Vergleich mit einer noch zu entwickelnden theoretischen Vorhersage zur Verfügung.
Aufgrund der bei Blei sehr nahe an der Fermikante liegenden, lokalisierten Energieniveaus konnte der Augerzerfall aus dem Valenzband identifiziert und untersucht werden. Korrelationseffekte zwischen den beiden Elektronen spielten aufgrund des sehr breiten Valenzbandes wie erwartet eine untergeordnete Rolle. Dies ließ sich nachweisen, indem die Energieverteilung durch eine Selbstfaltung der Valenzbandzustandsdichte beschrieben wurde und die Winkelverteilung der Augerelektronen keine Beeinflussung durch die Emissionsrichtung der Photoelektronen zeigte. Beide Beobachtungen deuten auf einen vollständig unabhängigen Emissionsprozess der beiden Elektronen hin. Überraschenderweise zeigte sich aber eine Energieverschiebung des Photoelektrons, abhängig von der kinetischen Energie des Augerelektrons. Dieser in der Gasphase als Post-Collision-Interaction bekannte Effekt sollte aufgrund der schnellen Abschirmung der im Festkörper zurückbleibenden Löcher nicht auftauchen. Die Ursache für die Energieverschiebung ist noch unbekannt.
Für die Identifizierung der Emission von Cooperpaaren wurden Messungen oberhalb und unterhalb der Sprungtemperatur bei verschiedenen Photonenenergien zwischen 20 eV und 40 eV durchgeführt. Verschiedene Spektren wurde nach der Signatur des Prozesses untersucht. Aufgrund der geringen Statistik konnte er nicht identifiziert werden. Demnach konnte auch die theoretische Vorhersage nicht widerlegt werden. Da dieses Experiment aus technischer Sicht äußerst herausfordernd ist, war die Untersuchung von Blei, als einfach zu präparierendes Material mit hoher Sprungtemperatur, naheliegend. Es stellte sich jedoch durch die Auswertung heraus, dass es im Hinblick auf die untersuchte Fragestellung einen wesentlichen Nachteil besitzt. Die Hauptintensität befindet sich im Gegensatz zu Kupfer für alle hier verwendeten Photonenenergien bei niedrigen Elektronenenergien, so dass nur wenige Ereignisse in dem für die Cooperpaaremission interessanten Energiefenster liegen.
Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in men with systemic sclerosis (SSc) but the demographics, risk factors and treatment coverage for ED are not well known.
Method: This study was carried out prospectively in the multinational EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research database by amending the electronic data-entry system with the International Index of Erectile Function-5 and items related to ED risk factors and treatment. Centres participating in this EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research substudy were asked to recruit patients consecutively.
Results: Of the 130 men studied, only 23 (17.7%) had a normal International Index of Erectile Function-5 score. Thirty-eight per cent of all participants had severe ED (International Index of Erectile Function-5 score ≤ 7). Men with ED were significantly older than subjects without ED (54.8 years vs. 43.3 years, P < 0.001) and more frequently had simultaneous non-SSc-related risk factors such as alcohol consumption. In 82% of SSc patients, the onset of ED was after the manifestation of the first non-Raynaud's symptom (median delay 4.1 years). ED was associated with severe cutaneous, muscular or renal involvement of SSc, elevated pulmonary pressures and restrictive lung disease. ED was treated in only 27.8% of men. The most common treatment was sildenafil, whose efficacy is not established in ED of SSc patients.
Conclusions: Severe ED is a common and early problem in men with SSc. Physicians should address modifiable risk factors actively. More research into the pathophysiology, longitudinal development, treatment and psychosocial impact of ED is needed.
Background: In Emergency and Medical Admission Departments (EDs and MADs), prompt recognition and appropriate infection control management of patients with Highly Infectious Diseases (HIDs, e.g. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and SARS) are fundamental for avoiding nosocomial outbreaks.
Methods: The EuroNHID (European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases) project collected data from 41 EDs and MADs in 14 European countries, located in the same facility as a national/regional referral centre for HIDs, using specifically developed checklists, during on-site visits from February to November 2009.
Results: Isolation rooms were available in 34 facilities (82,9%): these rooms had anteroom in 19, dedicated entrance in 15, negative pressure in 17, and HEPA filtration of exhausting air in 12. Only 6 centres (14,6%) had isolation rooms with all characteristics. Personnel trained for the recognition of HIDs was available in 24 facilities; management protocols for HIDs were available in 35.
Conclusions: Preparedness level for the safe and appropriate management of HIDs is partially adequate in the surveyed EDs and MADs.
Background: Hepatitis C decreases health related quality of life (HRQL) which is further diminished by antiviral therapy. HRQL improves after successful treatment. This trial explores the course of and factors associated with HRQL in patients given individualized or standard treatment based on early treatment response (Ditto-study).
Methods: The Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey was administered at baseline (n = 192) and 24 weeks after the end of therapy (n = 128).
Results: At baseline HRQL was influenced by age, participating center, severity of liver disease and income. Exploring the course of HRQL (scores at follow up minus baseline), only the dimension general health increased. In this dimension patients with a relapse or sustained response differed from non-responders. Men and women differed in the dimension bodily pain. Treatment schedule did not influence the course of HRQL.
Conclusions: Main determinants of HRQL were severity of liver disease, age, gender, participating center and response to treatment. Our results do not exclude a more profound negative impact of individualized treatment compared to standard, possibly caused by higher doses and extended treatment duration in the individualized group. Antiviral therapy might have a more intense and more prolonged negative impact on females.