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"The death of the Emperor Frederick Il in 1250 marked a tuming point in German affairs. When in 1212 the young King of Sicily had taken Germany by storm, driving north his Welf rival Otto IV of Brunswick and securing the support of the German princes, it had seemed that a new golden age had begun. Walther von der Vogelweide at last received his "lêhen", and praised his new patron as "der edel künec, der milte künec". ln Aachen a crusade was proclaimed for the liberation of Jerusalem. Comparisons were made with the Emperor's grandfather, Frederick Barbarossa. The house of Hohenstaufen was again in the ascendency. But these high expectations were always unrealistic. Frederick's crusading vows became a thom in his flesh; his enemies held him to them, but obstructed him as he sought to fulfil them. Much of his energy was taken up in a dual struggle against insurgency in his restive Lombard states, and against the bitter invective of the papal propagandists. Although Innocent lll had been the prime sponsor of the young Emperor, Honorius III became alan·ned at the prospect of a union of the crowns of Sicily and the Empire, and Gregory IX and Innocent IV became determined to break the power of the Hohenstaufen dynasty once and for all. The popes did not have it all their own way. For the most part, the German princes remained loyal, pleased to have an emperor who interfered so little in their affairs. Frederick‘s policy of diplomacy and compromise attracted more sympathy than that of the Pope who refused to meet and treat with him. His early death, however, left his son Conrad IV in a weak position from which he was unable to recover, and within twenty years the last Hohenstaufen rulerwas deposed. The impact of these events on the intellectual climate in Germany was immense. After Frederick's death, there was an upsurge in apocalyptic preaching, and much of the literature of the period was diffused with a sense of nostalgia. It is in this light that we must read the account of the life of Frederick II which is offered by the Viennese patrician, Jansen Enike. Enikel‘s Universal Chronicle ('Weltchronik') recounts the history of the world from Adam to Frederick. It was written about 1272, just four years after the death of Conradin, the last of the Staufen line. Enikel was probably born in the 1230s, and his own lifespan exactly coincided with the years of Hohenstaufen decline. His account ol Frederick's life has limited value as history, but casts an interesting sidelight on the confusion of impressions which had gathered in popular lore. In keeping with the rest of his chronicle, it is anecdotal, falling naturally into ten sections of differing lengths, most of which are to some extent self-contained units. Together, these fill over thirteen hundred lines, making Frederick Enikel's most comprehensively treated post-biblical protagonist; only Moses and David are dealt with at greater length."
The North Arnerican species of the genus Cremastocheilus are reviewed. These belong to 5 subgenera, Macropodina, Trinodea, Anatinodia, Mymcotonus, and Cremastocheilus. Taxonomie changes are: She inclusion of Crernastocheilus nitens and C. chapini in the subgenus Cremastocheilus rather than Myrmecotonus. Also Anatinodia is elevated to subgeneric status. A key to the subgenera is provided, as is a key to the species of the 5 subgenera, recognizing that the 35 species in the subgenus Cremastocheilus are in need of revision. A critical review of the host records, geographic distribution, and ecology of the Tribe Crernastocheilini (Family Scarabaeidae. subfamily Cetoniinae) is provided. This contains enormous numbers of new records for both the genera Genuchinus and CremastocheiLus both from the literature and from the extensive field work that is reported here for the first time. A Summary of the host records is presented in tabular form. This table shows the association of all species of Cremastocheilus with ants as adults and the larvae either associated with the vegetable material of the ant nests or with vegetable material in rodent burrows. Genuchinus is shown to be a general predator on soft bodied insects while the other genera of the Cremastocheilini are associated with plants, particularly bromeliads. A detailed study of the external morphology and sexual dimorphism of the genera Genuchinus and Crernastocheilus is presented. All species of Cremastocheilus can be sexed with the naked eye by the difference in the shapes of the abdominal terminal Segments, wherein males have the posterior border of the last ventral abdominal segment either straight or slightly bowed, while females have this border broadly rounded. There are other microscopic sexual differences in the structure of the legs. The rest of the external morphology is also presented, particularly from the point of view of adaptations to either a predaceous or rnyrmecophilous existente. Particularly adapted for predation are the pointed maxillae which are used for piercing prey. Particularly adapted for myrmecophily are the mentum, the maxillae, the generally thick exoskeleton, trichomes on both the anterior and posterior angles of the pronotum, the elytra, and the legs (which are adapted to the nest substrate of the host ant nests. Exocrine glands are described for Genuchinus ineptus and at least 1 species of each of the 5 subgenera of Cremastocheilus. In general, there are no gland cells nor glandular areas in Genuchinuc that are comparable to those of Cremastocheilus. The gland cells and glandular areas are quite extensive andvariable arnong species of Cremastocheilus. The frontal gland of some Cremastocheilus (strongly developed in C. castaneus and the C. canaliculatus species group, but weakly developed in the C. wheeleri species group) is described for the first time. Because these glands are not found in Genuchinus ineptuc, a species with general predatory habits, it is thought that these play a role, as yet unknown, in interactions with ants. The life cycles of the subgenera of Cremastocheilus are described. The general life cycle entails adult beetles eclosing in ant nests during the summer and then undertaking dispersal flights. The adults then enter ant nests and ovenivinter there, eating ant larvae during the Winter. Another dispersal flight occurs in the spring during which the adults mate and enter ant nests again. The females then lay eggs and the adults die. The eggs hatch and the larvae spend 3 instars feeding upon vegetable material in the nests. The lmae then pupate in typical scarabaeine earthen cells made of fecal material and soil. These eclose in the summer and the cycle is repeated. Variation from species to species is largely in the timing. Leaving the nest in late Summer, mating seems to be triggered by rainfall in all the species studied. Mating of C. (Macropodina) beameri takes place in rodent burrows. Males seem attracted to females from a distance but the mechanism of this remains obscure. In the subgenus Trinodia, mating takes place on sandy washes or roadsides where females land. In the subgenus Myrmecotonus, maüng also takes place in sandy areas. In C. (Cremastocheilus) mating takes place on sand bars along rivers in the southeastern U.S. and in sand dunes in northeastern U.S. The femaies dig down into the sand. Males locate these places by some unknown mechanism and then dig down to copulate with the females. Field experiments showed unequivocaily that males dig only into areas occupied by females. No sex-specific Sex attractant glands have been located in females so far. Dispersal to ant nests occurs after mating except for C. (Macropodina) beameri which lays its eggs in the rodent burrows and then probably disperses to ant nests. Beetle activity going in and out of nests was studied using wire hardware cloth screens over entrances to Mynnecocystus nests. The mesh size was such that the ants could move freely in or out but the beetles got stuck by their thoraces. The direction then could be interpreted by the direction in which they got stuck. By this method, C. stathamae was shown to leave nests from 23 June to 1 September with a peak on 6 July, just after the beginning of the summer rains. Beetles entered nests from June 23 to August 3, however 39% entered on July 16, probably pulsed by the leaving time which was correlated with the rains. Life cycle timing: C. (Macropodina) develop in the nests of Wood rats (Neotoma sp.]. Females lay about 40 eggs each. The 3 larval instars to pupation take about 1 month. Pupae are found from late August to weil into September. In other subgenera as well, larvae are found in parts of the nest devoid of ants, The timing is similar in all the subgenera found with ants. Mortality factors: While ants attack Cremastocheilus adults, there is no evidence that they are ever killed by ants nor is there evidence that ants kill larvae nor hard earthen pupae cases which protect the pupae. During dispersal fiights and mating, the adults are exposed to predation and evidence is presented that shows predation by horned toads, spiders, magpies, and tiger beetles. Probably most mortality occurs in the larval and pupd stages where the beetles are attacked by internal parasites and fungus. Further rnortality is caused by limitation of the food supply during the larval stage. Reentering nests: Females of C. (Macropodina) beameri select specific rodent and other burrows, attract males for rnating. and then enter the burrow for oviposition. C. stathamae are carried into the ants nests from as far away as 25ft. The beetles appear to land spontaneously after flying randomly over M. depilis nesting areas. Then the wander about waiting for the ants to carry them into the nests. Cremastocheilus hirsutus fly low over the ground searching for Pogonomyrrnex barbatus nests, land. and move straight for the nest entrances which they enter unhindered. Among all species, the ants frequently eject beetles but the net rnovement is in. Ants frequently attacked Cremastocheilus in laboratory observation nests when they were introduced. These attacks seldom resulted in the death of the beetles and the beetles were eventually ignored. When the beetles entered brood chambers, where they fed upon larvae, they were mostly ignored and even licked assiduously by the ants. A principle defensive behavior by the beetles is feigning death (letisimulation). The beetles give off an unpleasant "dead fish odor when collected in the I field. Experiments show that this substance functions to fend off some predators but further experiments indicated that these substances were ineffective against both ants and kangaroo rats. Experiments with various species of Cremastocheilus adults indicate that the adults eat only ant larvae. The beetles will eat larvae of non-host ants but show preferences for the larvae of their normal hosts. Under the same experimental conditions. Genuchinus ineptus adults will feed on a variety of insect adults and larvae. Field experiments on the function of trichome secretions did not indicate that they function to attract ants at a distance nor are they involved in worker acceptance. Laboratory experiments in which areas with a high concentration of gland cells were presented to ants showed that no ants were attracted. Laboratory introduction of Cremastocheilus hamisii adults into Fomica schau.si nests yielded many interactions including ants licking the anterior pronotal angles, the mentum area where the frontal glands empty and a carina over the eye with a dense pad of short setae. These are areas of concentration of gland cells and these are the first observations of licking by ants in specific sites containing exocrine glands. Radioisotope experiments showed food exchange among ants but never from ants to beetles. Other experiments showed that ants can pick up radioactivity from the beetles without feeding on trichome secretions. Evolutionary pathways: Adult Cremastocheilini probably followed the evolutionary route from adult predation on soft bodied insects to specialized feeding upon ant brood and the subsequent development of the beetle larvae in vegetable material in the ant colonies. Thus Genuchininseptus makes a logical outgroup in that they are general predators probably feeding mostly on Diptera larvae associated with Sotol plants in the field. The rnajor evolutionary step taken by Cremastocheiluswas to specialize on ant brood. Then the species radiated into ant colonies inhabiting southwestem North Arnenca. Most of the ant hosts invaded have quantities of vegetable material in their nests sufficient to support several developing scarab larvae. Host colonies are large, contain accessible brood, and are usually dominant foragers Evidence supports the idea that the species of Cremastocheilus have differentes in behavior and morphology that reflect adaptation to the behavioral ecology of different species of ants rather than different evolutionary levels of integration into ant colonies.
Es war Walter Mehring, der Ernst Tollers (1893-1939) Werk "Hoppla, wir leben!" (1927) ein "Barrikaden-, Börsen- und Irrenhaus-Zeitdrama" nannte. Derselbe Mehring, von dem Titel und Mittelchanson stammen und dem das Stück zusammen mit Piscator gewidmet ist. Hier kommt es auf die Bezeichnung als Zeitdrama an. Denn auch G. Rühle oder A. Lixl rechnen das Drama dieser Gattung zu. ...
Das Interesse der vorliegenden Arbeit ist theaterpraktisch. Die Frage lautet, in welcher Form die Komödie "The Rivals" auf gehobenen deutschsprachigen Bühnen der Gegenwart einen Platz haben kann. Das Theater kümmert nur die Qualität eines Dramas für seine Rezeption beim Publi-kum. So zielt auch diese Untersuchung auf eine rezeptionsästhetische Bewertung von "The Rivals" für „uns heute“. Ausgeschlossen sind alle Überlegungen zur literar- oder die sozialhistorischen Bedeutung von Werk oder Autor. Eine Stückbewertung wird noch anspruchsvoller, wenn das Werk fremdsprachig ist. Es ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer Prüfung vorhandener Übersetzungen oder das Anfertigen einer neuen. Die Prüfung verkompliziert sich nochmals, falls die Übersetzung zugleich eine Bearbeitung des Originals ist.
The Tijanya brotherhood founded by Cheikh Ahmed TIJANI in the second half of the XVIIIth century achieved a spectacular breakthrough in West Africa by the middle of the XIXth century. It was adopted and championed by the main figures of the resistance to the French colonial penetration : Cheikh Umar al-Futi TALL and Ahmadou Mahdiyu BA who were introduced to it respectively by Mohamed el-Ghali in Medina and Mohamed el-Hafez, and Id-on-Ali in Mederdra, Mauritania. Mamadou Lamine Dramé from the Gajaaga and Samba Diadana Ac also were figures of the anticolonial resistance who embraced Tijanya. Ahmadou Cheikhou, Cheikh Umar TALL's successor and eldest son, too was a tijane anticolonial hero whom Archinard's men killed in 1891, after his empire had gone through a long period of turmoil.
In the last two decades Philippine languages, and of these especially Tagalog, have acquired a prominent place in linguistic theory. A central role in this discussion was played by two papers written by Schachter (1976 and 1977), who was inspired by Keenan's artcle on the subject from 1976. The most recent contributions on this topic have been from de Wolff (1988) and Shibatani (1988), both of which were published in a collection of essays, edited by Shibatani, with the title Passive and Voice. These works, and several works in-between, deal with the focus system specific to Philippine languages. The main discussion centers around the fact that Philippine languages contain a basic set of 5 to 7 affix focus forms. Their exact number varies not only in the secondary literature, but in the primary sources, i.e. Tagalog grammars, as well, where considerable differences in the number of affix focus forms can be found. All of these works, however, do agree on one point: the Philippine focus system basica1ly consists of agent, patient (=goal or object), benefactive, locative, and instrumental affix forms. Schachter/Otanes (1972) list a number of further forms, and in Drossard (1983 and 1984) we tried to show (in an attempt similar to those of Sapir 1917 and Klimov 1977) that the main criterion for a systematization of the Philippine focus system consists in the difference between the active and stative domains, an attempt which in our opinion was largely misunderstood (cf. the brief remarks in Shibatani (1988) and de Wolff (1988). The present paper is thus, on the one hand, an attempt to repeat and clarify our earlier position, and on the other, a further step towards such a systematization. A first step in this direction was an article on resultativity in Tagalog from 1991. In the present paper this approach will be extended to reciprocity. In the process we will show that it is valid to make a distinction between an active (=controlled action) vs. a stative (=limited controlled action) domain. First, however, we will take a brief look at what makes up the active and stative voice systems.
Den Romanen des "philosophischen Schriftstellers" Italo Calvino lassen sich grundlegende Fragen der zeitgenössischen Ästhetik entnehmen. Sie eröffnen einen Horizont, innerhalb dessen sich auch das theoretische und literarische CEuvre des "Roman-schreibenden Philosophen" Umberto Eco bewegt, ja es scheint fast, als befänden sich die Werke beider in einem Dialog. Jedes lebendige Kunstwerk ist, wie Eco betont, ein Kunstwerk in Bewegung, offen für neue interpretative und kommunikative Möglichkeiten sowie für neue Möglichkeiten des ästhetischen Genusses. Der Interpretationsprozeß gleicht einer Pendelbewegung zwischen der "Offenheit" der Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten und der "Geschlossenheit" bzw. Bestimmtheit des Werkes durch seine Struktur. Der Interpret steht demnach innerhalb einer nicht stillzustellenden Bewegung. in deren – immer erneut notwendigen – Nachvollzug er sowohl Erkenntnisse über die "kombinatorischen Möglichkeiten des Codes" gewinnt, als auch über "die Codes (...) einer bestimmten Periode der Kunstgeschichte." Daher ist es die Aufgabe der semiotischen Interpretation eines ästhetischen Textes, "das strukturierte Modell für einen unstrukturierten Prozeß eines kommunikativen Wechselspiels" zu liefern. Für Eco ist die Interpretation ein pragmatisch-hermeneutischer Prozeß, der im "Taumel der Möglichkeiten" bestimmte Bedeutungsmöglichkeiten ausschließt und andere privilegiert. Ein "epochales" Kunstwerk ist nach Eco eine "epistemologische Metapher", es repräsentiert ein "diffuses theoretisches Bewußtsein", das von den wissenschaftlichen und ästhetischen Theorien seiner Zeit gespeist wird. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für die Romane Calvinos und Ecos: Der "Held" ihrer Romane ist der Interpretationsprozeß im Spannungsfeld zwischen Autor, Text und Leser. Dabei geht es um die Frage: Wie wird sich der Interpret im Verlauf der Interpretation seiner Rolle als Interpret bewußt? Die Absicht Ecos und Calvinos ist eine aufklärerische: Sie wollen einen "neuen Leser" schaffen, der sich seiner Rolle als Leser bewußt ist und der die Verantwortung für seine Lektürekonzeption übernimmt. "Ein Text will für seinen Leser zu einem Erlebnis der Selbstveränderung werden".
[Volker Mertens] will den im Berliner Ms.germ.fol. 640 (Tristan-Hs. P, Eilhart-Hs. D) überlieferten Tristan-Roman als Ganzes interpretieren und [beschreibt] zu diesem Zweck zuerst die Textgestalt beider Komponenten. Die Komplexität von Gottfrieds Konzeption, ihre gewollte Ambivalenz ist im Berliner ‚Tristan’ zwar reduziert, aber nicht aufgegeben. Gottfried stellt die Uneindeutigkeit durch die Spannung von Erzählfabel und Kommentar einerseits und innerhalb der Kommentare durch sprachliche Momente her – dem gegenüber bedeutet die Eilhart-Fortsetzung allerdings eine Vereindeutigung, die nachträglich auch das Verständnis Gottfrieds überformt und die Ambivalenz reduziert. Der Verzicht auf jegliche Kommentierung bedeutet aber auch einen Appell an die Offenheit für Verstehensmöglichkeiten seitens des Lesers. Diese sind durch Ausdeutung der Fabel bereits sensibilisiert und präformiert und können dann bei der Lektüre des abschließenden Eilhart-Textes aktualisiert werden. Sein Schluß in seiner lapidaren Eindringlichkeit ist gar nicht so weit von Thomas’ überliefertem Ende – der ganze konsolatorische Apparat Ulrichs und Heinrichs bleibt ja weitgehend ausgespart. Der schaden für Gottfrieds ‚Tristan’ in der Berliner Fassung ist nicht so groß, wie es aufs erste scheint: seine kunstliche geschichte wirkt wie der Trank auch nach dem Tode des Autors weiter und gibt dem Eilhart-Schluß eine Minne-Konzeption vor, die Heil und Heil-Losigkeit der Geschlechterliebe umgreift.
In Lenzens Briefen, seinen „stets unmittelbar und originell hervorsprudelnden Herzensergüssen [...] spiegelt sich des Dichters innerstes Sein und Wesen in lebendiger Treue [...].“(...) Diese Ansicht formulierte Franz Waldmann 1894 in schöner Übereinstimmung mit der allgemeineren zeitgenössischen Überlegung zum sogenannten Sturm und Drang-Brief. (...) Als zunächst vielleicht paradox anmutende These sei vorangestellt: Waldmanns Aussage gilt um so weniger, je „unmittelbarer“ und persönlicher die Briefe erscheinen; sie dokumentieren des „Dichters innerstes Sein und Wesen“ nicht „unmittelbar“, sondern nur in vermittelter Weise, im Bewußtsein des Absenders von seiner Rolle als Schriftsteller und in seiner genauen Kenntnis der literarischen Gesetze des sogenannten Sturm und Drang-Briefes. (...) Nicht auf den Briefschreiber kommt es an, sondern auf den Brief. Dies wäre, wenn die Interpretation stimmt, dem literarischen Charakter der Briefe angemessen.