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Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zwei Atemtestverfahren in der Diagnostik der bakteriellen Fehlbesiedelung im Dünndarm bei Kindern mit Zystischer Fibrose miteinander zu vergleichen. Der moderne 13C-Xylose-Atemtest wurde dem bisher etablierten H2-Glukose-Atemtest gegenübergestellt. Dabei sollte zusätzlich die Suszeptibilität der CF-Patienten für eine IBF eruiert werden. Die Probanden absolvierten einen kombinierten 13C-Xylose-/H2-Glukose-Atemtest. Retrospektiv wurden zunächst die H2-Ergebnisse der einzelnen Probandengruppen analysiert und dann den maximalen PDR-, cPDR- und den DOB-Werten gegenübergestellt. Die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Studie sprechen für die Prädisposition der CF-Patienten, eine IBF zu entwickeln. Kliniker sollten aber bei der Interpretation der Atemtestergebnisse stets die beeinflussenden Faktoren, die vor allem die Erkrankung der Mukoviszidose mit sich bringt, berücksichtigen und therapeutische Konsequenzen vorsichtig umsetzen. So können die erhöhten Wasserstoffkonzentrationen im H2-Glukose-Atemtest bei CF-Kindern nicht ausschließlich einer IBF zugeschrieben werden. Die hohen Nüchternwerte sind auch Ausdruck der allgemeinen Maldigestion, Malabsorption und der intestinalen Motilitätsstörung, die bei diesen Patienten vorherrschen. Der 13C-Xylose-Atemtest lieferte in den Gruppen der Erwachsenen und Kinder ohne Zystische Fibrose repräsentative Ergebnisse, was für zukünftige Nutzung im Rahmen der Diagnostik einer IBF spricht. Bei heranwachsenden Kindern ist lediglich die altersabhängige endogene CO2-Produktion und orozökale Transitzeit zu berücksichtigen. Für die Diagnostik einer IBF speziell bei Patienten mit Mukoviszidose erscheint uns der 13C-Xylose-Atemtest nicht geeignet, was wir hauptsächlich der krankheitsspezifischen generellen Malassimilation, der Malabsorption und der intestinalen Motilitätsstörung zuschreiben. Wir beführworten daher aktuell weiterhin unter Berücksichtigung der ihn beeinflussenden Faktoren die Anwendung des H2-Glukose-Atemtests in der gastroenterologischen Diagnostik einer IBF wegen der einfachen, preiswerten und nichtinvasiven Anwendbarkeit. Weitere Studien sollen in Zukunft klären, ob der 13C-Xylose-Atemest trotz seiner hohen Kosten regelmäßig mit Nutzen im klinischen Alltag anzuwenden ist. Im Vergleich mit dem Goldstandard des Jejunalaspirates müssen Sensitivität und Spezifität des Isotopen-Atemtests in zukünftigen Studien erarbeitet werden.
Purpose: The prospective, randomized ERGO2 trial investigated the effect of calorie-restricted ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting (KD-IF) on re-irradiation for recurrent brain tumors. The study did not meet its primary endpoint of improved progression-free survival in comparison to standard diet (SD). We here report the results of the quality of life/neurocognition and a detailed analysis of the diet diaries. Methods: 50 patients were randomized 1:1 to re-irradiation combined with either SD or KD-IF. The KD-IF schedule included 3 days of ketogenic diet (KD: 21–23 kcal/kg/d, carbohydrate intake limited to 50 g/d), followed by 3 days of fasting and again 3 days of KD. Follow-up included examination of cognition, quality of life and serum samples. Results: The 20 patients who completed KD-IF met the prespecified goals for calorie and carbohydrate restriction. Substantial decreases in leptin and insulin and an increase in uric acid were observed. The SD group, of note, had a lower calorie intake than expected (21 kcal/kg/d instead of 30 kcal/kg/d). Neither quality of life nor cognition were affected by the diet. Low glucose emerged as a significant prognostic parameter in a best responder analysis. Conclusion: The strict caloric goals of the ERGO2 trial were tolerated well by patients with recurrent brain cancer. The short diet schedule led to significant metabolic changes with low glucose emerging as a candidate marker of better prognosis. The unexpected lower calorie intake of the control group complicates the interpretation of the results. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01754350; Registration: 21.12.2012.
Purpose: The prospective, randomized ERGO2 trial investigated the effect of calorie-restricted ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting (KD-IF) on re-irradiation for recurrent brain tumors. The study did not meet its primary endpoint of improved progression-free survival in comparison to standard diet (SD). We here report the results of the quality of life/neurocognition and a detailed analysis of the diet diaries. Methods: 50 patients were randomized 1:1 to re-irradiation combined with either SD or KD-IF. The KD-IF schedule included 3 days of ketogenic diet (KD: 21–23 kcal/kg/d, carbohydrate intake limited to 50 g/d), followed by 3 days of fasting and again 3 days of KD. Follow-up included examination of cognition, quality of life and serum samples. Results: The 20 patients who completed KD-IF met the prespecified goals for calorie and carbohydrate restriction. Substantial decreases in leptin and insulin and an increase in uric acid were observed. The SD group, of note, had a lower calorie intake than expected (21 kcal/kg/d instead of 30 kcal/kg/d). Neither quality of life nor cognition were affected by the diet. Low glucose emerged as a significant prognostic parameter in a best responder analysis. Conclusion: The strict caloric goals of the ERGO2 trial were tolerated well by patients with recurrent brain cancer. The short diet schedule led to significant metabolic changes with low glucose emerging as a candidate marker of better prognosis. The unexpected lower calorie intake of the control group complicates the interpretation of the results. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01754350; Registration: 21.12.2012.
ß-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body formed in high amounts during lipolysis and fasting. Ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet were suggested as neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative disease. In the present work, we induced transient ischemia in mouse brain by unilaterally occluding the middle cerebral artery for 90 min. BHB (30 mg/kg), given immediately after reperfusion, significantly improved the neurological score determined after 24 h. In isolated mitochondria from mouse brain, oxygen consumption by the complexes I, II and IV was reduced immediately after ischemia but recovered slowly over 1 week. The single acute BHB administration after reperfusion improved complex I and II activity after 24 h while no significant effects were seen at later time points. After 24 h, plasma and brain BHB concentrations were strongly increased while mitochondrial intermediates (citrate, succinate) were unchanged in brain tissue. Our data suggest that a single administration of BHB may improve mitochondrial respiration for 1–2 days but not for later time points. Endogenous BHB formation seems to complement the effects of exogenous BHB administration.