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The object of this paper is to attempt a comparison between the perception of the big city by an author of German expressionism, Georg Heym, and the Brazilian modernist Mario de Andrade. The aim is to compare the poetic visions of two cities, Berlin and Sao Paulo, at the beginning of the twentieth century and highlight both, the coincidences and differences in the perception of urban life, based on the ideas of the German sociologist Georg Simmel on the life of man in modernity and the stimulations of nerve impulses.
This article conceives the avant-garde as a form of art that emerges out of the experience with technical progress, city life and new patterns of perception and that succeeded in transforming multiple perspective and simultaneity of urban life into a central principle for their production. Analyzed are the European avant-gardes as well as their influences on Brazilian literature and painting in the 20s. Furthermore we take a look at concrete poetry of the 50's as a literary pendant to architectonic concepts of cities like São Paulo and Brasília.
This study is an introduction to the systems theory developed by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998) and its significance for literaty studies. It departs from a historical point of view which understands the period around 1800 as the climax of the transformation from a stratified European society into a modern society with a social order structured by differentiated systems such as education, economy, law or literature, each with its specific function and characterized by its typical form of communication. In Germany, the literary system reflects this process in the poetology of Romantic writers. Literary communication is defined as a second order observation that oscillates between the real and potential and makes the ordered forms clearer. The autonomous and differentiated literary system becomes a field that is being observed by its environment. The history of literature in the 19th century instrumentalizes it for political goals, while the new copyright laws and the idea of the book as a profitable merchandise imbued the system of literature with accelerated dynamics.
This essay aimes to introduce the German-Jewish Poet Rose Ausländer (1901-1988) to the literary public of Brasil, where she has not been translated and is therefore nearly unknown. Proceeding from the translation of 12 paradigmatic poems, the crucial periods of her life, poetry and poetology are outlined: As her famous college Paul Celan, she was born in Czernovitch this multicultural town of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. An important number of her poems are the result of the intimate relation with her country. The early death of her father and the resulting poverty led her to try to find a new home in New York, but she came back in the period of beginning National Socialism and suffered the persecution of Holocaust. After long years of travelling, she settled down in a Düsseldorf home for elderly Jewish people. The central themes in her poetry are: the loss of country, the Holocaust, and survival in a kind of spiritual country, that is: language and writing.