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Erich Knauf übernahm am 1. Juli 1928 die literarische Leitung der Büchergilde. [...] Er war nicht nur an einer thematischen Erweiterung der Angebotspalette um "zeitgenössisch sozialkritische Werke" interessiert. Es ging ihm offensichtlich zugleich um eine methodische Neuausrichtung des kulturpolitischen Konzeptes der Büchergilde. [...] Der Titel von Knaufs Buch 'Empörung und Gestaltung' ist [...] Programm. Er sollte implizit das neuartige sozialrevolutionäre und ästhetische Konzept für die weitere Gestaltung des Programms vorstellen.
Ausgegangen wird von einer Kontinuität struktureller Vorgaben durch die Frühromantik mit erkennbaren Umakzentuierungen Mitte der zwanziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, die im Vormärz experimentell erprobt werden. Die neuere Vormärzforschung tendiert dazu, in Abgrenzung zum späteren poetischen Realismus die Literatur, d.h. keineswegs nur die politisch progressive, durch ihre kühnen literarischen, die Innovationen der Wissenchaften aufgreifenden Experimente zu charakterisieren. Aus dem Gesichtswinkel literarischer Experimmtierfreudigkeit, die Herausforderungen der Modet+rnisierung und Temporalisierung annimmt und zugleich bestreitet, wird eine paradoxale poetologische Grundfigur erkennbar, die für Romantik und Vormärz gleichermaßen gilt, nämlich: sich in den Krisenbrennpunkt der eigenen Zeit hineinzuschreiben, um sich zugleich in ästhetische Distanz zu begeben. Die Ausfaltung dieser paradoxalen poetologischen Grundfigur in Romantik und Vormärz sei in vier Durchgängen problematisiert:
1. Strukturelle Vorgabe: "Führungswechsel der Zeiten"
2 Archivierung und Aktualisierung 'doppelbödiger' Schreibweisen
im Spannungsverhältnis von Poesie und Publizistik
3. Wechselverwiesenheit: Vormärz in der Romantik und Romantik
im Vormärz
4. Die Austreibung des Romantischen im Vormärz
5. Reflexive Gegenwart als zentrale Bezugszeit. Akzentverlagerung von der Romantik zum Vormärz
Der Grund für die in "Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise" [...] betonte Konjunktion von "physiologische[n] und anatomische[n] Zwecken" einerseits und den "satirisch[en]" andererseits liegt in Jean Pauls literatischer Anthropologie. Der Arzt ist bei Jean Paul nicht nur ein Fachmann für den Körper, sondern auch für dessen Positionierung im Leib-Seele-Gefüge des Menschen.
Als 1789 der gerade berühmt gewordene Philosoph Johann Gottlieb Fichte über den Sprachgebrauch "Empfindung" nachdachte, prägte er das treffende Wort "in - sich - Findung". Man hat einmal die Vermutung geäußert, diese "in sich Findung", diese "Reise ins Innere" sei als Pendant und "Äquivalent der Erschließung neuer Welten im Zeitalter der Entdeckungen" zu werten. In der Tat ist die Empfindungsfähigkeit, die "sensibilité", die von der Empfindsamkeit zu unterscheiden ist, keineswegs, wie man früher glaubte, erst eine Begleiterscheinung des sich emanzipierenden Bürgertums, sondern viel früher einsetzend ein Begleitphänomen der schon in der frühen Neuzeit einsetzenden Modernisierungsphänomene.
Wenn Echo spricht, so tut sie dies in und nach Ovids 'Metamorphosen' tropisch, in einer Rede-Figur der Wiederholung, die die Arbitrarität der Rede vorstellt. Diese artikuliert sich in der Trope, als die das Echo sich zeigt, und sie manifestiert sich in Echo als Figur des Gedächtnisses, als die Echo auf Fama, Ruf und Gerücht, hin auslegbar wurde. Echo und ihre Echos figurieren die Bezogenheit auf, genauer die Abhängigkeit jeder Rede von vorausgehender Rede, von den Reden der anderen, die wieder- und weitergesprochen werden.
Recorded by Randy J. LaPolla from Mr. Chen Yonglin of Qugu Village, Chibusu District, Mao County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China.
Note on the transcription: The recording here is phonetic rather than phonemic, and so, for example, glottal stops are recorded, even though they are not phonemic.
Qiang
(2003)
Qiang is spoken in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwest Sichuan Province. China; it belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. There are two major Qiang dialects. Northern Qiang (spoken in Heishui County, and the Chibusu district of Mao County; roughly 70,000 speakers) and Southern Qiang (spoken in Li County, Wenchuun County, Mao County, and Songpan County; about 60,000) (Sun 1981a: 177-78), The dialect presented here is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County.
Dulong
(2003)
Dulong [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in China, closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma). The Dulong speakers mainly live in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Yunnan, China, and belong to either what is known as the Dulong nationality (pop. 5816 according to the 1990 census), or to one part (roughly 6000 people) of the Nu nationality (those who live along the upper reaches of the Nu River). The exonym 'Dulong' (or 'Taron', or 'Trung') was given to this nationality because they mostly live in the valley of the Dulong (Taron/Trung) River. In the past, the Dulong River was known as the Kiu (Qiu) river, and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, or Kiao. Dulong is usually talked about as having four dialects, based on areas where it is spoken: First Township, Third Township, Fourth Township, and Nujiang. In this chapter, we will be using data of the First Township dialect spoken in Gongshan county.
Es ist üblich, die drei Autoren Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Ferdinand von Saat und Jakob Julius David, die (ähnlich wie der Jubilar) mit dem mährischen Land verbunden sind, zusammen zu denken und zu behandeln; man spricht gelegentlich sogar vom "mährischen literarischen Triumvirat". Für die Olmützer "Arbeitsstelle für mährische deutschsprachige Literatur" sind die drei genannten Dichter die "Vorzeigeautoren", deren anerkannt großes Werk dem tatsächlichen - oder nur virtuellen - Ansturm der Anzweiflungen der Methoden und des Sinnes der Regionalforschung standhält, wenn aus dem Lager der "großen", der "Weltliteratur"-Geschichte gefragt wird: Ist die Gefahr nicht zu groß, mit dem Objekt und den Methoden der Regionalforschung immer bloß auf Mittelmäßiges, Geringes, künslerisch Schwaches zu stoßen, sich im Fahrwasser der Trivialität, der bloßen Gebrauchsliteratur zu bewegen?
Das Wunschkind ist ein tränentreibendes Buch, das das in der christlichen Passionsgeschichte über die Jahrhunderte gesammelte Pathos einsetzt. Der Plot, den es nutzt und besetzt, ist der Opfertod des christlichen Erlösers, erzählt aus der Perspektive der Pathosträgerin: Stabat Mater. Nur ist es bei Seidel nicht der himmlische Vater und die Verheißung des himmlischen Vaterlandes, sondern die Mutter, die das Opfer des Sohnes aus purer Mütterlichkeit bringt. Über die Mutter wird die Leidensgeschichte ins Nationale wendbar. Der treffend benannte Sohn Christoph verkörpert ganz das national vereinte Deutschland, denn in ihm mischen sich Rheinland und Preußen, preußischer Protestantismus und rheinischer Katholizismus. "Christophs Leben und Sterben für Deutschland" hätte der Roman auch betitelt sein können. Für dieses Opfer müssen Mütter ihre Söhne als "Priesterinnen" bereit machen, indem sie sie gegen die Verlockungen der "Schauspielerinnen" immunisieren.
One of the most important insights of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) is that phonological processes can be reduced to the interaction between faithfulness and universal markedness principles. In the most constrained version of the theory, all phonological processes should be thus reducible. This hypothesis is tested by alternations that appear to be phonological but in which universal markedness principles appear to play no role. If we are to pursue the claim that all phonological processes depend on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness, then processes that are not dependent on markedness must lie outside phonology. In this paper I will examine a group of such processes, the initial consonant mutations of the Celtic languages, and argue that they belong entirely to the morphology of the languages, not the phonology.
On the early development of aspect in greek and russian child language, a comparative analysis
(2003)
The category of aspect is grammaticized in both Greek and Russian opposing perfective and imperfective verb forms in all inflectional categories except the nonpast (‘present’). Despite these similarities there are important differences in the way the aspectual systems function in the two languages. While in Greek nearly all verbs oppose a perfective to a given imperfective grammatical form, Russian aspect is more strongly lexicalized with pairs of imperfective and perfective lexemes not only differing aspectually, but also as far as their lexical meanings are concerned. This is especially true of perfective verbs formed by prefixes as compared to their imperfective bases. Thus, in pairs of prefixed and unprefixed dynamic verbs, the derived prefixed (perfective) member has a telic meaning while its unprefixed (imperfective) counterpart is atelic (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. jest’ (IPF) ‘to eat’). Such derived perfective verbs may in turn be “secondarily” imperfectivized by suffixation furnishing the only “true” perfective/imperfective pairs of verbs (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. sjedat’ (IPF) ‘to eat up’ (iterative)). “Secondary” imperfectives do not occur in our child data.
In this pilot study, we will analyze the tense-aspect-mood forms of the 20 most frequent verbs with equivalent meanings occurring in the longitudinal audiotaped data of a Greek and a Russian boy between 2;1 and 2;3 (their entire lexical inventories comprise approx. 100 verbs each).
We adopt a constructivist perspective on the development of aspect in Greek and Russian child language and will show that in spite of a broad inventory of imperfective and perfective verb forms to be found in the speech of both children aspect has not yet developed into a generalized grammatical category, but is strongly dependent on aktionsart (stative/dynamic, telic/atelic) in both languages. While this results in a strong preference for perfective verb forms of telic verbs and of imperfective forms of atelic ones in the speech of the Greek boy, the Russian child tends to use the unmarked members.
It has been previously reported that in languages demonstrating the Root Infinitive (RI) Stage the use of RIs is characterized by two properties: these forms are overwhelmingly eventive and have, in the majority of instances, a modal interpretation. Hoekstra and Hyams (1998, 1999) have proposed a theory stating that these two properties of RIs are co-dependent in that the application of the modal reference restriction limits the use of the aspectual verbal classes to eventive predicates. Furthermore, this theory assumed that the described mutual dependency of these constraints was valid cross-linguistically.
In this paper, we investigate the application of this theory to the case of RIs in Russian, one of the languages exhibiting the RI Stage. Using new longitudinal data from two monolingual Russian-speaking children, we demonstrate that the predictions of Hoekstra and Hyams’ approach are not realized for Russian child speech. While the constraint requiring that Ris have a modal reference does not seem to apply in Russian since the infinitival forms do receive past and present tense interpretation, these predicates are still overwhelmingly eventive and stative predicates appear mostly as finite verbs. Having shown that a theory connecting the application of the two restrictions on RIs does not account for the Russian data, we examine several alternative analyses of Russian RIs. We arrive at a conclusion that an explanation based on the lack of the event variable in stative predicates (Kratzer 1989) necessary for the interpretation of RIs in discourse (Avrutin 1997) succeeds in handling the Russian data presented in this article.
The acquisition of spanish perfective aspect : A study on children's production and comprehension
(2003)
This paper presents the acquisition of Spanish perfective aspect in production and comprehension. It argues that, although young children use perfective aspect to talk about completed events, young children have difficulty in assessing perfective meaning from perfective morphology. This paper proposes that in the process of acquiring aspectual meaning, children use local strategies to decode aspectual meaning from form: when analyzing a completed situation, young children depend on certain learnability factors to correctly assess the entailment of completion of the perfective, namely, their ability to determine if the object of the event measures out the event as a whole or not, and their ability to read the agent’s intentions. When those factors are removed from the situation, young children had difficulty determining the entailment of completion of perfective aspect. This study also suggests that the manner in which aspectual information is conveyed in a language, may play a role on the readiness of the acquisition of the semantic morphology of the language (e.g., verb+object vs. verb+affixes). The results of this study indicate that successful performance on the semantics of Spanish perfective aspect develops around the age of 5-6.
The current study investigates the relation between aspect and particle verbs in the acquisition of English. Its purpose is to determine whether children associate telicity, as argued in previous studies, or rather perfectivity, which entails completion of a telic situation, with their early particle verb use. The study analyzes naturalistic data of four monolingual children between 1;6 and 3;8 from CHILDES acquiring English as their first language. On the one hand, it finds that children use both –ed and irregular perfective morphology with simplex verbs before particle verbs. They further use imperfective before perfective morphology with particle verbs. These findings suggest that there is no correlation between telic particle verbs and perfective morphology, as would have been predicted on an account which claims that lexical aspect of predicates guides the acquisition of grammatical aspect (Olsen & Weinberg 1999). On the other hand, the study finds that the children’s particle verbs denote telic situations from early on, but not half of them were used to refer to situations that are also completed. This finding questions analyses which claim that, at an initial stage, children will only interpret predicates as telic if they refer to situations that are at the same time completed. Completion information is not necessary for children in order to use particle verbs correctly for telic situations, as would have been predicted on an extended account along the lines of Wagner (2001). As a conclusion, it is suggested that the divergent findings result from a difference in methodology. While restrictions of perfective and imperfective morphology to particular classes of lexical aspect pertain to the production of grammatical aspect morphology, perfective and imperfective viewpoints on situations pertain to the level of interpretation of telic and atelic situations.
In this paper we focus on the similarities tying together the second segment of an onset cluster and a singleton coda segment. We offer a proposal based on Baertsch (2002) accounting for this similarity and show how it captures a number of observations which have defied previous explanation. In accounting for the similarity of patterning between the second member of an onset and a coda consonant, we propose to augment Prince & Smolensky's (P&S, 1993/2002) Margin Hierarchy so as to distinguish between structural positions that prefer low sonority and those that prefer high sonority. P&S's Margin Hierarchy, which gives preference to segments of low sonority, applies to singleton onsets; this is our M1 hierarchy. Our proposed M2 hierarchy applies both to the second member of an onset and to a singleton coda. The M2 hierarchy differs from the M1 hierarchy in giving preference to consonants of high sonority. Splitting the Margin Hierarchy into the M1 and M2 hierarchies allows us to explain typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations that have defied previous explanation. In Section 2 of this paper, we briefly provide background on the links that tie together the second member of an onset and a singleton coda. In Section 3, we review P&S's Margin Hierarchy, showing that it becomes problematic when extended to coda consonants. We then offer our proposal for a split margin hierarchy. Section 4 extends the split margin approach to complex onsets. We then show how it is able to account for various typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations. In Section 5, we will conclude the paper by briefly sketching how the split margin approach enables us to analyze syllable contact phenomena without requiring a specific syllable contact constraint (or additional hierarchy) or reference to an external sonority scale.
In the present paper, I will argue that even in a language like German, where the verb system does not contain a grammaticized aspect distinction, aspectual features do underlie the early form-function-mapping of verb forms in L1-acquisition. Furthermore, it will be argued that it is not only past tense forms that may receive an aspectual interpretation in early child language but also other forms of the verbal input. In the case of German, these are the forms of the present tense paradigm and the past participle. Showing and discussing various piecesof evidence for this assumption should strengthen the "aspect before tense" or "primacy of aspect" hypothesis. In general, the paper aims at a deeper understanding of the hierarchical relation between tense and aspect whereby aspect is the basic category and, therefore, aspectual features are the inevitable starting point of the acquisition of grammar.
Crosslinguistic research on the production of tense morphology in child language has shown that young children use past or perfective forms mainly with telic predicates and present or imperfective forms mainly with atelic predicates. However, this pattern, which has come to be known as the Aspect First Hypothesis, has been challenged in a number of comprehension studies. These studies suggest that children do not rely on aspectual information for their interpretation of tense morphology. The present paper tests the validity of the Aspect First Hypothesis in child Greek by investigating Greek-speaking children’s early comprehension of present, past and future tense morphology as well as the role that lexical aspect plays in the early use of tense morphology. It is suggested that although Greek-speaking children have not yet fully mapped the tense concepts to the correct tense morphology, tense acquisition does not seem to be significantly affected by the aspectual characteristics (i.e. the telicity) of the verb.
Mechanisms of contrasting korean velar stops : A catalogue of acoustic and articulatory parameters
(2003)
The Korean stop system exhibits a three-way distinction in velar stops among /g/, /k'/ and /kh/. If the differentiation is regarded as being based on voicing, such a system is rather unusual because even a two-way distinction between a voiced and a voicless unaspirated velar stop gets easily lost in the languages of the world especially in the case of velar stops. One possibility for maintainig this distinction is that supralaryngeal characteristics like articulators' velocity, duration of surrounding vowels or stop closure duration are involved. The aim of the present study is to set up a catalogue of parameters which are involved in the distinction of Korean velar stops in intervocalic position.
Two Korean speakers have been recorded via Electromagnetic Articulography. The word material consisted of VCV-sequences where V is one of the three vowels /a/, /i/ or /u/ and C one of the Korean velars /g/, /k'/ or /kh/. Articulatory and acoustic signals have been analysed It turned out that the distinction is only partly built on laryngeal parameters and that supralaryngeal characteristics differ for the three stops. Another result is that the voicing contrast is not a matter of one parameter, but there is always a set of parameters involved. Furthermore, speakers seem to have a certain freedom in the choice of these parameters.
Our results indicate some differences in the use of aspect between French and Croatian speaking children. In Croatian language children always manage to keep the appropriate aspect, unlike French children. However, the imperfective aspect seems to be better acquired in French children than the perfective aspect. The perfective aspect, the marked form both in French as well as in Croatian, is related to the lexical meaning of the verbs. The acquisition of the Aktionsart in both languages seems to be more a matter of semantics than of morphology. Furthermore, our data suggest the existence of a specific developmental trend in the use of Aktionsart (intensive, iterative and inchoative), which is similar for children speaking Slavic and Romanic languages.