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'Perhaps the sodomites should be written out of Dante's "Inferno"', Jarman wrote in his journal on 1 August 1990: 'I'll offer myself as the ghostwriter.' What does he mean by 'ghostwriter' here? How queer is this odd speech-act? What is he offering to do to the homophobic landscape of the "Inferno", that forbiddingly sealed textual prison, with his Hollywood pitchman's casual bid to 'write out' the sodomites as if they were a slight embarrassment to the divine justice system? Is he speaking in jest as a writer of gay satires and sacrilegious memoirs, or in deadly earnest as an activist who had renounced the middle-class pretensions and frivolities of the pre-AIDS gay world? [...] Jarman counters the trope of homosexual theft visually with the triumphant figure of Man with Snake. The Dantesque merging of snake and thief is replaced by an erotic dance in which the gilded youth raises his phallic partner above his head and seductively kisses it on the mouth. Whereas Dante would have us notice the grotesque parody of the Trinity played out in the seventh bolgia - with the unchanging Puccio as God the Father, the two-natured Agnello-Cianfa as Christ, and the fume-veiled Buoso receiving his forked tongue from the serpent Francesco in a demonic replay of the gift of tongues from the Spirit - Jarman clears away all overdetermined theological meanings to revel in the purely aesthetic impact of the phallic dancer. All the ghosts from Dante's snakepit are conjured away in the film and replaced with the solid presence of a single gorgeously spotlit male body. Ghostwriting Dante, for Jarman, meant more than a mere appropriation of homoerotic scenes from the "Inferno" into his screenplay. It meant a complete reimagining of their aesthetic significance within the filmscape of his Dantean transformations.
Dante as a gay poet
(2011)
The reception of the "Vita nuova" among contemporary Italian poets is not based on the love theme. The "Vita nuova" provides Italian twentieth-century poets more with a model of autobiographical writing than with an erotic paradigm. What is essential is that the imitation of the "Vita nuova" expresses a clearly polemical anti-Petrarchan poetics - something which, of course, one would have no reason to look for in American poets. The American poet Frank Bidart's idiosyncratic appropriation of the young Dante, as opposed to the Dante-versus-Petrarch-based interpretation of Italian poets, is peculiar but by no means as exceptional in the American panorama as it might at first appear. Other gay American poets also treat Dante as a model: Robert Duncan, J. D. McClatchy, and James Merrill. In this essay Nicola Gardini attempts to explore, however rapidly, the grounds on which Dante may have become so essential for such poets. To be sure, the Dantism of these gay American poets may be viewed as a particular moment of the well-established American interest in Dante which goes as far back as Emerson and Longfellow and had its peak in Pound and Eliot. But Gardini argues that such gay Dantism - which no survey of Dante's twentieth-century influence has yet brought to the fore - is a kind of cultural allegiance stemming originally and specifically from the soil of gay discourses and gender preoccupations. Interestingly, Dante, not Petrarch, also serves as a model for some Italian homosexual poets: Michelangelo, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Giovanni Testori. What, then, is it in the work of a poet like Dante, who confined the sodomites in hell and mostly sang the praises of one woman, that is so compatible with, indeed inspiring for, gay views?
"An die Grenzen des Erzählbaren", so wird es gedeutet, gelangt Josef Winkler in seinem Roman "Friedhof der bitteren Orangen" (Harig 144-45). Mit drastischen Formulierungen wie "Horrortrip" und ''Höllenfahrt'' wird diesem Text die bittere Note in der Lektüre und Interpretation immer wieder neu zu- und eingeschrieben. Zur bitteren Note des Geschriebenen gesellt sich in den Lesarten signifikant der biografische Bezug auf die sexuelle Orientierung und wird mit dieser intrinsisch korreliert. Tendenziell ist von einem Text die Rede, indem sich "der Homosexuelle [in heiliger Obszönität] zu seinem Kreuzweg [bekennt]" (145). In der hier angebotenen Lektüre Winklers werden jedoch Fragen der Repräsentation eines schwulen Lebensentwurfs oder schwuler Erfahrungen keine Rolle spielen. Auch die Beziehung von Homosexualität und Literatur, also die Beziehung zwischen der sexuellen Orientierung Winklers und seinem Text, liegt nicht im Fokus des Interesses – was allerdings nicht bedeutet, dass jegliche Form von Wirkkraft aus dieser Orientierung komplett verneint werden soll; sie wird aber nicht Teil des hier angebotenen Arguments sein.
Argumentiert wird hier aus dem theoretischen Horizont der Queer Studies – präziser noch der Postcolonial Queer Studies – heraus, wobei die vorliegende Analyse "quer" zu einer solchen Interpretation steht. Queere und postkoloniale Terminologie überschneiden sich in diesem Unterfangen. Sowohl das queere als auch das postkoloniale Projekt zielen darauf ab, binäre Oppositionsstrukturen zu unterlaufen und zu entkräften, für Offenheit, Hybridität und Polyvalenz zu plädieren und Räume zu eröffnen, in denen vielfältige, prozesshafte Identitätskonzepte denkbar und lebbar werden.