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Youth movements
(2008)
Yiddish
(2008)
Weitere Informationen unter: http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/dovid_stylistics.htm
This version of the entry for Yiddish contains a moderate number of revisions made too late for inclusion in the printed version, which appears in vol. 1, pp. 979-987 of the Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Some of these changes were made in response to helpful comments by Dr. Alexander Beider of Paris to a previous online version posted on the YIVO website
The present study was elaborated within the scope of the INTAFERE (Integrated Analysis of Mobile Organic Foreign Substances in Rivers) project which investigates the occurrence of xenobiotics in small freshwater streams with particular consideration of social impact factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the seasonal and spatial variance of organic micropollutants in small fresh water streams and to identify possible sources and sinks. Therefore four small freshwater river systems in Hesse, Germany, have been investigated with respect to common organic pollutants such as: the organophosphates tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), the synthetic musk fragrances 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexa-methylcyclopenta-[g]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), the endocrine disruptors bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and the technical isomer mixture of 4-nonylphenol (NP), the herbicide terbutryn [2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] as well as the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Water samples were collected in the time span from September 2003 to September 2006 at 26 sampling locations. The samples were extracted with solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For quantification the internal standard method was used. The results of the study showed an ubiquitous occurrence of organic pollutants in the fresh water streams of the study area. The organophosphates have been detected in 90 % of the water samples with mean concentrations of 502 ng/l (TCPP), 276 ng/l (TBP), 183 ng/l (TBEP), 118 ng/l (TCEP) and 117 ng/l (TDCPP). Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents were identified as the dominating source for the chlorinated organophosphates as well as for the synthetic musk fragrances and the insect repellent DEET in the river systems. Consequently the highest concentrations were observed in the Schwarzbach system characterized by the highest proportion of waste water compared to the other river systems. Mean concentration levels of the synthetic musk fragrances HHCB and ATHN were 141 ng/l and 46 ng/l, respectively and 124 ng/l in case of DEET. The synthetic musk fragrances showed a clear seasonal trend with significantly lower concentrations in summer times compared to winter times, which is ascribed to stronger photodegradation and volatization during summer times. In contrast, mean DEET concentrations and loads were significantly higher in summer than in autumn, winter and spring, in parallel with the main insect season. The concentrations of the endocrine disruptors BPA, NP and OP in the river water samples ranged from <20 ng/l to 1927 ng/l, <10 ng/l to 770 ng/l, and <10 ng/l to 420 ng/l, respectively. Whereas OP was present in about 2/3 of the samples, NP and BPA could only be detected in 56% and 13% of the water samples, respectively. BPA levels exceeded in two samples the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for water organisms. In case of NP, highest concentrations and loads were found in September 2003 and decreased significantly since then. In contrast, concentrations and loads of OP which serves in a similar application field remained nearly constant during the sampling period. The decrease of NP can be attributed to the implementation of the European Directive 2003/53/EG, which restricts the use of nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates since January 2005. However, at the end of the sampling period in September 2006, NP could still be detected at mean concentrations of 18 ng/l in the river waters of the sampling area. Furthermore, absence of NP in several samples from associated STP effluents indicate that the STPs cannot be the only sources for NP found in the river water. The herbicide terbutryn was present in the rivers during the whole sampling period from September 2003 to September 2006 despite a ban on its use as a herbicide from January 2004 on. Terbutryn levels ranged from < 4 ng/l to 5600 ng/l, showing a clear spatial pattern with high terbutryn concentrations in the Weschnitz and Modau river systems and significantly lower terbutryn levels in Schwarzbach and Winkelbach. Results from the analysis of two STP effluents discharging into the Weschnitz and the Modau, respectively, indicate that terbutryn enters the rivers from this source. Furthermore, terbutryn concentrations and loads showed a clear seasonal trend with significantly higher levels in summer and autumn. Obviously, the ban on agricultural use of terbutryn at the end of 2003 had no discernable influence on terbutryn concentration in the rivers because there was no trend of decreasing.
Writing against the odds : the south’s cultural and literary struggle against progress and modernity
(2008)
Die Literatur und Kultur der Südstaaten ist entscheidend geprägt von ihrer Orientierung an der eigenen Geschichte und Vergangenheit. Die düstere Vergangenheit, die die Gegenwart überschatten und die Zukunft determiniert ist ein Südstaatenthema par exellence und allgegenwärtig in ihrer Kultur und Literatur. Nach dem Bürgerkrieg und der Reconstruction Era ist der Süden kulturell und ökonomisch ausgeblutet, am Boden und isoliert. Nach dem Krieg weitet sich die Kluft zwischen Nord- und Südstaaten immer weiter aus, ein Prozess, der jedoch schon so alt ist wie die Vereinigten Staaten selbst und bereits im beginnenden 18. Jahrhundert seinen Anfang nimmt. Die Isolation ist gleichzeitig gewollt und ungewollt, bewusst und unbewusst. Die Scham des verlorenen Krieges und die Marginalisierung sind die Katalysatoren für die Kultivierung und das Bestreben nach Erhalt der Besonderheiten der Südstaaten, mit ihrer vermeintlich überlegenen Kultur und Moral. Es beginnt die kommerzialisierte, hoch ideologisierte Konstruktion der Geschichte und Identität der Südstaaten, die in alle Lebensbereiche strahlt. Der melancholische Blick in die Vergangenheit als wichtigste Referenz und kulturellen Fluchtpunkt ersetzt den Eintritt in die Moderne und Modernität mit ihrer Schnelllebigkeit, Austauschbarkeit und die Aufgabe der Tradition für eine rasante Gegenwart. Das Individuum der Südstaaten sieht sich statt mit einer Flut an Wahlmöglichkeiten und Optionen, mit einer einengenden Gesellschaft konfrontiert, die wenig Spielraum für Abweichungen übriglässt und ein harsches Kontrollsystem hat. Es ist eine einzigartige Mischung aus Stolz, Scham und einem Gefühl der gleichzeitigen Unter- und Überlegenheit, die einen besonders guten literarischen Nährboden hervorbringt. In dieser Arbeit wird den historischen, kulturellen, und literarischen Wurzeln der Südstaatenliteratur seit der Southern Renaissance nachgegegangen, um dann die ständig perpetuierten formalen und inhaltlichen Strukturen darzustellen, die wenig Veränderungen erfahren haben. Diese Perpetuierung resultiert aus der einzigartigen Situation der Südstaaten, aus der historischen Last, die unvermindert aktuell bleibt und längst nicht verarbeitet ist. Südstaatenautoren konnten und können nicht die traditionellen Formen und Themen ablegen, solange diese konstituierende Bestandteile der Kultur und Identität der Südstaaten bleiben. Die Südstaaten verweigern sich der Modernität und empfinden Fortschritt und die moderne Massengesellschaft nicht nur als Bedrohung, sondern als Einfluss aus den Nordstaaten, der die eigene Kultur bedroht und eine Einmischung von außen ist, die es abzuwenden gilt. Traditionsbewusste, reaktionäre Tendenzen und Elemente ziehen sich selbst durch vermeintlich progressive, moderne Entwicklungen und Phänomene. Ich kombiniere identitätskonstituierende, isolierende und melancholische Elemente und beleuchte sie historisch, kulturell und literarisch, um eine mehrschichtige Perspektive zu erlangen. Das Verständnis dieser historischen Last und deren unverminderte Bedeutung und Auswirkung auf die Literatur und Kultur der Südstaaten ist essentiell für eine tiefere Einsicht in deren Strukturen und Bedeutung.
A preliminary checklist of Calpini is provided, incorporating corrections and changes to publication dates and nomenclature as presented in the checklists of Poole (1989), Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005), and Holloway (2005). Culasta Moore is removed from synonymy with Calyptra Ochsenheimer. Eudocima talboti (Prout) and Graphigona antica Walker are placed in synonymy with E. cajeta (Cramer) and G. regina (Guenée), respectively. Africalpe Krüger, Ferenta Walker, Gonodonta Hübner, Graphigona Walker, Oraesia Guenée, and Tetrisia Walker, are added to the tribe based on shared characters. The genera Cecharismena Möschler, Goniapteryx Perty, Pharga Walker, Phyprosopus Grote, Psammathodoxa Dyar, and Radara Walker are removed and considered incertae sedis. Hemiceratoides and Phyllodes are not considered to be members of Calpini.
Women Writing Zimbabwe
(2008)
The fifteen stories in Women Writing Zimbabwe offer a kaleidoscope of fresh, moving, and comic perspectives on the way in which events of the last decade have impacted on individuals, women in particular. Several stories (Tagwira, Ndlovu and Charsley) look at the impact that AIDS has on women who become the care-givers, often without emotional or physical support. It is often assumed that women will provide support and naturally make the necessary sacrifices. Brickhill and Munsengezi focus on the hidden costs and unexpected rewards of this nurturing role. Many families have been separated over the last decade. Ndlovu, Mutangadura, Katedza, Mhute and Rheam all explore exile's long, often painful, reach and the consequences of deciding to remain at home. In lighter vein, but with equal sharpness of perception, Gappah, Manyika, Sandi, and Holmes poke gentle fun at the demands of new-found wealth, status and manners. Finally, Musariri reminds us that the hidden costs of undisclosed trauma can continue to affect our lives for years afterwards. All of the writers share a sensitivity of perception and acuity of vision. Reading their stories will enlarge and stimulate our own understanding.
This study investigates the experiences of women journalists during the last phase of Namibia's liberation struggle against South African rule. Black or white, women journalists in Namibia made significant contribu-tions to the liberation cause -including the founding of a high-profiled newspaper -whilst others worked for media sympathetic to the apart-heid government. Based on interviews and deploying feminist media theory, Maria Mboono Nghidinwa pays close attention to the gendered power relationships in the newsrooms of newspapers and radio stations at the time. She looks at the intense political intimidations which tar-geted women and, in particular, the constraints experienced by black women journalists.
Women and Halakha Shiur
(2008)
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is confined to the endothelium of brain capillaries and is indispensable for fluid homeostasis and neuronal function. In this study, we show that endothelial Wnt/beta-catenin (beta-cat) signaling regulates induction and maintenance of BBB characteristics during embryonic and postnatal development. Endothelial specific stabilization of beta-cat in vivo enhances barrier maturation, whereas inactivation of beta-cat causes significant down-regulation of claudin3 (Cldn3), up-regulation of plamalemma vesicle-associated protein, and BBB breakdown. Stabilization of beta-cat in primary brain endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro by N-terminal truncation or Wnt3a treatment increases Cldn3 expression, BBB-type tight junction formation, and a BBB characteristic gene signature. Loss of beta-cat or inhibition of its signaling abrogates this effect. Furthermore, stabilization of beta-cat also increased Cldn3 and barrier properties in nonbrain-derived ECs. These findings may open new therapeutic avenues to modulate endothelial barrier function and to limit the devastating effects of BBB breakdown.
The fear that with the existence of an unconditional basic income sufficient for living many people would cease to engage in a productive life, would only relax, consume and devote to having fun, can be addressed from different perspectives. One of these is the sociology of religion, which allows elaborating the argument that with such a way of life the question about the meaning of life cannot be answered. But this "meaning question", the whole research within the field of the sociology of religion speaks for this, compellingly must be answered by each life praxis. It cannot remain unanswered, as is said already in the Bible: "Man does not live on bread alone, [but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.]" (5. Moses 8.3, Matthew 4.4, Lukas 4.4) The paper examines the reasons of this fact and its consequences in regard to a life with an unconditional basic income sufficient for living.
This paper shows that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing, which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.
Our study is concerned with the identification of ‘difficult’ structure s in the acquisition of a foreign language, which will shed light on theoretical considerations of L2 processing. We argue that – compared to simple vocabulary items or abstract syntactic patterns – structures that contain lexical material as well as categorial variables are especially difficult to acquire. The difficulty level for particular patterns is shown to depend on surface invariability but not on the syntactic categories within which target patterns are embedded. As an example we study the distribution of certain structures which are underused by L2 German learners.
The floristic composition and environmental relations of wetland vegetation in the Wallis Lake catchment (32˚ 09’S; 152˚ 20’E), area 1292 km2, on the lower North Coast of NSW are described. The catchment supports wetlands listed as Endangered Ecological Communities (NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995) and plant species of high conservation value. A methodology of air photo interpretation, site-based sampling (114 quadrats) and landscape differentiation was developed. A total of 393 vascular plant taxa were recorded (including 10% exotics). Wetland vegetation formations and subformations including mangrove forest, swamp sclerophyll forest, wet heathland, chenopod shrubland, tussock grassland, sedgeland and rushland are described using numerical classification. 31 plant species of national or regional conservation significance are identified. Four Endangered Ecological Communities are discussed – Coastal Saltmarsh, Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest, Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains, and Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains. A key recommendation is the completion of reliable wetland vegetation and soil landscape mapping for all land tenures in the catchment – to assess wetland condition and conservation significance, and representation in formal conservation reserves, thereby directing future priorities for the protection of wetland biodiversity on both public and private lands. The methodology developed can be applied to the survey and conservation of wetland biodiversity in other parts of coastal NSW.
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) can act as a penetration enhancer for topically applied substances
(2008)
Background: Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation has been shown to enhance penetration of clinically used topically applied substances in humans through investigation of functional effects of penetrated substances like vasoconstriction by cortisone.
Aim of the study: Investigation of the influence of wIRA irradiation on the dermatopharmacokinetics of topically applied substances by use of optical methods, especially to localize penetrating substances, in a prospective randomised controlled study in humans.
Methods: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein and the lipophilic dye curcumin in separate standard water-in-oil emulsions were determined on the inner forearm of test persons by tape stripping in combination with spectroscopic measurements. Additionally, the penetration was investigated in vivo by laser scanning microscopy. Transepidermal water loss, hydration of the epidermis, and surface temperature were determined. Three different procedures (modes A, B, C) were used in a randomised order on three separate days of investigation in each of 12 test persons. In mode A, the two dyes were applied on different skin areas without water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation. In mode B, the skin surface was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min before application of the two dyes (Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 10 mm water cuvette, orange filter OG590, water-filtered spectrum: 590–1400 nm with dominant amount of wIRA). In mode C, the two dyes were applied and immediately afterwards the skin was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min. In all modes, tape stripping started 30 min after application of the formulations. Main variable of interest was the ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum.
Results: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic fluorescein showed in case of pretreatment or treatment with wIRA (modes B and C) an increased penetration depth compared to the non-irradiated skin (mode A): The ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum showed medians and interquartile ranges for mode A of 0.017 (0.007/0.050), for mode B of 0.084 (0.021/0.106), for mode C of 0.104 (0.069/0.192) (difference between modes: p=0.0112, significant; comparison mode A with mode C: p<0.01, significant). In contrast to fluorescein, the lipophilic curcumin showed no differences in the penetration kinetics, in reference to whether the skin was irradiated with wIRA or not. These effects were confirmed by laser scanning microscopy. Water-filtered infrared-A irradiation increased the hydration of the stratum corneum: transepidermal water loss rose from approximately 8.8 g m-2 h-1 before wIRA irradiation to 14.2 g m-2 h-1 after wIRA irradiation and skin hydration rose from 67 to 87 relative units. Skin surface temperature increased from 32.8°C before wIRA to 36.4°C after wIRA irradiation.
Discussion: The better penetration of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein after or during skin irradiation (modes B and C) can be explained by increased hydration of the stratum corneum by irradiation with wIRA.
Conclusions: As most topically applied substances for the treatment of patients are mainly hydrophilic, wIRA can be used to improve the penetration of substances before or after application of substances – in the first case even of thermolabile substances – with a broad clinical relevance as a contact free alternative to an occlusive dressing.
Dan Janzen proposed in a paper in 1977 (loc. cit.), that a clone of aphids and for that matter dandelions consists, respectively, of one large ‘super-organism’. In effect a single evolutionary individual able to exploit resources over an expanded geographical range, and sometimes with aphids also, a wider range of resources (different kinds of host plants), much more than if the organism concerned were a single individual. Such a view is of course based on the notion that an asexual lineage (clone) has strict genetic fidelity, that is to say, is genetically identical over its entire genome between clone mates. This seems a highly unlikely scenario and indeed, modern molecular markers have revealed a plethora of mutational events within such so-called clones. Here in this talk I provide evidence from aphids that they are not ‘perfect forms’ but rather show a range of variations, including evidence of hybridization events, and that they can and do adapt to environmental circumstances, sometimes swiftly. Hence that even as asexual lineages, aphids are able to exploit new ecological circumstances and flourish, e.g. host adapted forms, whilst some species, notably the highly polyphagous peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae), have also evolved resistance to a range of pesticides, and by so doing, have managed to survive in the face of these poisons. However, there are fitness costs associated with such adaptation, more especially in the highly resistant aphids. Because of the variation and adaptation shown by particular aphid species and asexual lineages, they cannot be described as a single evolutionary unit in a ‘Janzenian’ sense. What they show is ecological plasticity and an ability to adapt quickly, in large part enhanced by their incredible rate of reproduction and population expansion. Some migrating winged aphids are constrained in their exploitation of new habitats by environmental factors – geographical, climatic and ecological, especially lack of suitable hosts. In contrast, some other aphid species have seemingly colonized large areas of the world (probably aided by human agency) so that deciding what a population is exactly is a difficult task. It may even be that certain ‘super clones’ detected using molecular markers have indeed spread far and wide, clones which appear to fit the description of being ‘general purpose genotypes’ in that they can feed on a range of plant hosts under a range of different geographical-climatic conditions. As such, they are nearest to Dan Janzen’s views, although here again, strict genetic fidelity is not necessarily proven, only accepted from the application of a limited number of markers, e.g. multilocus genotypes in the case of microsatellite markers.