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Die Analyse der Standortbedeutung und -bewertung der hessischen Betriebe hat gezeigt, dass den Faktoren „Nähe zu Kunden“, „Qualität des Fachkräfteangebots“ sowie „Preisniveau für Energie/Wasser“ die größte Bedeutung zukommt. Der Faktor Kundennähe ist hierbei aus (wirtschafts-)politischer Sicht unproblematisch einzuschätzen, er erhielt von den Betrieben durchweg die beste Bewertung aller Standortfaktoren.
Als kritischer Faktor hat sich das Preisniveau für Energie und Wasser herausgestellt. Trotz seiner hohen Bedeutung bekam dieser die schlechteste Note aller berücksichtigten Standortfaktoren. Eine differenzierte Analyse hat hierbei gezeigt, dass dies nahezu unabhängig von den untersuchten Betriebsmerkmalen (Betriebsgröße, Wirtschaftszweige, Regionen) gilt. Handlungsfelder bestehen damit eigentlich in allen Bereichen, wobei das Augenmerk besonders auf das Verarbeitende Gewerbe und die Sonstigen Dienstleistungen gerichtet sein sollte, hier trafen eine besonders schlechte Bewertung und eine besonders hohe Bedeutung dieses Faktors zusammen. Verbesserungspotenziale und Handlungsmöglichkeiten bestehen aber auch bezüglich der Qualität des Fachkräfteangebots. Diese hat in einigen Bereichen die höchste Bedeutung aller betrachteten Standortfaktoren (Dienstleistungen für Unternehmen, Verarbeitendes Gewerbe, Betriebe mit erwartetem Beschäftigungswachstum.
Die Qualität des Fachkräfteangebots wird im Vergleich zu den anderen Faktoren zwar in der Regel gut bewertet, jedoch zeigte sich, dass dieser Faktor u.a von Betrieben aus dem Verarbeitenden Gewerbe und Betrieben mit erwartetem Beschäftigungsanstieg eine vergleichsweise schlechte Bewertung bekam. Wenn die hier bestehenden Beschäftigungspotenziale genutzt werden sollen, bedarf es weiterer Aktivitäten im Bereich der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fachkräften.
In Hessen ist weiterhin ein Trend zur Arbeitszeitverlängerung bei Vollzeitarbeitsplätzen beobachtbar. Die durchschnittliche Wochenarbeitszeit für Vollzeitarbeitsplätze ist gegenüber 2004 um etwa 12 Minuten gestiegen, gegenüber 2002 sogar um 42 Minuten. Gleichzeitig stieg der Anteil der Betriebe in denen 40 und mehr Stunden gearbeitet wird erheblich an und lag 2006 bei 53% (gegenüber 46% 2004). Die eingangs gestellte Frage, ob Trends zur Arbeitszeitverlängerung alle Branchen und Betriebsgrößenklassen betreffen und längerfristig verlaufen, muss demnach bejaht werden. Die Bedeutung von Vollzeitarbeit insgesamt ist allerdings rückläufig, Teilzeitarbeit nimmt dagegen deutlich zu.
Nur noch jeder vierte Betrieb in Hessen beschäftigt ausschließlich Vollzeitarbeitskräfte, der Anteil der Teilzeit an den Gesamtbeschäftigten beträgt inzwischen 27% und liegt damit 3 Prozentpunkte höher als vor zwei Jahren. Teilzeitarbeit ist hierbei nach wie vor eine Domäne von Frauen, sie stellen 80% von allen Teilzeitbeschäftigten. Im Gegensatz zur Verlängerung der Arbeitszeiten für Vollzeitarbeitsplätze ist der Trend bei der Teilzeitarbeit uneinheitlich. Zunahmen sind hier vor allem im Produzierenden Gewerbe sowie bei den Sonstigen Dienstleistungen beobachtbar, während die übrigen Branchen hier weitgehend stagnieren. Letzteres gilt auch für Kleinst- und Kleinbetriebe, die Steigerungen bei der Teilzeitarbeit sind überwiegend auf größere Betriebe und Großbetriebe zurückzuführen. Überstunden als betriebliches Flexibilitätsinstrument verlieren zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der Anteil der hessischen Betriebe, in denen Überstunden geleistet wurden ist in den letzten beiden Jahren von 50% auf 44% zurückgegangen. Gleichzeitig geht bezahlte Überstundenarbeit immer mehr zurück. Nur noch 7% der hessischen Betriebe gleichen Überstunden ausschließlich durch Bezahlung aus. Dagegen gelten 60% der Betriebe Überstunden durch Freizeit ab. Arbeitszeitkonten als Flexibilitätsalternative zu Überstunden gehören inzwischen bei vielen Betrieben zum festen Instrumentarium. In jedem vierten hessischen Betrieb sind solche Konten eingeführt oder geplant. Allerdings ist der Anteil der Betriebe mit Arbeitszeitkonten in den letzten Jahren kaum angestiegen. Da sie jedoch bei Großbetrieben weitaus verbreiteter sind als bei kleineren Betrieben, kommt ihnen auf der Beschäftigtenebene erhebliche Bedeutung zu: Auch wenn nur ein Viertel der Betriebe sie nutzt, gelten sie doch für 44% der Beschäftigten in Hessen.
Die Ausbildungssituation in Hessen hat sich laut IAB-Betriebspanel Mitte 2006 gegenüber Mitte 2005 etwas verschlechtert. Die Ausbildungsquote ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr leicht gesunken und liegt weiterhin unter dem Durchschnitt für Westdeutschland. Ebenso ging die Ausbildungsbeteiligung zurück. Letztere lag im vergangenen Jahr allerdings deutlich über dem westdeutschen Durchschnitt. Weiterhin positiv anzumerken ist die Entwicklung bei der Anzahl der neu abgeschlossenen Ausbildungsverträge. Hier scheint der in den vergangenen Jahren beobachtete Rückgang gestoppt. Desweiteren ist die Übernahmequote von erfolgreichen Ausbildungsabsolventen deutlich angestiegen und liegt nun bei 58%. Gleichzeitig bestehen in Hessen weiterhin ungenutzte Ausbildungspotenziale. Etwa 28% aller hessischen Betriebe bilden trotz Ausbildungsberechtigung nicht aus. Hervorzuheben ist hier insbesondere der für Hessen doch recht bedeutsame Sektor der unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungen. Trotz des überdurchschnittlichen Beschäftigungszuwachses in diesem Sektor sind die Ausbildungsquote und die Ausbildungsbeteiligung weiterhin gesunken. Nur noch 23% der Betriebe aus diesem Wirtschaftszweig beteiligen sich an der betrieblichen Ausbildung, die Ausbildungsquote liegt bei 3,1%. Betriebe aus dem Dienstleistungsbereich bilden allgemein vergleichsweise selten und wenn dann relativ wenig aus, dies gilt nicht nur für Hessen. Dennoch liegen die Ausbildungsquoten im Bereich der Sonstigen Dienstleistungen und der Dienstleistungen für Unternehmen noch unter dem westdeutschen Durchschnitt.
Ähnlich problematisch stellt sich die Situation bei kleineren Betrieben mit 10-49 Beschäftigten dar: Hier liegt die Ausbildungsquote ebenfalls deutlich unter der für Westdeutschland. Zugleich bestehen bei diesen und bei Kleinstbetrieben die größten ungenutzten Ausbildungspotenziale. Die Aktivierung ungenutzter Ausbildungspotenziale kann die Situation auf dem hessischen Ausbildungsmarkt sicherlich verbessern. Nicht zu vergessen ist hierbei allerdings der hohe Anteil an Betrieben, die über keine Ausbildungsberechtigung verfügen (40% aller hessischen Betriebe). Hier wäre insbesondere zu prüfen, worin das Fehlen einer solchen Berechtigung begründet ist. Neben finanziellen Aspekten dürften hier durchaus mangelnde Ausbildungsbereitschaft oder Informationsdefizite eine Rolle spielen.
I dolmen, spersi tra boschi e montagne di mezzo mondo, hanno costituito per secoli un mistero che ha dato alimento alle più fantastiche interpretazioni.
In realtà, essi furono il prodotto di una Cultura che scorgeva nell’Universo il Centro regolatore dell’esistenza umana: una preistorica abilità manuale diffusasi ovunque nel vecchio continente.
Negli ultimi anni anche la Sicilia va svelando la presenza di megaliti, sebbene di taglia inferiore rispetto a quelli atlantici...
This is the fourth in a series of publications on Zambian languages and grammar. The intention of the series is to boost the meagre scholarship and availability of educational materials on Zambian languages, which became particularly urgent in 1996, following the decision of the Zambian government to revert to the policy of using local languages as media of instruction. Kaonde (or more correctly Kikaonde) is spoken in the part of the North-Western Province of Zambia to the east of the Kabompo River, in adjacent parts of Mumbwa and Kaoma Districts to the south, and in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to the North.
Captive of Fate
(2007)
Captive of Fate is the moving story of Ann, a victim of her own need for genuine love, and her gullibility in falling head over heels into the traps of lust set up by clever men. As Ann's biographic narrative unfolds, the reader is faced again and again with the haunting question: 'Do all men want only one thing from a woman?' Hidden between the lines and yet hammering constantly at the reader's conscience are issues pertaining to gender violence and the plight of women in Africa.
The Botsotso literary journal started in 1996 as a monthly 4 page insert in the New Nation, an independent anti-apartheid South African weekly and reached over 80,000 people at a time ? largely politisized black workers and youth ? with a selection of poems, short stories and short essays that reflected the deep changes taking place in the country at that time. Since the closure of the New Nation in 1999, the journal has evolved into a stand-alone compilation featuring the same mix of genres, and with the addition of photo essays and reviews. The Botsotso editorial policy remains committed to creating a mix of voices which highlight the diverse spectrum of South African identities and languages, particularly those that are dedicated to radical expression and examinations of South Africa's complex society.
The Millennium Development Goals address poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women, by the year 2015. In this volume scholars and policymakers in the fields of population and health reflect on the attainments of some of these goals, on the basis of empirical evidence in the Ghanaian context. The eight paper, with an introduction by the editors, synthesises papers presented at a seminar held in Ghana on ?Population, Health and Development in Relation to the Millennium Development Goals?, organised by the Population Association of Ghana.
From its modest beginnings in the mid-19th century, Dar es Salaam has grown to become one of sub-Saharan Africa?s most important urban centres. A major political, economic and cultural hub, the city stood at the cutting edge of trends that transformed twentieth-century East Africa. Dar es Salaam has recently attracted the attention of a diverse, multi-disciplinary, range of scholars, making it currently one of the continent?s most studied urban centres. This collection from eleven scholars from Africa, Europe, North America and Japan, draws on some of the best of this scholarship and offers a comprehensive, and accessible, survey of the city?s development. The perspectives include history, musicology, ethnomusicology, culture including popular culture, land and urban economics. The opening chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the history of the city. Subsequent chapters examine Dar es Salaam?s twentieth century experience through the prism of social change and the administrative repercussions of rapid urbanisation; and through popular culture and shifting social relations. The book will be of interest not only to the specialist in urban studies but also to the general reader with an interest in Dar es Salaam?s environmental, social and cultural history.
Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa brings together important essays on songs and politics in the region and beyond. Through an analysis of the voices from the margins, the authors (contributors) enter into the debate on cultural productions and political change. The theme that cuts across the contributions is that songs are, in addition to their aesthetic appeal, vital tools for exploring how political and social events are shaped and understood by citizens. Urbanization, commercialization and globalization contributed to the vibrancy of East African popular music of the 1990s which was marked by hybridity, syncretism and innovativeness. It was a product of social processes inseparable from society, politics, and other critical issues of the day. The lyrics explored socials cosmology, worldviews, class and gender relations, interpretations of value systems, and other political, social and cultural practices, even as they entertained and provided momentary escape for audience members. Frustration, disenchantments, and emotional fatigue resulting from corrupt and dictatorial political systems that stifle the potential of citizens drove and still drive popular music in Eastern Africa as in most of Africa. Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa is an important addition to the study of popular culture and its role in shaping society.
Lack of transparency and accountability in the planning practice allow for misuse and abuse of the planning system to serve the interests of the more powerful and influential groups, including those entrusted with the powers of planning. The outcomes of a non-inclusive, non-transparent and insensitive planning include: insecurity of land tenure rights and subsequently investments in land; poverty; informal land subdivision and building; unplanned spatial growth and endless conflicts in land development. These are detrimental to the residents and erode their trust and confidence in the government. It takes an organized, informed, confident and courageous group of residents or community to reject the non-inclusive form of planning and cause adoption of inclusive and collaborative planning that allows them space in the planning process. The achievement of such an organized group ? a turn towards democratic planning practice ? leads to a conclusion that informed, organized, confident and courageous civil society is a pillar of democracy. This book therefore argues that ineffective planning results, among other things, from defective land policy and legislation, and planning inability to recognize and make use of opportunities for shaping the built environment.
Paul E. Isert, a Dane, arrived in Ghana (then the Gold Coast) in 1783, taking advantage of an opening in the slave trade between Guinea and the West Indies. He was appointed as chief surgeon to the Danish establishments on the Guinea Coast. In 1786 he sailed to the West Indies with a cargo of slaves, who revolted. His experiences in Ghana and the West Indies resolved him to end the trans-Atlantic slave abuse. This book is written in the form of letters to his father. An elusive character, it is clear that he nonetheless had an unreservedly positive attitude towards Africa and its indigenous peoples, and an equally negative attitude towards the Europeans on the Guinea coast. An admirer of Rousseau?s philosophy, he was concerned about the corrupting influence of the European ?civilisation? on the ?Blacks?. His writing attempts at objectivity, seeking to find the common humanity. He claims that the ?Black? was, at least equal to that of the ?European?,which was not shared by his Danish predecessors. This is the first English language edition of his original Danish letters, previously published in German, Dutch, French, and Swedish.
The year-long celebration of Ghana's Golden Jubilee provides a fitting context for the republication of the book Kwame Nkrumah: Vision and Tragedy. In the lead-up to the celebration and over the course of the year, the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah will receive unprecedented public attention, official and unofficial. Kwame Nkrumah's very wide name-recognition is, paradoxically, accompanied by sketchy, often oversimplified knowledge about the events and processes of his life and times. For most of those born after independence in 1957, such knowledge does not extend much beyond who Kwame Nkrumah was and vague notions about he won us Independence. This book presents new material and new analysis, which helps to clarify aspects of the record, while advancing new perspectives. What comes across clearly throughout the book is the significant contribution of Nkrumah's vision and personality at a critical moment in the history of Africa and the Third World. He, perhaps more than any other, was able to identify, focus and catalyse the major factors and players driving the struggle for political independence in Ghana and liberation in other parts of Africa. In the process, he committed his life and work totally to a wide variety of activities and processes in Ghana, the continent and in the global Non-Aligned Movement.
It Happened in Ghana carries a positive message. Conceived as a literary work, it demonstrates that racial prejudice based on skin colour is not a pervasive and unalterable human condition. The principal characters who are both Black and White are embroiled in various encounters, notably wars, slave trade, colonialism and post colonial reconstruction. Regardless of their skin colour and cultural differences, they make friends or fall in love secretly during these encounters. When they are forced to part company by the cessation of hostilities or whatever brought them together, they serve in various capacities in new locations outside their original places of domicile. They are accepted or integrated into existing social structures because of the warmth oftheir personalities and the manner in which they are able to adjust themselves to the pressures and challenges of new environments. Changes in the circumstances of the principal characters or their descendants enable them not only to restore broken relationships but also to identify themselves with the cause of freedom and justice or to reconnect in various ways with the development aspirations of Ghana where it all started.
The religious life of the Tonga-speaking peoples of southern Zambia is examined over the last century, in the sense of how they have thought about the nature of their world, the meaning of their own lives, and the sources of good and evil in which their cosmology and society have been transformed. The twelve chapters cover Time, Space and Language; Basic Themes, Tonga Religious Vocabulary and its Referents; the Vocabulary of Shrines and Substance; Homestead and Bush; Ritual Communities and Actors; Rituals of the Life Course; Death and its Rituals; Evil and Witchcraft; and Christianity and Tonga Experience. The author has drawn on dairies by research assistants, and field notes and research of fellow anthropologists, but above all from her own interaction with Tonga people since 1946. The older people gave first hand memories of Ndebele and Lozi raids, David Linvingstone encamped near their villages in 1856 and 1862, the arrival of colonial administrators, traders, missionaries and European and Indian settlers, and in some cases, the end of colonial rule. Their experience and that of their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren provides the basis for understanding Tonga religious experience. Elizabeth Colson is an American anthropologist who is widely published on the Tonga. Her research interests have particularly concentrated on the Gwembe Valley.
Art, Culture and Society Vol 1 is the first in a series of books to be published by Twaweza Communications on the relationship between art and society, with special reference to Kenya. It is part of a cultural leadership initiative being undertaken by the organization through a reexamination of the arts as they are produced and studied. This volume brings together important reflections on the arts and is a major step in encouraging dialogue on the relationship between creativity and the human condition in the region. Significantly, it creates a space for university-based academics to engage in dialogue with artists and writers based outside institutions of higher learning. The conversations will bridge the gap between the two domains for knowledge production and enrich creative enterprise in Kenya, in theory and practice. As the essays in this collection show, the present global situation demands a way to conceptualise and theorise an ever growing cultural interconnectedness, sometimes manifested in art; and interconnectedness that draws from a myriad of cultures and experiences. Through the bridges of contact and cultural exchange distant images are mediated and brought closer to us. They are reinterpreted and modified. In the final analysis, culture is shown to be an important aspect of human creativity but separateness and boundedness is contested. Instead, culture is shown to be malleable and fluid. The essays bring in a new freshness to our reading of the creative arts coming out of Kenya.
The Concept of Botho and HIV
(2007)
Ever since the publication of Placide Tempel's epoch-making work Bantu Philosophy, African philosophers have worked to dispel the myth that there is no metaphysics in Africa. In the East African context we remember the names of Joseph Nyasmi and Odera Oruka, and in the West African context, Pauline Hotoundji and Kwesi Wiredu have made monumental contributions to elucidate African metaphysics. This compendium, presented by a group of scholars from the University of Botswana, seeks to build bridges between the seemingly estranged disciplines of African metaphysics, existential philosophy, and economics in the contexts of HIV/AIDS.
The subject of human rights and its attendant these of access to justice have remained relevant areas to the legal fraternity. This relevance resonates well in the fields of teaching and learning the law, consultancy, legal practice and advocacy, law reform, and judicial decision making. In the East African region, however, the availability of research and reference material for these two areas of learning has remained low. It is against the backdrop of the foregoing that the publishing of the Digest on Human Rights and Access to Justice in East Africa is an important aspect of the development of the law in the region. Bringing together decisions of both municipal courts within the East Africa region beyond, the digest has breathed a totally new lease of life into the practice and comparative legal studies in the area of human rights and access to justice. To a large extent, the digest has robbed practitioners of law of the excuses attendant to poor advocacy in the arena of human rights. It has robbed judicial officer of the excuses attendant to shallow and poorly reasoned judgments. It has robbed students and teachers of law the excuses attendant to poorly researched theses in the area of human rights. Definitely, it has added immense value to the consumers of human rights and access to justice. This Digest is a product of the fruitful on-going collaboration between LawAfrica Publishing Ltd and East Africa Law Society. Both LawAfrica with its East Africa Law Reports, and EALS, with its ever-growing collaboration between East African lawyers, yearn for greater integration of legal practice in the three East African countries. This Digest is a contribution to that desire.
The Jurisprudence on Regional and International Tribunals Digest is borne out of the recent developments in the judicial arena of the East African Community and other inter-state arrangements where matters are increasingly getting litigated and determined at the international fora. With such a development, there is the more current need to document the reasoning, not just of judicial officers from the East African Court of Justice but also from other regional and international tribunals. This will help in consolidating knowledge on diverse aspects of substance and procedure from these tribunals for both academic and practice purposes. This digest no doubt adds value to practitioners in the East African region and beyond who are getting absorbed into legal practice before tribunals of an international law character. It is hoped that the digest will further be of great assistance to the community of the academia that is in need of material for the dispensation of knowledge in the area of international law.