Refine
Year of publication
- 2003 (86) (remove)
Document Type
- Part of a Book (86) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (86)
Keywords
- Morphologie (13)
- Aspekt (10)
- Phonologie (9)
- Deutsch (8)
- Kindersprache (7)
- Literatur (5)
- Optimalitätstheorie (4)
- Rezeption (4)
- Englisch (3)
- Qiang-Sprache (3)
Institute
Erich Knauf übernahm am 1. Juli 1928 die literarische Leitung der Büchergilde. [...] Er war nicht nur an einer thematischen Erweiterung der Angebotspalette um "zeitgenössisch sozialkritische Werke" interessiert. Es ging ihm offensichtlich zugleich um eine methodische Neuausrichtung des kulturpolitischen Konzeptes der Büchergilde. [...] Der Titel von Knaufs Buch 'Empörung und Gestaltung' ist [...] Programm. Er sollte implizit das neuartige sozialrevolutionäre und ästhetische Konzept für die weitere Gestaltung des Programms vorstellen.
Ausgegangen wird von einer Kontinuität struktureller Vorgaben durch die Frühromantik mit erkennbaren Umakzentuierungen Mitte der zwanziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, die im Vormärz experimentell erprobt werden. Die neuere Vormärzforschung tendiert dazu, in Abgrenzung zum späteren poetischen Realismus die Literatur, d.h. keineswegs nur die politisch progressive, durch ihre kühnen literarischen, die Innovationen der Wissenchaften aufgreifenden Experimente zu charakterisieren. Aus dem Gesichtswinkel literarischer Experimmtierfreudigkeit, die Herausforderungen der Modet+rnisierung und Temporalisierung annimmt und zugleich bestreitet, wird eine paradoxale poetologische Grundfigur erkennbar, die für Romantik und Vormärz gleichermaßen gilt, nämlich: sich in den Krisenbrennpunkt der eigenen Zeit hineinzuschreiben, um sich zugleich in ästhetische Distanz zu begeben. Die Ausfaltung dieser paradoxalen poetologischen Grundfigur in Romantik und Vormärz sei in vier Durchgängen problematisiert:
1. Strukturelle Vorgabe: "Führungswechsel der Zeiten"
2 Archivierung und Aktualisierung 'doppelbödiger' Schreibweisen
im Spannungsverhältnis von Poesie und Publizistik
3. Wechselverwiesenheit: Vormärz in der Romantik und Romantik
im Vormärz
4. Die Austreibung des Romantischen im Vormärz
5. Reflexive Gegenwart als zentrale Bezugszeit. Akzentverlagerung von der Romantik zum Vormärz
Der Grund für die in "Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise" [...] betonte Konjunktion von "physiologische[n] und anatomische[n] Zwecken" einerseits und den "satirisch[en]" andererseits liegt in Jean Pauls literatischer Anthropologie. Der Arzt ist bei Jean Paul nicht nur ein Fachmann für den Körper, sondern auch für dessen Positionierung im Leib-Seele-Gefüge des Menschen.
Als 1789 der gerade berühmt gewordene Philosoph Johann Gottlieb Fichte über den Sprachgebrauch "Empfindung" nachdachte, prägte er das treffende Wort "in - sich - Findung". Man hat einmal die Vermutung geäußert, diese "in sich Findung", diese "Reise ins Innere" sei als Pendant und "Äquivalent der Erschließung neuer Welten im Zeitalter der Entdeckungen" zu werten. In der Tat ist die Empfindungsfähigkeit, die "sensibilité", die von der Empfindsamkeit zu unterscheiden ist, keineswegs, wie man früher glaubte, erst eine Begleiterscheinung des sich emanzipierenden Bürgertums, sondern viel früher einsetzend ein Begleitphänomen der schon in der frühen Neuzeit einsetzenden Modernisierungsphänomene.
Wenn Echo spricht, so tut sie dies in und nach Ovids 'Metamorphosen' tropisch, in einer Rede-Figur der Wiederholung, die die Arbitrarität der Rede vorstellt. Diese artikuliert sich in der Trope, als die das Echo sich zeigt, und sie manifestiert sich in Echo als Figur des Gedächtnisses, als die Echo auf Fama, Ruf und Gerücht, hin auslegbar wurde. Echo und ihre Echos figurieren die Bezogenheit auf, genauer die Abhängigkeit jeder Rede von vorausgehender Rede, von den Reden der anderen, die wieder- und weitergesprochen werden.
Recorded by Randy J. LaPolla from Mr. Chen Yonglin of Qugu Village, Chibusu District, Mao County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China.
Note on the transcription: The recording here is phonetic rather than phonemic, and so, for example, glottal stops are recorded, even though they are not phonemic.
Qiang
(2003)
Qiang is spoken in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwest Sichuan Province. China; it belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. There are two major Qiang dialects. Northern Qiang (spoken in Heishui County, and the Chibusu district of Mao County; roughly 70,000 speakers) and Southern Qiang (spoken in Li County, Wenchuun County, Mao County, and Songpan County; about 60,000) (Sun 1981a: 177-78), The dialect presented here is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County.
Dulong
(2003)
Dulong [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in China, closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma). The Dulong speakers mainly live in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Yunnan, China, and belong to either what is known as the Dulong nationality (pop. 5816 according to the 1990 census), or to one part (roughly 6000 people) of the Nu nationality (those who live along the upper reaches of the Nu River). The exonym 'Dulong' (or 'Taron', or 'Trung') was given to this nationality because they mostly live in the valley of the Dulong (Taron/Trung) River. In the past, the Dulong River was known as the Kiu (Qiu) river, and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, or Kiao. Dulong is usually talked about as having four dialects, based on areas where it is spoken: First Township, Third Township, Fourth Township, and Nujiang. In this chapter, we will be using data of the First Township dialect spoken in Gongshan county.
Es ist üblich, die drei Autoren Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Ferdinand von Saat und Jakob Julius David, die (ähnlich wie der Jubilar) mit dem mährischen Land verbunden sind, zusammen zu denken und zu behandeln; man spricht gelegentlich sogar vom "mährischen literarischen Triumvirat". Für die Olmützer "Arbeitsstelle für mährische deutschsprachige Literatur" sind die drei genannten Dichter die "Vorzeigeautoren", deren anerkannt großes Werk dem tatsächlichen - oder nur virtuellen - Ansturm der Anzweiflungen der Methoden und des Sinnes der Regionalforschung standhält, wenn aus dem Lager der "großen", der "Weltliteratur"-Geschichte gefragt wird: Ist die Gefahr nicht zu groß, mit dem Objekt und den Methoden der Regionalforschung immer bloß auf Mittelmäßiges, Geringes, künslerisch Schwaches zu stoßen, sich im Fahrwasser der Trivialität, der bloßen Gebrauchsliteratur zu bewegen?
Das Wunschkind ist ein tränentreibendes Buch, das das in der christlichen Passionsgeschichte über die Jahrhunderte gesammelte Pathos einsetzt. Der Plot, den es nutzt und besetzt, ist der Opfertod des christlichen Erlösers, erzählt aus der Perspektive der Pathosträgerin: Stabat Mater. Nur ist es bei Seidel nicht der himmlische Vater und die Verheißung des himmlischen Vaterlandes, sondern die Mutter, die das Opfer des Sohnes aus purer Mütterlichkeit bringt. Über die Mutter wird die Leidensgeschichte ins Nationale wendbar. Der treffend benannte Sohn Christoph verkörpert ganz das national vereinte Deutschland, denn in ihm mischen sich Rheinland und Preußen, preußischer Protestantismus und rheinischer Katholizismus. "Christophs Leben und Sterben für Deutschland" hätte der Roman auch betitelt sein können. Für dieses Opfer müssen Mütter ihre Söhne als "Priesterinnen" bereit machen, indem sie sie gegen die Verlockungen der "Schauspielerinnen" immunisieren.
One of the most important insights of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) is that phonological processes can be reduced to the interaction between faithfulness and universal markedness principles. In the most constrained version of the theory, all phonological processes should be thus reducible. This hypothesis is tested by alternations that appear to be phonological but in which universal markedness principles appear to play no role. If we are to pursue the claim that all phonological processes depend on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness, then processes that are not dependent on markedness must lie outside phonology. In this paper I will examine a group of such processes, the initial consonant mutations of the Celtic languages, and argue that they belong entirely to the morphology of the languages, not the phonology.
On the early development of aspect in greek and russian child language, a comparative analysis
(2003)
The category of aspect is grammaticized in both Greek and Russian opposing perfective and imperfective verb forms in all inflectional categories except the nonpast (‘present’). Despite these similarities there are important differences in the way the aspectual systems function in the two languages. While in Greek nearly all verbs oppose a perfective to a given imperfective grammatical form, Russian aspect is more strongly lexicalized with pairs of imperfective and perfective lexemes not only differing aspectually, but also as far as their lexical meanings are concerned. This is especially true of perfective verbs formed by prefixes as compared to their imperfective bases. Thus, in pairs of prefixed and unprefixed dynamic verbs, the derived prefixed (perfective) member has a telic meaning while its unprefixed (imperfective) counterpart is atelic (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. jest’ (IPF) ‘to eat’). Such derived perfective verbs may in turn be “secondarily” imperfectivized by suffixation furnishing the only “true” perfective/imperfective pairs of verbs (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. sjedat’ (IPF) ‘to eat up’ (iterative)). “Secondary” imperfectives do not occur in our child data.
In this pilot study, we will analyze the tense-aspect-mood forms of the 20 most frequent verbs with equivalent meanings occurring in the longitudinal audiotaped data of a Greek and a Russian boy between 2;1 and 2;3 (their entire lexical inventories comprise approx. 100 verbs each).
We adopt a constructivist perspective on the development of aspect in Greek and Russian child language and will show that in spite of a broad inventory of imperfective and perfective verb forms to be found in the speech of both children aspect has not yet developed into a generalized grammatical category, but is strongly dependent on aktionsart (stative/dynamic, telic/atelic) in both languages. While this results in a strong preference for perfective verb forms of telic verbs and of imperfective forms of atelic ones in the speech of the Greek boy, the Russian child tends to use the unmarked members.
It has been previously reported that in languages demonstrating the Root Infinitive (RI) Stage the use of RIs is characterized by two properties: these forms are overwhelmingly eventive and have, in the majority of instances, a modal interpretation. Hoekstra and Hyams (1998, 1999) have proposed a theory stating that these two properties of RIs are co-dependent in that the application of the modal reference restriction limits the use of the aspectual verbal classes to eventive predicates. Furthermore, this theory assumed that the described mutual dependency of these constraints was valid cross-linguistically.
In this paper, we investigate the application of this theory to the case of RIs in Russian, one of the languages exhibiting the RI Stage. Using new longitudinal data from two monolingual Russian-speaking children, we demonstrate that the predictions of Hoekstra and Hyams’ approach are not realized for Russian child speech. While the constraint requiring that Ris have a modal reference does not seem to apply in Russian since the infinitival forms do receive past and present tense interpretation, these predicates are still overwhelmingly eventive and stative predicates appear mostly as finite verbs. Having shown that a theory connecting the application of the two restrictions on RIs does not account for the Russian data, we examine several alternative analyses of Russian RIs. We arrive at a conclusion that an explanation based on the lack of the event variable in stative predicates (Kratzer 1989) necessary for the interpretation of RIs in discourse (Avrutin 1997) succeeds in handling the Russian data presented in this article.
The acquisition of spanish perfective aspect : A study on children's production and comprehension
(2003)
This paper presents the acquisition of Spanish perfective aspect in production and comprehension. It argues that, although young children use perfective aspect to talk about completed events, young children have difficulty in assessing perfective meaning from perfective morphology. This paper proposes that in the process of acquiring aspectual meaning, children use local strategies to decode aspectual meaning from form: when analyzing a completed situation, young children depend on certain learnability factors to correctly assess the entailment of completion of the perfective, namely, their ability to determine if the object of the event measures out the event as a whole or not, and their ability to read the agent’s intentions. When those factors are removed from the situation, young children had difficulty determining the entailment of completion of perfective aspect. This study also suggests that the manner in which aspectual information is conveyed in a language, may play a role on the readiness of the acquisition of the semantic morphology of the language (e.g., verb+object vs. verb+affixes). The results of this study indicate that successful performance on the semantics of Spanish perfective aspect develops around the age of 5-6.
The current study investigates the relation between aspect and particle verbs in the acquisition of English. Its purpose is to determine whether children associate telicity, as argued in previous studies, or rather perfectivity, which entails completion of a telic situation, with their early particle verb use. The study analyzes naturalistic data of four monolingual children between 1;6 and 3;8 from CHILDES acquiring English as their first language. On the one hand, it finds that children use both –ed and irregular perfective morphology with simplex verbs before particle verbs. They further use imperfective before perfective morphology with particle verbs. These findings suggest that there is no correlation between telic particle verbs and perfective morphology, as would have been predicted on an account which claims that lexical aspect of predicates guides the acquisition of grammatical aspect (Olsen & Weinberg 1999). On the other hand, the study finds that the children’s particle verbs denote telic situations from early on, but not half of them were used to refer to situations that are also completed. This finding questions analyses which claim that, at an initial stage, children will only interpret predicates as telic if they refer to situations that are at the same time completed. Completion information is not necessary for children in order to use particle verbs correctly for telic situations, as would have been predicted on an extended account along the lines of Wagner (2001). As a conclusion, it is suggested that the divergent findings result from a difference in methodology. While restrictions of perfective and imperfective morphology to particular classes of lexical aspect pertain to the production of grammatical aspect morphology, perfective and imperfective viewpoints on situations pertain to the level of interpretation of telic and atelic situations.
In this paper we focus on the similarities tying together the second segment of an onset cluster and a singleton coda segment. We offer a proposal based on Baertsch (2002) accounting for this similarity and show how it captures a number of observations which have defied previous explanation. In accounting for the similarity of patterning between the second member of an onset and a coda consonant, we propose to augment Prince & Smolensky's (P&S, 1993/2002) Margin Hierarchy so as to distinguish between structural positions that prefer low sonority and those that prefer high sonority. P&S's Margin Hierarchy, which gives preference to segments of low sonority, applies to singleton onsets; this is our M1 hierarchy. Our proposed M2 hierarchy applies both to the second member of an onset and to a singleton coda. The M2 hierarchy differs from the M1 hierarchy in giving preference to consonants of high sonority. Splitting the Margin Hierarchy into the M1 and M2 hierarchies allows us to explain typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations that have defied previous explanation. In Section 2 of this paper, we briefly provide background on the links that tie together the second member of an onset and a singleton coda. In Section 3, we review P&S's Margin Hierarchy, showing that it becomes problematic when extended to coda consonants. We then offer our proposal for a split margin hierarchy. Section 4 extends the split margin approach to complex onsets. We then show how it is able to account for various typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations. In Section 5, we will conclude the paper by briefly sketching how the split margin approach enables us to analyze syllable contact phenomena without requiring a specific syllable contact constraint (or additional hierarchy) or reference to an external sonority scale.
In the present paper, I will argue that even in a language like German, where the verb system does not contain a grammaticized aspect distinction, aspectual features do underlie the early form-function-mapping of verb forms in L1-acquisition. Furthermore, it will be argued that it is not only past tense forms that may receive an aspectual interpretation in early child language but also other forms of the verbal input. In the case of German, these are the forms of the present tense paradigm and the past participle. Showing and discussing various piecesof evidence for this assumption should strengthen the "aspect before tense" or "primacy of aspect" hypothesis. In general, the paper aims at a deeper understanding of the hierarchical relation between tense and aspect whereby aspect is the basic category and, therefore, aspectual features are the inevitable starting point of the acquisition of grammar.
Crosslinguistic research on the production of tense morphology in child language has shown that young children use past or perfective forms mainly with telic predicates and present or imperfective forms mainly with atelic predicates. However, this pattern, which has come to be known as the Aspect First Hypothesis, has been challenged in a number of comprehension studies. These studies suggest that children do not rely on aspectual information for their interpretation of tense morphology. The present paper tests the validity of the Aspect First Hypothesis in child Greek by investigating Greek-speaking children’s early comprehension of present, past and future tense morphology as well as the role that lexical aspect plays in the early use of tense morphology. It is suggested that although Greek-speaking children have not yet fully mapped the tense concepts to the correct tense morphology, tense acquisition does not seem to be significantly affected by the aspectual characteristics (i.e. the telicity) of the verb.
Mechanisms of contrasting korean velar stops : A catalogue of acoustic and articulatory parameters
(2003)
The Korean stop system exhibits a three-way distinction in velar stops among /g/, /k'/ and /kh/. If the differentiation is regarded as being based on voicing, such a system is rather unusual because even a two-way distinction between a voiced and a voicless unaspirated velar stop gets easily lost in the languages of the world especially in the case of velar stops. One possibility for maintainig this distinction is that supralaryngeal characteristics like articulators' velocity, duration of surrounding vowels or stop closure duration are involved. The aim of the present study is to set up a catalogue of parameters which are involved in the distinction of Korean velar stops in intervocalic position.
Two Korean speakers have been recorded via Electromagnetic Articulography. The word material consisted of VCV-sequences where V is one of the three vowels /a/, /i/ or /u/ and C one of the Korean velars /g/, /k'/ or /kh/. Articulatory and acoustic signals have been analysed It turned out that the distinction is only partly built on laryngeal parameters and that supralaryngeal characteristics differ for the three stops. Another result is that the voicing contrast is not a matter of one parameter, but there is always a set of parameters involved. Furthermore, speakers seem to have a certain freedom in the choice of these parameters.
Our results indicate some differences in the use of aspect between French and Croatian speaking children. In Croatian language children always manage to keep the appropriate aspect, unlike French children. However, the imperfective aspect seems to be better acquired in French children than the perfective aspect. The perfective aspect, the marked form both in French as well as in Croatian, is related to the lexical meaning of the verbs. The acquisition of the Aktionsart in both languages seems to be more a matter of semantics than of morphology. Furthermore, our data suggest the existence of a specific developmental trend in the use of Aktionsart (intensive, iterative and inchoative), which is similar for children speaking Slavic and Romanic languages.
Focus marking in Kikuyu
(2003)
In Kikuyu, a Bantu language spoken in Kenya, focus is marked systematically by means of word order. In this study, the different possibilities for marking focus in question answer sequences are presented. After an overview of the discussions of the phenomenon in the literature, a syntactic account for focus constructions with the particle ne is proposed. This account is based on original data that was gathered with a native speaker. In addition, new data on focusing different parts of the sentence, e.g. the VP, the entire sentence, or the truth-value, are presented. The aim of this study thus is to broaden the descriptive basis for focus constructions in Kikuyu and to provide a theoretical contribution to their analysis in the framework of generative grammar.
Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements.
In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.
In this artiele I reanalyze sibilant inventories of Slavic languages by taking into consideration acoustic. perceptive and phonological evidence. The main goal of this study is to show that perception is an important factor which determines the shape of sibilant inventories. The improvement of perceptual contrast essentially contributes to creating new sibilant inventories by (i) changing the place of articulation of the existing phonemes (ii) merging sibilants that are perceptually very close or (iii) deleting them.
It has also been shown that the symbol s traditionally used in Slavic linguistics corresponds to two sounds in the IP A system: it stands for a postalveolar sibilant (ʃ) in some Slavic languages, as e.g. Bulagarian, Czech, Slovak, some Serbian and Croatian dialects, whereas in others like Polish, Russian, Lower Sorbian it functions as a retroflex (ʂ). This discrepancy is motivated by the fact that ʃ is not optimal in terms of maintaining sufficient perceptual contrast to other sibilants such as s and ɕ. If ʃ occurs together with s (and sʲ) there is a considerable perceptual distance between them but if it occurs with ɕ in an inventory, the distance is much smaller. Therefore, the strategy most languages follow is the change from a postalveolar to a retroflex sibilant.
This paper reports results from a series of experiments that investigated whether semantic and/or syntactic complexity influences young Dutch children’s production of past tense forms. The constructions used in the three experiments were (i) simple sentences (the Simple Sentence Experiment), (ii) complex sentences with CP complements (the Complement Clause Experiment) and (iii) complex sentences with relative clauses (the Relative Clause Experiment). The stimuli involved both atelic and telic predicates. The goal of this paper is to address the following questions.
Q1. Does semantic complexity regarding temporal anchoring influence the types of errors that children make in the experiments? For example, do children make certain types of errors when a past tense has to be anchored to the Utterance Time (UT), as compared to when it has to be anchored to the matrix topic time (TT)?
Q2. Do different syntactic positions influence children’s performance on past-tense production? Do children perform better in the Simple Sentence Experiment compared to complex sentences involving two finite clauses (the Complement Clause Experiment and the Relative Clause Experiment)? In complex sentence trials, do children perform differently when the CPs are complements vs. when the CPs are adjunct clauses? (Lebeaux 1990, 2000)
Q3. Do Dutch children make more errors with certain types of predicate (such as atelic predicates)? Alternatively, do children produce a certain type of error with a certain type of predicates (such as producing a perfect aspect with punctual predicates)? Bronckart and Sinclair (1973), for example, found that until the age of 6, French children showed a tendency to use passé composé with perfective events and simple present with imperfective events; we will investigate whether or not the equivalent of this is observed in Dutch.
In this paper we provide an account of the historical development of Polish and Russian sibilants. The arguments provided here are of theoretical interest because they show that (i) certain allophonic rules are driven by the need to keep contrasts perceptually distinct, (ii) (unconditioned) sound changes result from needs of perceptual distinctiveness, and (iii) perceptual distinctiveness can be extended to a class of consonants, i.e. the sibilants. The analysis is cast within Dispersion Theory by providing phonetic and typological data supporting the perceptual distinctiveness claims we make.
The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
In this article we propose that there are two universal properties for phonological stop assibilations, namely (i) assibilations cannot be triggered by /i/ unless they are also triggered by /j/, and (ii) voiced stops cannot undergo assibilations unless voiceless ones do. The article presents typological evidence from assibilations in 45 languages supporting both (i) and (ii). It is argued that assibilations are to be captured in the Optimality Theoretic framework by ranking markedness constraints grounded in perception which penalize sequences like [ti] ahead of a faith constraint which militates against the change from /t/ to some sibilant sound. The occurring language types predicted by (i) and (ii) will be shown to involve permutations of the rankings between several different markedness constraints and the one faith constraint. The article demonstrates that there exist several logically possible assibilation types which are ruled out because they would involve illicit rankings.
In this study explanations are sought for the often reported associations in child language between tense/aspect morphology and situation type. The study is done on the basis of adult-adult data, child language and input language to the children. First of all it is shown that the associations are natural, since they are strong in adult-adult English as well. Only in the early stages does child language differ from this distribution, in that the associations are either stronger or different. Input data appear to account to a large extent for these differing patterns. An additional explanation is found in the discourse topics: within the context of talking about the here-and-now, the combinations of morphology and situation type that can be seen as unmarked suffice. In the context of talking about past events and of giving general comments about the world, marked combinations are necessary. It is shown that children in and their parents at the early ages mainly talk about the here-and-now, whereas adults among themselves hardly ever do so. Later, describing past events and commenting on the world becomes more frequent in child language and input, and, as a consequence, marked combinations of tense/aspect morphology and situation types increase in use.
The present study examines a particular kind of rule blockage – referred to below as an 'antistructure-preservation effect'. An anti-structure-preservation effect occurs if some language has a process which is preempted from going into effect if some sequence of sounds [XY] would occur on the surface, even though other words in the language have [XY] sequences (which are underlyingly /XY/). It will be argued below that anti-structure-preservation effects can be captured in Optimality Theory in terms of a general ranking involving FAITH and MARKEDNESS constraints and that individual languages invoke a specific instantiation of this ranking. A significant point made below is that while anti-structure-preservation effects can be handled straightforwardly in terms of constraint rankings they typically require ad hoc rule-specific conditions in rule-based approaches.
Glide formation, a process whereby an underlying high front vowel is realized as a palatal glide, is shown to occur only in unstressed prevocalic position in German, and to be blocked by specific surface restrictions such as *ji and *ʁj. Traditional descriptions of glide formation (including derivational as well as Optimality theoretic approaches) refer to the syllable in order to capture its conditions. The present study illustrates that glide formation (plus the distribution of long and short tense /i/) in German can better be captured in a Functional Phonology account (Boersma 1998) which makes reference to stress instead of the syllable and thus overcomes problems of former approaches.
This paper reviews research on English past-tense acquisition to test the validity of the single mechanism model and the dual mechanism model, focusing on regular-irregular dissociation and semantic bias. Based on the review, it is suggested that in L1 acquisition, both regular and irregular verbs are governed by semantics; that is, early use of past tense forms are restricted to achievement verbs—regular or irregular. In contrast, some L2 acquisition studies show stronger semantic bias for regular past tense forms (e.g., Housen, 2002, Rohde, 1996). It is argued that L1 acquisition of the past-tense morphology can be accounted for more adequately by the single-mechanism model.
While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.
In his book "Fiction and Diction", Gerard Genette bemoans a contradiction between the pretense and the practice of narratological research. Instead of studying all kind of narratives, for Genette, narratological research concentrates de facto on the techniques of fictional narrative. Correspondingly, Genette speaks of a "fictional narratology" in the pejorative sense of a discipline that sets arbitrary limits on its area of study. In his objection, the narratology that literary scholars practice considers fictional narrative to be at least the standard case of any narrative. In other words, what is merely a special case, within a wide field of narratives, is here elevated to narrative par excellence. According to Genette, narratology does not omit the domain of non-fictional narratives from its investigations with any justification, but rather annexes it without addressing its specific elements.
What are possible ways in which this perspective, which Genette criticizes as truncated, can be set right? Can the problem, as outlined, simply be solved by expanding the area of study in narratological research? Or are there not, perhaps, important differences between fictional and nonfictional narratives which seem to encourage narratological research, understood as a fundamental discipline of literary study, under the heading of "fictional narratology"?
In order to come to an answer here, we will first discuss the problem of differentiating between fictional and non-fictional narratives, as well as the possibility of a connection between narrative and fictionality theory. Second, we will expand our considerations to encompass pragmatic and historical aspects of narratives in order to delineate the scope of our proposal.
Wagners „Ring“ teilt mit dem „Nibelungenlied“ anscheinend eine nahezu unendliche Interpretierbarkeit. Durch seine brüchige literarische Gestalt ist das „Nibelungenlied“ für immer neue aktualisierende Sinngebungen offen, wie sich in seiner Funktionalisierung in unterschiedlichsten Zusammenhängen der kulturellen und politischen Geschichte zeigt. Wagners „Ring“ hingegen erreicht diese Offenheit bewußt durch sein kalkulierte mythische Uneindeutigkeit. Bei aller Verwurzelung im ‚Mythos des 19. Jahrhunderts’ sind doch dessen Vorgaben absichtlich nicht so stringent umgesetzt, daß nicht andere, immer neue Auslegungen möglich wären.
Die folgende Untersuchung zielt auf die Poetologie, wie und mit welcher Wirkung die verschiedenen Männerrollen entworfen sind, ohne daß (…) [Volker Mertens berücksichtigt], welche soziologischen oder psychohistorischen Aufschlüsse man aus der Analyse der Rollenfiguration gewinnen kann. Das schließt andere Dimensionen natürlich nicht aus, die sich eher aus der Juxtaposition von Männer- und Frauenrollen im Hinblick auf die Affirmation und Didaktisierung von Genderrollen ergeben können. Ergebnis der Untersuchung soll ein differenziertes Verständnis dieses narrativen Mittels in beiden Texten und der Konsequenzen dieses Verständnisses vor allem in Bezug auf die kommunikativen Intentionen des Autors sein (…). Der Beitrag soll darüber hinaus die grundsätzliche Validität des Ansatzes erweisen und damit die Möglichkeit der Übertragung auf andere Texte eröffnen.
Bereits in Jena wurde [Ludwig] Ettmüller publizistisch auf dem Gebiet der älteren deutschen Sprache und Literatur (...) tätig. (...) 1831 erfolgten dann Promotion und Habilitation sowie vier Semester Lehrtätigkeit als Privatdozent bis zum Sommersemester 1833. In diesem Jahr wurde Ettmüller, nachdem Wilhelm Wackernagel dasselbe Angebot zugunsten einer Ausstellung in Basel abgelehnt hatte, zum Professor für Deutsch am Züricher Gymnasium ernannt (...) Ettmüller gehört, trotz unbestreitbarer Verdienste, nicht zu den Großen des Faches, und das Folgende soll alles weniger sein als der Versuch einer Ehrenrettung.
In der deutschen Gegenwartssprache sind die Funktionsverbgefüge (FVG) die über lange Zeit vor allem nur unter stilistischen Gesichtpunkten betrachtet und meist als schlechter Stil abgewertet wurden, mit dem Aufsatz Peter von Polenz (1963) in zunehmendem Maße in das Blickfeld der linguistischen Untersuchungen getreten. In den folgenden Jahren erschienen mehrere Arbeiten zu den FVG, in denen vor allem ihre semantischen, syntaktischen und kommunikativen Leistungen untersucht worden. Die als FVG in der Fachliteratur erfassten Konstruktionen bestehen bekanntlich aus einem Funktionsverb(FV) und einem deverbativen Substantiv, auch manchmal nomen actionis genannt. Funktionsverb und Verbalsubstantiv bilden zusammen sowohl strukturell als auch semantisch eine lexikalische Einheit, z. B. Kritik üben; in Verbindung treten. Kennzeichnend für diese Einheiten ist, dass die eigentliche Bedeutung der FVG im Substantiv liegt, während das Verb der ganzen Einheit nur eine grammatisch-syntaktische Funktion ausübt. Auch im Türkischen sind derartige aus Verben und Verbalsubstantiven bestehende Fügungen vorhanden. Sie stimmen im Hinblick auf ihre Konstruktionen mit den FVG im Deutschen überein […]. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, die Fragen zu erörtern, wie die FVG und VF gebildet werden und welche syntaktischen Konstruktionen dieser FVG und VF ermöglicht werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk gilt den semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen dieser sprachlichen Phänomene. Dabei geht es weniger darum, die Formen und Funktionen der FVG und VF bis ins kleinste Detail darzustellen. Hier werden vielmehr ihre Formen und Funktionen behandelt, die für eine kontrastive Betrachtung interessant. Die Arbeit hat vor allem theoretischen Charakter und sie ist nicht an einem Korpus orientiert. Die Beschreibung basiert auf der eigene Sprachkompetenz.
Die Geltungssicherung von Texten durch die eigenhändige Unterschrift, welche einen abwesenden Körper ‚vergegenwärtigt’ in der Spur seiner (seit der Erfindung des Buchdrucks: einzigartigen) Bewegung, die Speicherung von symbolischem wie ökonomischem Kapital in Autographensammlungen (oder Autogrammkarten), Verfahren der konkreten-visuellen Poesie, die Praxis von Tätowierungen: Dies und anderes mehr zehrt noch immer in der einen oder anderen Weise von nicht-repräsentatorischen Dimensionen von Schrift. Zumindest setzt es solche Dimensionen der Unlesbarkeit doch voraus – wie dies auch noch die dumpfen Versuche der Auslöschung von Bedeutung durch Verbrennung von Büchern tun.
„Man kann zu keinem gebildeten Deutschen von Dantes göttlicher Komödie sprechen“, sagt der Romanist Karl Voßler, „ohne ihn an Goethes Faust zu erinnern.“ Und weiter: „Die Zusammenstellung des größten italienischen mit dem größten deutschen Gedicht ist uns seit den Tagen der Romantik zur Gewohnheit geworden und hat ihre Berechtigung: aber nicht so sehr in einer tatsächlichen und quellenmäßig erweisbaren, als in einer inneren und eben darum tieferen Verwandtschaft der beiden Werke.“ (Karl Voßler: Die Göttliche Komödie. 1. Bd. Heidelberg: 1925, S. 1.)
(...) Was den Begriff ‚Weltliteratur’ betrifft, kann die aktuelle Goethe-Philologie indes geltend machen, daß die von Voßler bezeugte monumentale Auslegung weiter von Goethe entfernt ist als das prozessual-kommunikative Verständnis, das die neuere Forschung herausstellt. (...) Im Kompositum ‚Weltgedicht’ sind (...) im Blick auf Goethes Drama beide Singulare unpassend. (...) So wie in diese, Gedicht eine Pluralität von Dichtungen herrscht (...), so ist das Dargestellte nicht mit dem totalisierenden Singular ‚Welt’, sondern besser mit dem Plural zu benennen. Diese Vielfalt auf die Einheit ‚Weltgedicht’ zu bringen ist (...) der Versuch, Goethes „Faust“ Katholizität zuzusprechen. Dieser Versuch ist heute als Wirkungsgeschichte der suggestiven, doch unpassenden Dante-Analogie zu beschreiben und zu beenden.“
Poesie und Prosa der Europa-Idee. Novalis' "Die Christenheit oder Europa" und seine modernen Leser
(2003)
An (...) [Novalis’ ‚Die Christenheit oder Europa’] ist alles problematisch: seine Fassung, sein Titel, seine Gattung und der damit vom Text selbst erhobene und reflektierte Geltungsanspruch, seine Begriffe von Religion und Politik sowie schließlich, und darin liegt ja die Brisanz des Ganzen, das Verhältnis von beiden. ‚Die Christenheit oder Europa’ formuliert auf der Grundlage eines idealisierten mittelalterlichen Katholizismus eine aktuelle europäisch-politische als religiöse Heilserwartung. (...) [Auch ist dieser Text] ist ein Lehrstück dafür, dass literarische Texte nicht von sich aus ohne weiteres, sondern immer in bestimmten Funktionszusammenhängen gegeben und verstehbar sind.
Subjekt und Sprache
(2003)
Kritiker der Subjektkonzeption im 20. Jahrhundert argumentieren vorzugsweise zeichen- und sprachtheoretisch. Entsprechend setzen Versuche zur Rehabilitation der Subjektkonzeption vorzugsweise bei Sprachlichem an. Zugleich mit der Frage nach dem Subjekt wird also mittelbar auch die nach der Sprache verhandelt. Die Krise des Subjekts ist zudem selbst ein sprachliches Ereignis. Denn ebenso wie die Selbst(er)findung des Subjekts als ein sprachliches Sich-Entwerfen zu denken ist, vollzieht sich die vermeintliche oder tatsächliche Demontage des Subjektiven im Medium des Wortes. Beide Vorgänge wirken sich auf die Sprache und ihre Benutzer – genauer: auf deren Einstellung zur Sprache – aus; Entwurf und Kritik von Subjektivität haben als sprachliche Ereignisse demnach performativen Charakter. Zwischen der Reflexion über das Subjekt und der über Sprache besteht zudem insofern eine Analogie, als es bezogen auf beide keine Möglichkeit zur Objektivierung und Distanzierung des Reflexionsobjekts gibt.
Wer das Wort ›Anfang‹ verwendet, dem das Grimmsche Wörterbuch schon in der Phase der kürzeren Artikel drei Spalten widmet, sollte mindestens in zweierlei Hinsicht differenzieren: Zum einen hinsichtlich der Frage, ob es um einen räumlichen oder einen zeitlichen Anfang geht, und zum anderen hinsichtlich des semantischen Unterschieds zwischen ›initium‹ und ›principium‹. Den Strukturen unseres Denkens gemäß suchen wir die ›Prinzipien‹ bei den zeitlichen ›Anfängen‹. Daher ist es schwer, beides zu entkoppeln, daher verbirgt sich hinter der Rede von zeitlichen Anfängen vielfach die von Gründen. »Im Anfang war das Wort«: Damit fängt nicht nur das Johannesevangelium an, sondern auch das Grimmsche Wörterbuch. Der Satz in Joh. 1,1 spricht über den Grund aller Gründe, nicht ›nur‹ über die Urgeschichte; bei den Brüdern Grimm ist er mehrdeutig: ein Zitat aus der logozentrischen Tradition und eine Devise für Philologen, bei der es allerdings ebenfalls um das Wort als ›Grund‹ geht, als Grundlage lexikographischer Arbeit nämlich – aber in dieser Eigenschaft ist kein absoluter Grund. Mit der Rede vom ›Anfangen‹ geht es oft um die Denkbarkeit absoluter Anfänge.
Der Bedeutungsbegriff in der Literaturwissenschaft : eine historische und systematische Skizze
(2003)
Unser […] Überblick zeigt […] [z]unächst […], dass ›literarische Bedeutung‹ ein sehr viel grundlegenderer Begriff ist, als aus der Aufmerksamkeit zu schließen wäre, mit der er in den Theoriedebatten bedacht wird. Der Überblick zeigt auch, dass mit der Rede von der Bedeutung literarischer Texte sehr unterschiedliche Sachverhalte bezeichnet werden. Es gehört zu den besonderen Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit dem Bedeutungabegriff, dass er sich auf kein einzelnes Phänomen bezieht, welches durch unterschiedliche Theorien je unterschiedlich erklärt würde; vielmehr erfassen die unterschiedlichen Bedeutungsbegriffe verschiedene Phänomene. Diese Phänomene lassen sich zudem nicht ohne weiteres aufeinander beziehen, da sie jeweils in ganz unterschiedliche Großtheorien über sprachliche Kommunikation, Kunst, Gesellschaft etc, eingebettet sind. […] Bedeutungszuweisungen […] folgen zwar unterschiedlichen, aber durchaus explizierbaren Regeln, die im jeweiligen theoretischen Rahmen verbindlich sind. Regel und Bedeutung gehören daher enger zusammen, als es dem dominierenden Selbstverständnis der Literaturwissenschaft entspricht. Die offensichtliche Pluralität der in der Literaturwissenschaft verwendeten Bedeutungsbegriffe mag es verbieten, auf der alleinigen Gültigkeit eines bestimmten Bedeutungsbegriffs zu insistieren. Das aber schließt mindestens die Möglichkeit einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit ihren Konzeptualisierungen der Bedeutung nicht aus.
The Internet as the biggest human library ever assembled keeps on growing. Although all kinds of information carriers (e.g. audio/video/hybrid file formats) are available, text based documents dominate. It is estimated that about 80% of all information worldwide stored electronically exists in (or can be converted into) text form. More and more, all kinds of documents are generated by means of a text processing system and are therefore available electronically. Nowadays, many printed journals are also published online and may even discontinue to appear in print form tomorrow. This development has many convincing advantages: the documents are both available faster (cf. prepress services) and cheaper, they can be searched more easily, the physical storage only needs a fraction of the space previously necessary and the medium will not age. For most people, fast and easy access is the most interesting feature of the new age; computer-aided search for specific documents or Web pages becomes the basic tool for information-oriented work. But this tool has problems. The current keyword based search machines available on the Internet are not really appropriate for such a task; either there are (way) too many documents matching the specified keywords are presented or none at all. The problem lies in the fact that it is often very difficult to choose appropriate terms describing the desired topic in the first place. This contribution discusses the current state-of-the-art techniques in content-based searching (along with common visualization/browsing approaches) and proposes a particular adaptive solution for intuitive Internet document navigation, which not only enables the user to provide full texts instead of manually selected keywords (if available), but also allows him/her to explore the whole database.
Goethe/Schiller und die "nivellirenden Naturen" : literarische Diskurse im "klassischen Weimar"
(2003)
Bei diesem Blick auf literarische Diskurse im klassischen Weimar kommen zwei Ebenen ins Spiel, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen und bedingen und von denen mal mehr die eine, mal die andere in den Vordergrund tritt: Die eine ist die praktisch-literarische und die andere die theoretisch-ästhetische. Sind es zum einen unterschiedliche Strategien der Literaturpublikation und -kommunikation, so zum anderen die literarisch-ästhetischen Reflexionen, die als unterschiedliche Grundelemente diese Strategien bestimmen.
In many languages, clauses can be subordinated by means of case markers. For Bodic languages, a branch of Sino-Tibetan, Genetti (1986) has shown that the meaning of case markers on clauses is in most instances a natural extension of their function on nouns. A dative, for example, which marks a referential goal with a noun, signals a situational goal, i.e., a purpose, when used on a clause. Among the case markers recruited for subordination, we not only get relatively concrete cases like datives, comitatives and various types of locatives, but also core argument relators such as ergatives and accusatives. In this paper, I focus on ergative markers in one subgroup of Bodic, viz. in Kiranti languages spoken in Eastern Nepal, especially in Belhare.
Evidentiality in Qiang
(2003)
The Qiang language is spoken by about 70,000 (out of 200,000) Qiang people, plus 50,000 people classified as Tibetan by the Chinese government. Most Qiang speakers live in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture on the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau in the mountainous northwest part of Sichuan Province, China. The Qiang language is a member of the Qiangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman family of the Sino-Tibetan stock. Within Tibeto-Burman, a number oflanguages show evidence of evidential systems, but these systems cannot be reconstructed to any great time depth. The data used in this chapter is from Ranghang Village, Chibusu District, Mao County in Aba Prefecture.